Nutrition and Diet Therapy: Ms - Nicole Mariane Ibe, RND

NCM 105
NUTRITION AND
DIET THERAPY
Ms.Nicole Mariane Ibe, RND
NUTRITION
ACROSS
THE LIFE SPAN
NUTRITION ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN
▪ Nutrition in Pregnancy and Lactation

▪ Nutrition in Infancy
▪ Nutrition in Childhood
▪ Nutrition in Adolescence
▪ Nutrition in Adult years
ROLE OF NUTRITION IN GROWTH,
DEVELOPMENT, AND AGING
1. Life depends upon the cells; the structure and
function of cells determine the quality of life of
the human being.
2. Nutrition aims to supply each cell with substances
needed for its growth, maintenance and
metabolic activities.
3. The degree to which the requirements of the cell
for nutrients are met determines the level of
somatic growth and the ability of the cells to do
their metabolic functions.
GROWTH- increase in size of the body as a whole

and/or its parts.
Stages of growth:
1. Hyperplasia- increase in cell number
2. Hyperplasia with hypertrophy- increase in cell size
3. Cell proliferation with hypertrophy
AGING- combination of processes that occur at
different times
- Characterized by decline of functions of the cells,
organs and the human being as a whole
MATURITY- attainment of body size, conformation
and physiological capabilities and characteristics of
the species and the hereditary materials with the
organism is endowed.
DEVELOPMENT- associated process of

growth in which tissues and organs take on
increased complexity of function
Growth and development are

interdependent processes associated with
the period from conception to maturity.
BASIC CONCEPTS OF NUTRITION IN THE LIFE SPAN
✓ Each stage of life cycle is associated with a distinct set of nutritional

status
✓ All persons throughout life need the same nutrients but in varying
amounts.
✓ Health promotion and disease prevention are underlying lifetime goals.
✓ Disease management may impact significantly on dietary planning
BASIC CONCEPTS OF NUTRITION IN THE LIFE
SPAN
THREE FACTORS INFLUENCING
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
1. Genes
2. Environment
3. Nutrition
NUTRITION ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN:
Pregnancy and Lactation
Pregnancy
-gestation
-the period in which a fetus
develops inside a woman’s womb or
uterus
-period from conception to delivery
280 days or 40 weeks or 9 months
STAGES OF HUMAN FETAL GROWTH
1) IMPLANTATION – period of the ovum
i. Completed in 2 weeks
ii. Fertilization- occurs in the fallopian tube
iii. Cell division
2) ORGANOGENESIS
i. Completed 60 days after conception
ii. Occurs by increase in number of cells
iii. Cell differentiates into three germinal layer- ectoderm,
mesoderm and endoderm
3) GROWTH
i. Most rapid growth
ii. Fetal growth- cell number and cell size
iii. Fetus is nourished via the placenta
STAGES OF HUMAN FETAL GROWTH
PLACENTA
▪ Evolves from a tiny mass of cells
in the first weeks of pregnancy
▪ Forms a barrier between mother
and embryo FOR THE MOTHER FOR THE FETUS
▪ Delivers nutrients and oxygen Principal site of Only way that
production of several nutrients, oxygen and
▪ Becomes an endocrine organ hormones that waste products can be
regulate maternal exchanged
▪ Removes wastes from embryonic growth and
blood development
Physiological changes in pregnancy

• Local changes
✓ Uterus
✓ Ovaries
✓ Abdominal wall
✓ Breast
✓ Integumentary
Physiological
changes in
pregnancy
• Systemic changes
✓ Respiratory ✓ Endocrine
✓ Blood volume ✓ Metabolic
and composition adjustments
✓ Urinary ✓ Weight increase
✓ Cardiac ✓ GIT
METABOLIC ADJUSTMENTS: Pregnancy
✓Pregnant women gain weight

readily without appreciable
changes in energy intake
• Water normally comprises
about 65% of the weight gain
METABOLIC ADJUSTMENTS: Pregnancy
PREPREGANCY BMI BMI (WHO) TOTAL WEIGHT GAIN RATES IF WEIGHT GAIN
RANGE (lbs) 2ND AND 3RD TRIMESTER
(MEAN RANGE IN lbs/wk)
UNDERWEIGHT <18.5 28-40 1

(1-1.3)
NORMAL 18.5-24.9 25-35 1
WEIGHT (0.8-1)
OVERWEIGHT 25.0-29.9 15-25 0.6
(0.5-0.7)
OBESE (ALL >30.0 11-20 0.5
CLASSES) (0.4-0.6)
NDAP MANUAL, 2010
NUTRITIONAL NEEDS IN PREGNANCY
• Fetus is completely dependent on
nutritional support from the mother
• Quantitative requirements are small in
the beginning and gradually increase until
birth
• A correct equilibrium must be maintained
among the various nutrients circulating in
the maternal blood
• Abnormal nutrition leads to: tissue
alterations, delayed growth,
malformations and death
FETAL GROWTH
Maternal malnutrition RETARDATION
Reduced blood volume

expansion
Reduced
Inadequate increase in nutrient transfer
cardiac output
Decreased placental blood flow Decreased

placental size
INDICATORS OF HIGH RISK PREGNANCY
❑ Birth spacing
❑ Age
❑ Number of children
❑ Weight
❑ Nutritional Status
❑ Failure to gain weight during pregnancy
❑ Goiter or other medical conditions
INDICATORS OF HIGH RISK PREGNANCY
❑ Withprevious baby weighing less

than 2 kgs at birth
❑ Previous pregnancy was difficult or
CS
❑ Previous miscarriage, abortion or
still birth
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS WITH NUTRITIONAL IMPLICATIONS
• Mild nausea and vomiting
• Loss of appetite
• Constipation
• Cravings and aversions
• Anemia
• Pregnancy-induced hypertension
• Gestational Diabetes
• Pica
NUTRITIVE NEEDS
a) To meet the normal requirements of the
mother
b) To meet nutrient needs of the growing fetus
c) To build reserves in preparation for delivery
and lactation
RECOMMENDED ENERGY AND NUTRIENT
INTAKE PER DAY FOR PREGNANT WOMAN
ENERGY/ NUTRIENT Adult Female 2ND and 3RD TRIMESTER
(19-29 y/o)
ENERGY 1930 kcal + 300 kcal
PROTEIN 62 g + 27 g
IRON 28 mg + 10 mg
CALCIUM 750 mg + 50 mg (For 3rd only)
IODINE 150 µg + 100 µg
FOLATE 400 µgDFE + 200 µgDFE
WATER 1930 mL + 300 mL
Philippine Dietary Reference Intakes 2015: Summary Tables
FNRI-DOST, 2018
SAMPLE FOOD PLAN FOR PREGNANT
WOMAN (1800kcal)
FOOD GROUP AMOUNT (1ST TRIMESTER) AMOUNT (2ND AND 3RD
TRIMESTER
VEG A 2 CUPS, RAW 2 CUPS, RAW
VEG B 1 CUP, COOKED 1 CUP, COOKED
FRUIT 2 SERVINGS 2-3 SERVINGS
MILK 1 CUP 2 CUPS
SUGAR 5-8 TEASPOONS 6 TEASPOONS
RICE 5-6 CUPS COOKED RICE 5.5- 6 CUPS COOKED RICE
MEAT 3 MATCHBOX SIZED 5 MATCHBOX SIZES
OIL 6-8 TEASPOONS 4 TEASPOONS
NDAP MANUAL 2010
GOOD MATERNAL NUTRITION
❖ Increased chances of normal pregnancy
leading to normal delivery
❖ Absence or reduced chances of
complications during pregnancy
❖ Lower incidence of premature deliveries
❖ Reduced incidence of morbidity and
mortality
❖ Increased chance of successful lactation
GOOD MATERNAL NUTRITION
❖ Normal growth and development
❖ Reduced incidence of IUGR
❖ Reduced chances of stillbirths, congenital
malformation and neonatal deaths
❖ Less incidence of illness and stronger
resistance to infections
❖ Adequate nutrient reserves
NUTRITION ACROSS THE LIFE
SPAN: Pregnancy and Lactation
Lactation
-period of production of
milk by the mother’s
mammary glands to feed
the infant
NUTRITION IN LACTATION
A. LACTATION
1. Themammary glands synthesize and secrete milk through
a process called lactogenesis.
2. Milk
secretion may be identified according to the time it is
secreted during lactation, thus:
COLOSTRUM- thin yellowish fluid during the first few days after
parturition, before the formation of the true milk is established
FOREMILK- milk secreted at the beginning of one nursing period
HINDMILK- milk secreted at the end of one nursing period
NUTRITION IN LACTATION
B. MAMMARY GROWTH
1. During normal pregnancy, it is controlled by hormones from
the ovary, adrenal glands, pituitary glands and the placenta
working together in a joint effort
2. Mammary growth is restricted to extension and proliferation of
the duct system and limited alveolar (milk sacs) development
C. LACTATION PROCESS
1. Initiation and maintenance of lactation consists of complex
process involving the sensory nerves in the nipples and the
adjacent skin
2. Milk production: Secretion and propulsion (ejection of milk)
RECOMMENDED ENERGY AND NUTRIENT INTAKE PER DAY
FOR LACTATING WOMAN
ENERGY/ Adult Female 2ND and 3RD TRIMESTER LACTATING
NUTRIENT (19-29 y/o)
ENERGY 1930 kcal + 300 kcal + 500 kcal
PROTEIN 62 g + 27 g + 27 g
IRON 28 mg + 10 mg + 2 mg
CALCIUM 750 mg + 50 mg (For 3rd only) +0
IODINE 150 µg + 100 µg + 100 µg
FOLATE 400 µgDFE + 200 µgDFE + 150 µgDFE
WATER 1930 mL + 300 mL + 700 ml
Philippine Dietary Reference Intakes 2015: Summary Tables. FNRI-DOST, 2018
SAMPLE FOOD PLAN FOR LACTATING
WOMAN (1800kcal+ 500kcal)
FOOD GROUP AMOUNT
VEG A 2 CUPS, RAW
VEG B 1 CUP, COOKED
FRUIT 2-3 SERVINGS
MILK 1-2 CUPS
SUGAR 6 TEASPOONS
RICE 6-7 CUPS COOKED RICE
MEAT 4.5 MATCHBOX SIZED
OIL 7 TEASPOONS
NDAP MANUAL 2010
PHILIPPINE CODE OF MARKETING OF
BREASTMILK SUBSTITUTES
EO 51 – Milk Code
▪ National Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes,
Breastmilk Supplement and Other Related Products
▪ Issued on Oct 20 1986
▪ Aims to promote and protect breastfeeding
▪ Aims for families to receive adequate and accurate
information, thus, proper use of breastmilk
substitutes and supplements
NUTRITION ACROSS THE
LIFE SPAN: Infancy
Infancy
-period from birth to one
year
- Transition from
intrauterine to
extrauterine life.
- Child dependent for
survival on the care and
feeding by the mother
NUTRITION ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN: Infancy
TYPES OF INFANTS
1. Full term- born at the end of 270-290 days
2. Premature- born before term or fewer than 270
days.
3. LBW- weight is less than 3000g
4. Postmature- born beyond 43 weeks or 300 days
of pregnancy
5. Dysmature- Born with weight of 4.5kg
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT- Infancy
WEIGHT
• Normal: 2.7-3.2 kg
• Average weigh gain per day for the 1st 4
months:20-25g; 15 g/day for the next 8
months
• By 5-6 months, weight is doubled
• By 12 months, weight is tripled
• Males increase in weight to twice their birth
weights earlier than females
HEIGHT
• Normal: 48-50 cm
• At the end of the year, increased by
9-10 inches
• By 6 months, 5.5 inches
• By 12 months, another 3 inches
BONES, MUSCLES AND FAT

• Fat accumulates rapidly until 9 months
• Bones are poorly mineralized due to lower
concentration of calcium and phosphorus
• Females deposit a greater percentage of
weight as fat than males
• Water is 75% of BW
BRAIN
• At birth, 25% of adult weight
• By 6 months, 50% of adult weight
• By 12-24 months, 75% of adult size
• By 4 years, 90% of adult size
▪ Head molding- fontanels closes at 18 months

▪ Teeth- 20 baby teeth erupts between 6-7
months, complete set at age 3
▪ Smell and taste- Likes sweets, functional shortly
after birth
▪ Hearing- startled by loud noises
▪ Vision- blinks in response to light and can follow
large objects
DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION

✓ Little saliva is secreted
✓ Normal functioning of GIT after few days
✓ Stomach capacity increases from 10-20 ml at
birth to 200ml by age 1
✓ Capable of digesting protein, simple CHO and
emulsified fats
✓ Increased production of digestive enzymes
GROTH AND DEVELOPMENT- Infancy
HUNGER AND SATIETY
AGE HUNGER SATIETY
Early Infancy Fusses and cries, mouths the Draws away from nipple; falls
nipple asleep
16-24 weeks Actively approaches breasts or Releases nipple and withdraws

bottle; leans forward to spoon head, bites nipples, increase
attention to surroundings
28-36 weeks Vocalizes eagerness for bottle Changes position; shakes head;
or food keep mouth tightly closed
40-52 weeks Points or touches spoon or Sputters with tongue and lips;
feeder’s hands gives bottles or cup to feeders
NUTRITIONAL NEEDS- Infancy
Food and nutrient intake changes due to:

❑ Rapid
then gradual declining rate of physical
growth
❑ Maturation of oral structures and functions
❑ Development of fine and gross motor skills
❑ Establishment of relationships with parents and
family
Diet for Infants (one to six months)
• MAIN FOOD FOR INFANTS IS MILK. BREASTMILK IS
BEST AND BREASTFEEDING SHOULD BE ENCOURAGED
AT ALL TIMES.
• INFANTS SHOULD BE EXCLUSIVELY BREASTFED UP TO
6 MONTHS, THEN, APPROPRIATE FOODS WHILE
CONTINUING BREASTFEEDING
Exclusive BF- nothing is fed to the infant other
than breastmilk (except medicines and water by
dropper, spoon or cup)
Other methods of feeding the infant:
1. Artificial feeding or bottle feeding- infant is
fed with a formula from the bottle
2. Mixed feeding- infant is fed from both
breast and bottle
a) Supplemental feeding
b) Complemental feeding
REQUIREMENTS OF A SATISFACTORY ARTIFICIAL
FEEDING
✓ Sufficient calories for energy needs
✓ Sufficient CHON, minerals, vitamins and water
✓ Absence of harmful bacteria
✓ Proper temperature
✓ Type and amount of formula should be
individually prescribed for each infant
Diet for Infants (six to twelve months)
COMPLEMENTARY FEEDING
Introduction of solid foods into an infant’s
diet begins the weaning process in which
the infant transitions from a diet if only BM
to a more varied one.
Weaning- accustom to the baby to
different food flavors , note allergic
reactions
- To start after 6 months
- 2-3 tsp and the gradually increase
Diet for Infants (six to twelve months)
INDICATIONS OF READINESS FOR
COMPLEMENTARY FEEDING
1. Baby’s weight- doubled
2. Baby can hold head straight when
sitting up
3. Baby opens mouth when food
approaches
4. Baby is interested in foods when
other eat
5. Baby is able to swallow
CRITERIA FOR ADEQUATE NUTRITION IN
INFANTS
✓ Steady gain in weight and height
✓ Flesh is firm and full, bright eyes, pink
cheeks and nails
✓ Happy and active when awake
✓ Sleeps well or 18 hours per day during
the first two months
✓ Normal elimination: 2-3x/day; 1-3x after
the first few months
INTAKE PER DAY FOR INFANTS (Female)
ENERGY/ NUTRIENT INFANT INFANT
(0-5 MONTHS) (6-11 MONTHS)
ENERGY 560 630
PROTEIN 8g 15 g
IRON 0.4 mg 9 mg
CALCIUM 200 mg 400 mg
SODIUM 120 mg 200 mg
VITAMIN A 380 µgDFE 400 µgDFE
WATER 680 mL 890 mL
FNRI-DOST, 2018
COMPLEMENTARY FEEDING GUIDE
FOOD GROUP AMOUNT METHOD OF PREP EXAMPLE
CEREALS ¾ CUP Cooked and strained Thick gruel

FRUITS 3 Tbsp Mashed Ripe bananas
VEGETABLES 1 Tbsp Cooked very soft Carrots, squash
MEAT ½ pc Cooked Egg, chicken
WHOLE MILK* 2 cups
OTHER FOODS 1 tsp Steamed, baked Custards, gelatin
FATS AND OILS 4 tsp Cooking oil
SUGAR 3 tsp
NDAP MANUAL 2010
LIFE SPAN: Preschool age
Preschool Age
-period from two to six
years
- Critical and
dangerous.
- Steady slow growth
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT-
Preschool Age
HEIGHT
• Increases by 2-3 in/year
WEIGHT
• Approx 5x the BW
• With more or less equal
yearly gains of 2-3 kgs
• Average weight gain of 5-6
lbs. per year
• Gain mostly in muscle and
bone mass
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT- Preschool
Age
BODY PROPORTIONS
• Concentrated in legs and trunk
• Taller and slender look
INTERNAL SYSTEMS AND TISSUE
• Body fat decreases; more muscles and bones for
boys; fat for girls
• Larger bladder
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT- Preschool
Age
BRAIN GROWTH
• 90% of brain size has been reached
• Fast rate of intellectual social and emotional
development
• Increased ability to coordinate movements
• Start to communicate
FOOD INTAKE
CHARACTERISTICS:
Preschool Age
1. Fewer calories but more

CHON and Minerals
2. Decreased growth rate =
decreased appetite
3. Can talk and ask for food
4. Can self feed and prepare
simple meals
5. More sensitive about food
NUTRITIONAL NEEDS-
Preschool Age
✓ Designed to include a variety of foods
✓ Aims to promote optimal growth and to meet
the child’s developmental and behavioral
needs.
✓ Foods are given in age-appropriate amounts,
nutrient-dense forms
✓ Food selection focuses on good sources of:
• Vitamin A
• Vitamin C
• Protein
• Iron
• Calcium
✓ Development of food preferences, habits and
intake
Recommendations:
Preschool Age
❖ All foods should be well
prepared and attractive in
color, flavor and texture
❖ Excessive intake of milk =
reduce consumption of
other foods
❖ Use seasonings in
moderation
❖ Small frequent feedings is
encouraged
❖ Suitable eating
environment
❖ Avoidance of sticky and
slippery foods
NUTRITION ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN: School Age
School Age
-period between 6 to 12 years of age
- Benign and latent time of growth
- Important period in the formation of
attitudes toward food and food habits
- Less dependent on parents
- Appetite is increased, thus, increase of body
reserves in preparation for adolescent stage
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT-
School Age
WEIGHT
• Approx 3-6 lbs. in weight is
added/ year
HEIGHT
• Increases by 2-2.5 in./ year
• Girl is taller and heavier than
boys by the age of 13
GROWTH SPURT
• Begins between 12-16 years in
males
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT- School Age
BODY PROPORTIONS
• Leg growth accounts for 66% increase in
height
• Improvement of posture
BRAIN
• Growth slows down
• Essentially complete by age 10-12 years
TEETH
• Permanent teeth except for 2nd and 3rd
molars set in by age of 11 and 12
FOOD INTAKE
CHARACTERISTICS:
School Age
1. Increase in food intake and
accepts a variety of foods
2. Rejection of vegetables and
mixed dishes
3. Accepts raw vegetables more
readily than cooked ones in
limited amounts
4. Sweetness and familiarity are
factors that influence food
preferences in all children
5. Skipping of breakfast
NUTRITION NEEDS: School Age
1. Furnishing energy needed for the vigorous activity at this

age
2. Helping to maintain resistance to infection
3. Providing building materials for growth
4. Providing adequate nutrient stores to assist in adolescent
growth.
Emphasis on the adequate sources of Calcium and Iron.

Consumption of a variety of foods allow for the attainment of the
nutritional need of this period.
RECOMMENDED ENERGY AND NUTRIENT INTAKE PER
DAY FOR Preschool and School aged (Female)
ENERGY/ NUTRIENT PRESCHOOL SCHOOL
(3-5 years) (10-12 years)
ENERGY 1260 kcal 1980 kcal
PROTEIN 21 g 46 g
IRON 9 mg 20 mg
WATER 1260 mL 1980 mL
FNRI-DOST, 2018
SAMPLE FOOD PLAN PER DAY FOR Preschool
and School Aged (Female)
FOOD GROUP PRESCHOOL SCHOOL
(3-5 years) (10-12 years)
VEG ½ CUP, COOKED 1 CUP, COOKED*
FRUIT 1-2 pcs 2-3 pcs
MILK 4 TBSP 4 TBSP
SUGAR 5 TEASPOONS 5 TEASPOONS
RICE 6-9 CUPS COOKED RICE 5-6 CUPS COOKED RICE
MEAT 2-3 MATCHBOX SIZED 3-4 MBS
OIL 4-6 TEASPOONS 6 TEASPOONS
NDAP MANUAL 2010
LIFE SPAN: Adolescence
Adolescence
-Period of transition from
childhood to adulthood
-Intense physical and
psychological changes
beginning and ending in
the second decade of life
-Most undisciplined age
level in nutrition
LIFE SPAN: Adolescence
Puberty
-Period characterized
by increase in hormone
secretions, rapid
growth and appearance
of secondary sex
characteristics;
pubescence
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT- Adolescence
1. Hormones play important roles in the

development
a) Growth hormones
b) T3 and T4- overall body growth and skeletal
maturation
c) Adrenal cortical steroids- promotes growth and
sexual development and function
2. Adolescent growth spurt
a) Growth in height and weight accelerates
b) Females: 10-13y/o and peaks at 12-13 y/o
Males: 12-16y/o and peaks at 15-16y/o
c) Intensity: Males > Females
d) Full stature: Females- 19y/o
Males- 21 y/o
e) Weight increase- muscle growth and bone ossification
f) Fat is distributed throughout the body
2. Body proportion and configuration

3. Other physical changes
4. Sexual Maturation
5. Physiological Maturation
FACTORS AFFECTING GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

1. Genetics, general health condition, nutrition,
metabolic rate
2. Timing of puberty is influenced by secular growth
trend, due to nutrition and health factors
3. Initiation of rapid growth during adolescence is more
related to weight than to age
NUTRITION NEEDS: Adolescence
• Introduction to eat a variety of foods is
encouraged
• Nutritional concerns: eating disorders,
inappropriate eating patterns, skipping of
meals, food fads and crash diets, use of alcohol
and drugs.
• Females- Iron stores so that one will not develop
anemia in adulthood
• Teenage pregnancy
Nutrition Related Problems: Adolescence
EATING DISORDERS
1. Anorexia Nervosa- 2. Bulimia- Gorge and Purge
voluntary starvation
INTAKE PER DAY FOR ADOLESCENT
ENERGY/ NUTRIENT MALE FEMALE
(13-15 y/o) (13-15 y/o)
PROTEIN 62 g 57 g
IRON 19 mg 28 mg*
FNRI-DOST, 2018
SAMPLE FOOD PLAN PER DAY FOR
ADOLESCENT (2800 kcal)
FOOD GROUP AMOUNT
VEG 1- 1.5 cups, cooked

FRUIT 3 pcs
MILK 4 TBSP
SUGAR 5-6 TEASPOONS
RICE 6-8 CUPS COOKED RICE
MEAT 3-4 MATCHBOX SIZED
OIL 6-8 TEASPOONS
NDAP MANUAL 2010
Adulthood
Adulthood
-Phase of stabilization in
the development process
-Maintenance of good
physical and mental health
-Management of nutrition
related problems
CHANGES IN THE BODY: Adulthood
1. Lean muscle mass is larger in men

2. Fat compartment is larger in women
3. Lean body mass decreases and relative fat
tissue increases due to physical activity
4. Gradual loss and reduced cell metabolism
and performance capacity of most organs
Adulthood
AGING- Gradual, inevitable complex process
SUCCESSFUL AGING- Maintenance of good health and

functional status over time
GERIATRICS- branch of medicine concerned with health

problems of the elderly i.e., prolonging the prime period
of life, delaying onset degenerative aspects of aging and
treating the diseases of the aged.
Adulthood
GERENTOLOGY- the broad branch of science
dealing with the psychological, sociological,
economic, physiological and medical aspects of
aging.
BIOGERONTOLOGY- the branch of science

concerned with the study of physiological and
medical problems of the elderly
Adulthood
Chronic diseases affecting Filipino Adults:
Cardiovascular diseases
1.
2. Diabetes Mellitus
3. Cancer
4. Chronic Respiratory Diseases
Lifestyle-related Diseases | Department of Health website (doh.gov.ph), 2018

LIFE SPAN: Adulthood
LEADING CAUSES AND RISK FACTORS
 Android Obesity- accumulation of body
fat around the abdomen
 Hypertension- High BP; reading or
greater than 140/90 mmHg
 Hyperglycemia- Abnormally high glucose
concentration in the blood
 Dyslipidemia- increase in LDL, decrease
in HDL and increase in total cholesterol
and plasma triglyceride
NUTRITION AND HEALTH MAINTENANCE
OF ADULTS OF ALL AGES
• Healthy eating contributes to longevity in part by
delaying the age at which chronic diseases develop
• Age does not necessarily predict health status
• Dietary intake, body weight and physical activity
influence changes in health status of adults
• Medicines, diseases and biological processes
associated with aging influence adult’s requirement
for certain essential nutrients
CHARACTERISTICS OF
ADULTS EXPERIENCING
LOW DISEASE RATE
✓ Regular consumption of
fruits and vegetables
✓ Above average intake of
whole grain products
✓ Low consumption of
saturated fats
✓ Moderate intake of
alcohol
✓ Eating breakfast
LIFE SPAN: Adulthood
FACTORS AFFECTING FOOD CHOICES
• Marital Status
• Job Setting and responsibilities
• Income
NUTRITION NEEDS: Adulthood
❖ Decreasein rate of metabolism = diet of lower

energy value
❖ Dietarymodifications may be necessary if there
is an existing nutritional or medical problem
❖ Aimto maintain good nutritional status and
delay the decrease in health of older adults
❖ Enough water and fiber
❖ Enough calcium, iron, B12 and Vit C
HEALTHY EATING GUIDES
1. Multiple servings of fruits and
vegetables
2. Reduce sodium intake
3. Less fat
4. Proper hydration
5. Enough Ca intake
6. Limit gas forming foods
7. Small frequent feedings
8. Limit sugary foods
INTAKE PER DAY FOR ADULTS (Female)
ENERGY/ NUTRIENT FEMALE FEMALE
(19-29 y/o) (60-69 y/o)
PROTEIN 62 g 62 g
IRON 28 mg 10 mg*
VITAMIN C 60 mg 60 mg
FNRI-DOST, 2018
SAMPLE FOOD PLAN PER DAY FOR ADULT
(1890 kcal)
FOOD GROUP AMOUNT
VEG 1- 1.5 cups, cooked

FRUIT 2 pcs
MILK 4 TBSP
SUGAR 4-6 TEASPOONS
RICE 4.5-6 CUPS COOKED RICE
MEAT 3-4 MATCHBOX SIZED
OIL 3-5 TEASPOONS
NDAP MANUAL 2010
NCM 105 – Laboratory Exercise #2-
Group activity
1. Prepare a sample meal/plate (for lunch) for the life
stage assigned to your group.
2. Make a video presentation about the meal and its
components. Explain the rationale behind it.
Video: min of 3mins and max of 5mins in length
3. Submit a soft copy of report (PDF file) and the video to
the google drive by October 21, 2022 (Friday) not later
than 2:00 pm. Include all the names of the group
members
NCM 105 – Laboratory Exercise #2-
Group activity
LIFESTAGE GROUP
PREGNANCY GROUP 5
LACTATION GROUP 6
COMPLEMENTARY FEEDING FOR 6-12 MONTHS GROUP 1
PRESCHOOL AGE GROUP 4

SCHOOL AGE GROUP 3
ADOLESCENCE GROUP 7
ADULTHOOD GROUP 2
NEXT MEETING
▪ Nutrition Exercise and sports

▪ Nutrition and Bone Health
▪ Nutrition for Oral and Dental health
▪ Nutrition Care Process
▪ Presentations of videos
▪ Individual Project- Food Models

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NCM 105

▪ Nutrition in Pregnancy and Lactation

GROWTH- increase in size of the body as a whole

DEVELOPMENT- associated process of

Growth and development are

✓ Each stage of life cycle is associated with a distinct set of nutritional

Physiological changes in pregnancy

✓Pregnant women gain weight

UNDERWEIGHT <18.5 28-40 1

Reduced blood volume

Decreased placental blood flow Decreased

INDICATORS OF HIGH RISK PREGNANCY

❑ Withprevious baby weighing less

BONES, MUSCLES AND FAT

▪ Head molding- fontanels closes at 18 months

DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION

16-24 weeks Actively approaches breasts or Releases nipple and withdraws

Food and nutrient intake changes due to:

CEREALS ¾ CUP Cooked and strained Thick gruel

1. Fewer calories but more

1. Furnishing energy needed for the vigorous activity at this

Emphasis on the adequate sources of Calcium and Iron.

1. Hormones play important roles in the

2. Body proportion and configuration

FACTORS AFFECTING GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

VEG 1- 1.5 cups, cooked

1. Lean muscle mass is larger in men

SUCCESSFUL AGING- Maintenance of good health and

GERIATRICS- branch of medicine concerned with health

BIOGERONTOLOGY- the branch of science

Lifestyle-related Diseases | Department of Health website (doh.gov.ph), 2018

❖ Decreasein rate of metabolism = diet of lower

VEG 1- 1.5 cups, cooked

PRESCHOOL AGE GROUP 4

▪ Nutrition Exercise and sports

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