Nutrition in

Life Stages

AFChSRND
AFMRND
 Objectives
1. Explain the benefits of proper nutrition of mother
and baby during pregnancy;
2. Describe the dietary needs of an infant fed during
the first year, including the progression of solid
foods;
3. Describe the nutritional implications of growth and
development during childhood and adolescence;
4. Plan menus for pregnant women, preschoolers,
school-age children, adolescents and adults; and
5. List and explain common nutrition-related concerns
of each age period from infancy through elderly.
 ❑ Pregnant and
Nutrition Lactating
❑ Infancy
in Life ❑ Childhood
Stages ❑ Adolescence
❑ Adulthood
❑ Elderhood
 ❑ Pregnant and
Nutrition Lactating
❑
in Life ❑
Stages ❑
❑
❑
PREGNANCY
-“Gestation”

- the period when the

fertilized ovum implants itself
in the uterus, undergoes
differentiation, and grows
until it can support
extra-uterine life.
Nutrition in
Gestation
A varied diet, providing
adequate amounts of energy
and nutrients, is essential
both before a woman
becomes pregnant
(pre-conception) and during
pregnancy.

The mother’s diet can

influence the health of the
baby.
Nutrition in
Gestation
Energy Requirements
Excess weight gain during
pregnancy should be avoided.

• 1st Trimester: No Add’l

• 2nd & 3rd Trimester: Add’l 300
kcal to the normal
allowance(TER/TEA)

*TEA(Total Energy Allowance)

*TER(Total Energy Requirements)
 Weight Gain Patterns
Recommended
Pre-Pregnancy Weight First
Weight Gain Thereafter
Trimester
Underweight BMI <18.5 28 – 40 lbs 5 lbs 1 lb per week
Normal BMI 18.5 – 24.9 25 – 35 lbs 3 ½ lbs 1 lb per week
Overweight BMI 25.0 – 29.9 15 – 25 lbs 2 lbs ½ lb per week
Obese BMI ≥ 30 15 lbs
Nutrition in
Gestation
Protein Intake
• Add’l 9 to 10 grms

Mineral Intake
• Calcium & Phosphorus
Needed to calcify the
fetal bones and teeth
• Iron
• RBC production
700 to 1000mg
• Iodine
Fetal development
• Zinc
Required for DNA & RNA
synthesis; deficit predicts
low birth weight
Nutrition in
Gestation
Vitamins
• Folate
To prevent neural tube
defects (Spina Bifida);
400 to 600mg
• Vitamin B12
RBC synthesis
• Vitamin B6
Prevent severe nausea
and vomiting
Nutrition in
Gestation
Vitamins
• Vitamin A
Essential in epithelial
cells during
organogenesis
Good vision
• Vitamin K
Stabilize prothrombin
level of infant
Nutrition in
Gestation
Complications
• Morning Sickness
Eat dry toast, dry cereals or
crackers before getting out the bed
in morning
Chew gum or hard candy
Take small and frequent feedings
Don’t drink liquid with food
• Pre-eclampsia
Limit salty food
• Constipation
Drink at least 8 glasses of water
Lots of vegetable & fruits
Enjoy whole grain cereals & bread
Nutrition in
Gestation
Avoid
• Alcohol
• Smoking
Nutrition in
Lactation
Energy Requirements
Add’l 500 kcal to the
normal allowance.

Protein Intake
• First 6 mons.: 16 grms
• First 7 mons. onwards:
12 grms
Nutrition in
Lactation
In the first three days
after birth, the mother
produces a special form
of breast milk called
Colostrum. It contains
less fat, more protein
and more protective
factors than the breast
milk produced later.
Benefits of
Breastfeeding
for the Mother
• Ability to quickly lose the
pounds gained during
pregnancy.
• Stimulates uterus to
contract back to its
original size.
• Breastfeeding is
economical.
• Provides opportunity for
resting.
• Milk is always at the
right temperature and is
readily available.
Benefits of
Breastfeeding
for the Infant
• Nutritional benefits:
contains just the right
amount of lactose, water,
fatty acids, and amino
acids.
• No babies are allergic to
their mother’s milk.
• Human milk contains at
least 100 ingredients not
found in formula.
• Lower incidence of ear
infections, diarrhea,
allergies, and hospital
admissions.
Benefits of
Breastfeeding
for the Infant
• Breast-fed babies
receive antibodies from
breast milk.
• Promotes good jaw
development.
• Encourages growth of
straight, healthy teeth.
• May have psychological
benefits.
 ❑ Pregnant and
Nutrition Lactating
❑ Infancy
in Life ❑
Stages ❑
❑
❑
Nutrition in
Infancy
Desirable Body Weight
• Method 1: Based on
birthweight (BW)
• First 6 mons.:
DBW(gm)= BW(gm) + (age
in mons. X 600)
• First 7 mons. onwards:
DBW(gm)= BW(gm) + (age
in mons. X 500)
• Method 2: Based on age only
DBW(kg)= (age in mons. ÷
2) + 3
Nutrition in
Infancy
Energy Requirements
• Newborn requires only about
650kcal/day
• Calorie allowance can be
estinated using DBW
To Compute DBW
DBW(kg) = (age in mons.÷2) ÷ 3
To estimate TEA(kcal/day)
• First 6 mons.:
120kcal/DBW
• First 7 mons. onwards:
110kcal/DBW
The Start Healthy Feeding
Guidelines
 Complementary Feeding
• After 6 months of age, milk no longer fulfils all
the baby’s needs for energy and nutrients. The
baby must be given other foods in addition to
breast milk or infant formula. This process is
called weaning.
• Weaning before this age is not recommended,
as the intestines and kidneys may not be able to
process the food.
 Complementary Feeding
• Solid and semi-solid foods as well as liquids that
are introduced into the diets of the infant and
young children in addition to breastmilk starting
at 6 months of age.
 PRINCIPLES of OPTIMAL
Complementary Feeding:
✔ Timeliness
✔ Frequency
✔ Amount
✔ Density
✔ Utilization
✔ Active Feeding
 When to start
complementary feeding?
• Complementary feeding should be
started when the baby no longer get
enough energy and nutrients from the
breast milk

• For most babies this is six (6)

completed months of age
What if I start giving other foods too
SOON?
Adding foods too soon may:
✔ take the place of breast milk
✔ result in a low nutrient diet
✔ increase risk of illness
•less protective factors
•other foods not as clean
•difficult to digest foods
✔ increase mother’s risk of pregnancy
What if I start giving other foods too LATE?

Adding foods too late may:

result in child not receiving required

nutrients
slow child’s growth and development
risk causing deficiencies and
malnutrition
 Energy required by age and the
amount supplied from breast milk
1000 Energy Gap
Energy (kcal/day)

800

600
Energy
400 from breast
milk
200

0
0-2 m 3-5 m 6-8 m 9-11 m 12-23
Age (months) m
 Gaps to be filled by
complementary foods for a
12-23 months old child
100% Gap
Percentage of daily needs

75%

50%
Provided by
550 ml
breast milk
25%

0%
Energy Protein Iron Vitamin A
Nutrient
 Feeding Frequency
AGE FREQUENCY AMOUNT
6 to 8 months 2-3 meals per day Start with 2-3
plus frequent Tablespoon per feed
breastfeeds
Increase gradually to
1/2 to 2/3 cup or
bowl (250 ml)
9 to 11 months 3-4 meals plus ½ to ¾ cup
breastfeeds

1-2 snacks may be

offered
 Feeding Frequency
AGE FREQUENCY AMOUNT
12 to 23 3-4 meals plus ¾ to 1 cup
months breastfeeds (250ml)/bowl

1-2 snacks may be

offered

If baby is NOT Breastfed, give in addition:

1 - 2 cups of milk per day

1- 2 extra meals per day and extra water (4-6 cups/day)
 Points to remember:
The texture of foods that are given
also varies from one age group to
another depending on their ability
to chew

Introduce one food at a time to

detect possible allergy and for the
child to get used to varied foods.
 Just right

Thickness
of Food
Too thin
Food Groups to be included in the daily
diet of 6-23 months old children

• Diversity: 4 or more of the 7 food groups

everyday
a. Grains, roots and tubers
b. Legumes and nuts
c. Dairy products
d. Meat, fish, poultry, liver
e. Eggs
f. Vitamin A-rich vegetables & fruits
g. Other vegetable and fruits
Food Groups to be included in the daily
diet of 6-23 months old children
 UTILIZATION

• Basic hygiene and food safety have to

be observed

✔ Proper
hand washing
 UTILIZATION

✔Use of clean food

preparation, serving and
feeding utensils
✔Safe storage,
preparation and serving
of food
✔Keep the home
surroundings clean
 Active/Responsive feeding

• Monitor carefully the child’s intake

• Feed the child during family meal times
using his/her own eating utensils
• Experiment
• Minimize distractions
• Feed with eye-to-eye contact
• Continue to feed during illness and
recovery
Period Number of days
Pregnancy 270
Infancy (0-5 months) 182
Toddlerhood (6-23 months) 548
TOTAL 1000
Trends in the prevalence of stunting
from birth up to 3 years of age

41
The First 1000 days is critical
for brain development

Temporal
Lobe
is
responsible
for:
✔ perception and
comprehension
✔ memory
✔ language
The First 1000 days is
critical for brain
development

Source: Cordero M.E., D'Acuña E., Benveniste S., Prado R., Nuñez J.A. &
Colombo M. (1993) Dendritic development in neocortex of infants with early
 “ Only two-thirds (66.2%)
of mothers had correct
knowledge on the proper
timing of introduction of
complementary foods

44
44
Source: 2015 Facts and Figures. FNRI-DOST.
 Points to remember:
• Complementary foods must be
nutritious foods and in adequate
amounts so the child can continue to
grow
• The term “complementary” is used
to emphasize that this feeding
complements breast milk rather than
replaces it
IMPACT OF GOOD
NUTRITION
IMPACT OF GOOD
NUTRITION
IMPACT OF GOOD
NUTRITION
IMPACT OF GOOD
NUTRITION
 IMPACT OF GOOD
NUTRITION
• 4 BILLION DOLLARS lost to Philippine GDP annually
 ❑ Pregnant and
Nutrition Lactating
❑ Infancy
in Life ❑ Childhood
Stages ❑
❑
❑
Nutrition in
Childhood
The energy
requirements of children
increase rapidly because
they grow quickly and
become more active. This
means they have a high
energy requirement for
their size.
Young children do not
have large stomachs to
cope with big meals.
Therefore, to achieve the
relatively high energy
intake for their age, they
should consume small
and frequent meals.
Nutrition in
Childhood
Desirable Body
Weight
DBW(kg)= (age in
years x 2) + 8
Nutrition in
Childhood
Energy Requirements
• Children’s needs vary
widely, depending on their
growth and physical activity
Ages 1 – 3 :
105kcal/DBW
Ages 4 – 6:
90kcal/DBW
Ages 7 – 9 :
75kcal/DBW
Ages 10 – 12 :
65kcal/DBW(boys);
55kcal/DBW(girls)
 ❑ Pregnant and
Nutrition Lactating
❑ Infancy
in Life ❑ Childhood
Stages ❑ Adolescence
❑
❑
Nutrition in
Adolescence
Desirable Body
Weight
NDAP Formula
Tannhauser’s or Broca
Index
BMI-derived Formula
Nutrition in
Adolescence
Energy Requirements
• Adolescence needs vary
widely, depending on their
growth and physical activity
Ages 13 to 15:
55kcal/DBW(boys);
45kcal/DBW(girls)
Ages 16 to 18:
45kcal/DBW(boys);
40kcal/DBW(girls)
Nutrition in
Adolescence
Protein Intake
• Increase

Mineral Intake
• Calcium
• Iron
Adolescent Problems Related
to Nutrition
• Anorexia Nervosa
• Bulimia
• Overweight
 Anorexia Nervosa
• A psychological disorder that causes a
client to so drastically reduce kcal that the
reduction disrupts metabolism.
• An inordinate fear of being fat.
• Results in hair loss, low blood pressure,
weakness, amenorrhea, brain damage,
and even death.
Treatment for Anorexia Nervosa
• Development of a strong and trusting
relationship between client and care
provider.
• Client must accept that weight gain and a
change in body contours are normal
during adolescence.
Treatment for Anorexia Nervosa
• Diet therapy
• Individual and family counseling
• Close supervision
• Time and patience

62
 Bulimia
• A syndrome in which the client alternately
binges and purges by inducing vomiting
and using laxatives and diuretics to get rid
of ingested food.
• Bulimics are said to fear that they cannot
stop eating.

63
 Bulimia
• A bulimic usually binges on high-kcal
foods such as cookies, ice cream,
pastries, and other “forbidden” foods.
• Binging occurs when client is alone.
• Bulimia is not usually life-threatening, but it
can irritate the esophagus and cause
electrolyte imbalances, malnutrition,
dehydration, and dental caries.

64
 Treatment for Bulimia
• Limit eating to mealtime
• Portion control
• Close supervision after eating
• Psychological counseling
 Overweight
• Contributing factors include heredity,
overfeeding as an infant or child,
psychological factors.
• Treatment
– Evaluation by physician
– Discuss plan with dietitian
– Teach teen to understand the nutrient and kcal
content of fast foods
– Exercise
 Stop and Share
• Being overweight is particularly
difficult during the adolescent period.
• What makes being overweight during
adolescence especially difficult?
 Stop and Share
• Being overweight during
adolescence is apt to diminish the
individual’s self-esteem and can
exclude her or him from the normal
social life of the teen years, further
diminishing self-esteem.
• It also makes the adolescent prone
to being overweight as an adult.
 Fast Foods
• Nutrient charts are often available at
restaurants.
• Fast food is excessively high in fat and
sodium, as well as kcal.
 Fast Foods
• Contain limited amounts of vitamins and
minerals and little fiber.
• Nevertheless, fast food is more nutritious
than sodas, cakes, and candy.
• Should be used with discretion in a
balanced diet.
 Alcohol and the Adolescent
• Alcohol is a depressant.
• It causes sleepiness, loss of
consciousness, and even death.
• Abuse (overuse) of alcohol is called
alcoholism.
 Alcohol and the Adolescent
• Affects absorption and normal metabolism
of glucose, fats, proteins, and vitamins.
• Lack of absorption of niacin and thiamin
prohibit the cells from using glucose for
energy.
 Alcohol and the Adolescent
• Alcohol causes kidneys to excrete larger
than normal amounts of water, resulting in
loss of minerals.
• Excessive, long-term drinking can lead to
liver cirrhosis, high blood pressure, and
damage to heart muscle.
 Marijuana
• Use continues to increase among teens.
• Makes one hungry, especially for sweets.
• Lungs absorb THC, a fat-soluble
substance that is transported to various
body tissues for storage.
• May lead to the use of other drugs.
 Cocaine
• Highly addictive and extremely harmful.
• Weight loss is very common; addicts
substitute the drug for food.
• Form that can be smoked is called “crack”.
• Half of crimes against property in the
United States are related to the use of
crack cocaine.
 Tobacco
• Is addictive.
• Can influence appetite, nutritional status,
and weight.
• Smokers need more vitamin C because
smoking alters the metabolism.
 Tobacco
• Low intakes of vitamin C, vitamin A,
betacarotene, folate, and fiber are
common among smokers.
• Smoking increases the risk of lung cancer
and heart disease.
 Other Addictive Drugs
• Amphetamines cause heart, breathing,
and blood pressure rates to increase.
• Methamphetamine is the most potent form
of amphetamine.
• Symptoms include dry mouth, difficulty
swallowing, dilated pupils, depressed
appetite; as the drug wears off fatigue and
depression are common.
 Other Addictive Drugs
• Inhalants are physically and
psychologically addictive.
• Risks include depression, apathy,
nosebleeds, headaches, eye pain, chronic
fatigue, heart failure, loss of muscle
control, and death.
 Dental Caries
• Promoted by the use of sugar in the diet.
• Avoid sticky sugar foods unless teeth can
be brushed or rinsed immediately.
• Addition of fluoride to drinking water
reduces the number of dental caries.
• Fluoride toothpaste is also helpful.
• Excessive fluoride can be toxic.
 ❑ Pregnant and
Nutrition Lactating
❑ Infancy
in Life ❑ Childhood
Stages ❑ Adolescence
❑ Adulthood
❑
Nutrition in
Adulthood
• Nutritional
requirements do
not change much
between the ages
of 19 to 50, except
during pregnancy
and lactation.
• A poor diet can lead
to diseases such as
obesity,
cardiovascular
diseases, cancer
and type-2 diabetes.
Nutrition in
Adulthood
Desirable Body
Weight
NDAP Formula
Tannhauser’s or Broca
Index
BMI-derived Formula
Nutrition in
Adulthood
Energy Requirements
• Adulthood needs vary
widely, depending on their
growth and physical activity
Sedentary
Light
Moderate
Heavy
 ❑ Pregnant and
Nutrition Lactating
❑ Infancy
in Life ❑ Childhood
Stages ❑ Adolescence
❑ Adulthood
❑ Elderhood
Nutrition in
Elderhood
Requirements for
energy gradually
decrease after the age
of 50 as activity level
falls.

Older adults is the

term usually refer to
people over the age of
65.
Nutrition in
Elderhood
After menopause (when
menstruation stops), women lose bone
strength at an increased rate. Having a
great peak bone mass (PBM) in early
adulthood helps adults to start from a
higher point from which bones will be
lost during the ageing process.

As people age, osteoporosis may

occur when bones become weak,
brittle and break easily. This may lead
to fractures in the wrist, back and hip.

Osteoporosis is a major problem

in older people, especially women.
Nutrition in
Elderhood
Older people may eat less for
different reasons, for example:
• difficulty in chewing and
swallowing
• dental problems
• changes in sense of smell and
taste
• difficulty in shopping, preparing
and cooking food
• living alone
• financial problems
• illness.

To maintain good health, it is

important that older adults:
• enjoy their food
• keep active
• have adequate nutrient intakes.
Nutrition in
Elderhood
Energy Requirements
• By age 50 to 59:
10% TEA
• By age 60 to 69 :
20% TEA
• By age 70 and
onwards:
30% TEA
Macular Degeneration
Diabetic Retinopathy