ME 559

FLUID MACHINERY
Unit 4

PROF. A. K. SUNNU
Jan 2014
albertsunnu@yahoo.com//0208155130
CHAPTER 4:CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS AND FANS
Introduction
➢Rotors, known more commonly as impellers, of centrifugal pumps,
blowers, and fans are designed to transfer energy to a moving fluid that
is considered incompressible.
➢Fans and blowers usually consist of a single impeller spinning within an
enclosure, known as the casing.
➢The impeller produces the fluid velocity and the casing forces the liquid
to discharge from the pump, converting velocity to pressure.
➢Pumps, on the other hand, may be designed to have several impellers
mounted on the same shaft, and the fluid discharging from one is
conducted to the inlet of the neighbouring rotor, thus making the over
all pressure rise of the pump the sum of the individual stage pressure
rises.
➢The individual impellers are designed to look, in cross section, somewhat
like that shown in figure 1.1.
➢An end view of the impeller is shown in figure 4.1.
➢The vanes shown are curved backwards making the angles β1 and β2
with tangents to the circles at radii r1 and r2, respectively.
➢ Ideally, relative velocity W2 leaves the vane at the outer edge of the
impeller at the blade angle β2.
2
➢Figure 4.2 shows velocity diagrams at the inlet and outlet of the vane
passages.
➢ For the design point operation the relative velocity W1 is
approximately aligned with the tangent to the vane surface at angle
β1.
➢The absolute velocity V1 at the inlet is shown entering with no whirl.
➢Thus Vu1=0 and Vm1 = V1.
➢The ideal or virtual head Hi, which is the ideal energy transfer per unit
mass for𝑈perfect
𝑉 guidance by the vanes, is given by
2 𝑢2
𝐻𝑖 = (4.1)
𝑔
➢ Equation (4.1) was derived earlier
as (2.28) gH=-E=U2Vu2.
➢ The ideal head, Hi is higher than
that found in practice, Hi>Hactual.
➢ Reasons for this disparity and
methods for correction will be
given in subsequent sections.
3
Impeller Flow
➢Figure 4.1 shows an impeller rotating in the clockwise direction.
➢Fluid next to the pressure face of the vane is forced to rotate at blade
speed.
➢ Motion in a purely circular path at radius r implies a net pressure force
directed radially in inward, so that the net pressure force Adp on a
differential element of cross-sectional area A balances the centrifugal
force (ρ A dr)N2r or mV2/r.
➢Thus the radial pressure gradient is AdP= ρAdr N2r but U=Nr and
𝑑𝑃 𝜌𝑈 2
= =𝜌𝑁 2 𝑟 (4.2)
𝑑𝑟 𝑟
2𝑟
2 𝜌(𝑈22 −𝑈12 )
𝑃2 − 𝑃1 = 𝜌𝑁 2 =
2
➢Since the fluid does not follow the impeller as in solid body rotation, but
instead tends to remain stationary relative to the ground, a resultant
outward flow along the vane with an accompanying adverse pressure
gradient occurs.
➢However, the magnitude of the pressure rise across the rotor is less than
that indicated by integration of (4.2); i.e., less than
𝜌(𝑈22 −𝑈12 )
𝑃2 − 𝑃1 = (4.3)
2
➢A better estimate of the pressure rise is obtained from an equation
formed from (2.28) and (2.34):
4
➢gH=-E= U2Vu2 from equation (2.28) and
𝑃2 −𝑃1 𝑉22 −𝑉12
➢H = + from equation (2.34)
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
𝑃2 −𝑃1 𝑉22 −𝑉12 𝑃2 −𝑃1 𝑉22 −𝑉12
➢⇒ + =U2Vu2, ⇔ = 𝑈2 𝑉𝑢2 −
𝜌 2 𝜌 2
𝜌(𝑉22 −𝑉12 )
➢ P2-P1 = ρU2Vu2 − (4.4)
2
➢Applying the law of trigonometry to the diagrams of figure 4.2 yields the
relations
➢𝑉22 = 𝑊22 + 𝑈22 − 2𝑈2 𝑊2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽2 (4.5a)
➢U2+ W2=V2 (4.5b)
➢U2-Vu2 = W2Cos β2 (4.5c)
➢𝑉22 = 𝑊22 + 𝑈22 − 2𝑈2 (𝑈2 − 𝑉𝑢2 ) (4.5d)
𝑈22 +𝑉22 −𝑊22
➢⇒ 𝑈2 𝑉𝑢2 = (4.5)
2
➢And 𝑉12 = 𝑊1 − 𝑈12 (4.6) Figure 4.2 Velocity diagrams at
inlet and outlet

5
➢Combining (4,4), (4.5), and (4.6) results in the pressure rise expression
𝜌(𝑈22 −𝑈12 +𝑊12 −𝑊22 )
➢𝑃2 − 𝑃1 = 2
(4.7)
➢Although the static pressure at the inlet and outlet of the impeller is ex-
pected to be uniform across the opening between the vanes, pressures
on the two sides of a vane are expected to be different.
➢As the fluid moves radially outward, its angular momentum per unit mass
Vur is clearly increased.
➢This means that a moment of some force has been applied to the
control volume considered.
➢ The source of such a force is obviously a pressure difference between
any two points on opposite sides of the control volume at the same
radial distance from the axis of rotation.
➢The azimuthal force resulting from this pressure difference is the so-
called Coriolis force, of magnitude │2N x W│
➢This force is applied to the impeller at the pressure face and the suction
face of the vane.
➢Equation (4.7) applied between the inlet and some intermediate radius
less than r2 implies that the greater pressure rise on the pressure face is
6
accompanied by a lower relative velocity W on that face.
➢Conversely, a higher relative velocity at the suction face is indicated.
➢Figure 4.1 shows a circulatory flow which is radially inward on the pressure
face and radially outward on the suction face, and this is superposed on
the main flow, which is radially outward.
➢The difference in pressure rise on the two sides of the passage between
vanes implies a separation, or backflow, region near the outer end of the
suction face.
➢ The latter implies a flow deflection away from the suction face near the
exit of the passage.
➢The change in Vu2 associated with this flow deflection is known as slip.
➢The ratio of the actual Vu2 to the ideal Vu2 is usually known as the slip
coefficient μs.
➢Since the slip depends on circulation and the circulation is clearly
dependent on the geometry of the flow passage, figure 4.2b, a
theoretical relation-ship expressing μs as a function of the number of
blades nB and exit angle β2 is not surprising. Shepherd (1956) has given
such a relation:
𝜋𝑈2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽2
𝜇𝑠 = 1 − 𝑉𝑢2 𝑛𝐵
(4.8)
➢Equation (4.8) shows that for an infinite number of vanes, i.e., perfect
guidance of the fluid, μs becomes unity.
7
➢The velocity diagram of Figure 4.2 must be modified to
agree with the corrected Vu2, and the angle β2 must be
taken as the fluid angle rather than the vane angle.
➢ Equation (4.1) is used to compute the actual energy
transferred to the fluid from the impeller.
➢The modified Euler’s equation, obtained as ideal head Hi
is derived as follows.
➢The ideal head Hi is μsU2Vu2 (for no initial angular
momentum).
𝑈2 𝑈2 𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽2
➢ 𝐻𝑖 = (𝜇𝑠 𝑉𝑢2 ) = [𝑉𝑢2 − 𝑈2 ]
𝑔 𝑔 𝑛
𝑈2 𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽2
➢ [(𝑈2 − 𝑉𝑚2 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝛽2 ) − 𝑈2 ]
𝑔 𝑛

𝑈22 𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽2 𝑈2 𝑉𝑚2 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝛽2 Figure 4.2b Graphical representation

➢𝐻𝑖 = (1 − ) − of slip (following Stodola, 1927, see
𝑔 𝑛𝐵 𝑔
8 Shepherd 1956).
 Efficiency
➢Flow in the impeller or casing passages is accompanied by frictional
losses which are proportional to the square of the flow velocity relative
to the passage walls.
➢All losses result in a conversion of mechanical energy into thermal
(internal) energy.
➢Wall friction effects this transfer through direct dissipation by viscous
forces and by turbulence generation which culminates in viscous
dissipation within the small eddies.
➢ Secondary flow losses occur in regions of flow separation, where
circulation is maintained by the external flow, and in curved flow
passages, where it is maintained by centrifugal effects.
➢Outside the impeller, where no through flow occurs, the fluid is forced to
move tangentially and radially.
➢This circulatory motion of unpumped fluid results in an additional (disk
friction) loss.
➢ A different, but equally nonproductive, use of energy occurs because
of a reverse flow (leakage) from the high-pressure region near the
impeller tip to the low-pressure region near the inlet.
➢The latter effect is the reason for the introduction of the volumetric
𝑚ሶ
efficiency ηv, defined as 𝜂𝑣 = 𝑚+
ሶ 𝑚ሶ
(4.9)
9 𝐿
➢Where 𝑚ሶ 𝐿 is the mass rate of leakage, and 𝑚ሶ is the mass rate of flow actually
discharged from the pump.
➢Because of the loss of mechanical energy by the several mechanisms mentioned
above, the head H, i.e., the net mechanical energy added to the fluid in the pump as
determined by measurement, is less than the head computed from (4.1).
➢The losses are accounted for by defining hydraulic efficiency ηH as
𝑔𝐻
𝜂𝐻 = (4.10)
𝑈2 𝑉𝑢2
➢usually, the practical performance parameter as determined by test is the over all
pump efficiency η, defined by
ሶ
𝑚𝑔𝐻
η= (4.11)
𝑃
where P is the power of the motor driving the pump as determined by dynamometer
test.

➢The so-called total head H is determined from the steady-flow energy equation after
experimentally evaluating the mechanical energy terms at the suction and discharge
sides of the pump.

➢The mechanical efficiency ηm accounts for frictional losses occurring between moving
mechanical parts, which are typically bearings and seals, as well as for disk friction,
ሶ 𝑚ሶ 𝐿 )𝑈2 𝑉𝑢2
(𝑚+
and is defined by 𝜂 = (4.12)
𝑚 𝑃

1
0
 Performance Characteristics
➢Characteristic curves for a given pump are determined by test, and they
consist primarily of a plot of head H as a function of volume rate of flow Q.
➢A typical characteristic curve is shown schematically in Figure 4.3.
➢The theoretical head from (4.1) is also shown in Figure 4.3.
➢The actual curve is displaced downward as a result of the losses of
mechanical energy previously discussed.
➢ However, (4.1) provides the engineer with the upper limit of performance
which can be achieved, since it does not account for losses.
➢If the speed is increased, (4.1) indicates that the curve will shift upward, and
vice versa.
➢ Expressing (4.1) in terms of Q, we have
𝑈 −𝑄/𝐴2 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝛽2
𝐻𝑖 = 𝑈2 2 (4.14)
𝑔
➢ Dividing (4.14) by the square of twice the
tip speed ND2, [(2ND2/2)2=N2D22 ] we
obtain
𝑔𝐻𝑖 𝑄 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝛽2
2 2 = 0.5(0.5 − 3 ) (4.15)
𝑁 𝐷2 𝜋𝑏𝑁𝐷2

1
1
➢Equation (4.15) indicates a functional relationship between head
coefficient gH/(N2D2) and flow coefficient Q/ND23, which is independent of
speed.
➢The actual performance curves, when plotted non-dimensionally, also show
a functional relationship which is independent of speed; i.e., data for
different rotor speeds will collapse into a single-head coefficient-flow
coefficient curve, figure 4.3b.
➢We can predict, the approximate value of head or flow rate resulting from a
change of speed if we assume that the operating state, i.e., the values of
head and flow coefficients, are the same before and after the change.
Referring to
➢Figure 4.3 and considering a change of speed from N1 to N2, the operating
state point on the characteristic plot moves from position 1 to position 2.
➢Since we are assuming similar flows,
𝐻 𝐻
➢𝑁12 = 𝑁22 (4.16)
1 2
𝑄 𝑄
and 𝑁1 = 𝑁2 (4.17)
1 2
➢Equations (4.16) and (4.17) express the pump (or fan)
laws.
➢Manipulation of these equations yields
𝐻1 𝐻2
= (4.18), which states that H is proportional to Q2
1 𝑄12 𝑄22
2
➢The latter relation is approximately that followed by the external system
to which the pump is attached, assuming that no changes have been
made in it.
➢ Thus the path from 1 to 2 for a simple change of speed is roughly the loci
of similar states, and this fact makes the pump (or fan) laws extremely
useful.
➢As indicated by (4.11) overall efficiency varies with flow rate, and it is
required for the computation of brake power.
➢Referring to Figure 4.4, which is a typical variation, we see that efficiency
varies with flow rate from zero at no flow to a maximum value ηmax near
the highest flow rate.
➢The actual value of ηmax varies from 70 to 90 percent, depending
primarily upon the design flow capacity.
➢Machines handling large flows have higher maximum efficiencies, since
frictional head loss decreases proportionately with large flow area.
➢On the other hand, machines of high head and low flow, i.e., low
specific speed tend to have lower efficiencies.
➢High head is associated with large-diameter or high-speed impellers,
which increases disk-friction losses considerably, and low flow implies
higher proportional head loss associated with smaller flow area.
1
3
➢ Characteristically, the latter-type machine is of the radial-flow design, while
the former is classified as a mixed-flow design.
➢Although the choice of a specific speed may be dictated by design
requirements, it is worth noting that test results show that centrifugal pumps
with specific speeds between 0.7 and 1 seem to have the highest maximum
efficiencies (for example, see Church, 1972).
➢The head-capacity (H-Q) curves can be altered at the high-flow end by the
occurrence of the phenomenon of cavitation.
➢ This process consists of the formation and
collapse of vapour bubbles, which occur when
the fluid pressure falls below the vapour
pressure.
➢ Outward flow in the impeller passage, which
is accompanied by pressure rise, results in a
collapse of the bubble.

Figure 4.4 Equal-efficiency

curves for centrifugal pumps
1
4
➢Acceleration of fluid surrounding the bubble, which is required to
fill the void left by the vapour, results in losses and pressure waves
which cause damage to solid-boundary materials.
➢Since the energy transfer per unit weight is reduced by the
presence of vapour, the head-capacity curve falls off at the flow
corresponding to the beginning of cavitation.
➢To avoid cavitation, the net positive suction head (NPSH),
defined as the atmospheric head plus the distance of liquid level
above pump centerline minus the friction head in suction piping
minus the gauge vapour pressure, is maintained above a certain
critical value. NPSH = Pa/ρg + z - Pv/ρg -hf.
➢A critical specific speed Sc, defined as
𝑁𝑄1/2
➢Sc = 3/4 4.19) is used to determine the lowest
(𝑔×𝑁𝑃𝑆𝐻)𝑐
safe value of NPSH.
➢For single-suction water pumps Shepherd (1956) gives Sc = 3, and
for double-suction pumps he gives Sc = 4.
➢These form useful rules of thumb for the avoidance of cavitation
by designers and users of centrifugal pumps
1
5
Design of Pumps
➢Requirements for a pump comprise the specification of head, capacity,
and speed.
➢This section deals with the application of principles to the problem of the
determination of the basic dimensions of the impeller and casing.
➢ The process outlined below would enable the engineer to carry out a
preliminary design to which the detailed mechanical design could be
added, or to select a suitable pump from commercially available
machines.
➢The impeller design can be started by computing the required specific
speed and using this value to determine efficiency from available test
data plotted in the form of η as a function of Ns with Q as the parameter.
➢Brake power calculated from (4.11) is then used to determine shaft
torque from
𝑃
T=𝑁 (4.20)
➢Referring to figure 4.5, it is clear that a hub diameter DH is obtained by
adding a small increment, say 0.5 in.(about 12.5mm), to the shaft
diameter which may be calculated from shaft torque using a standard
3 𝑃(𝑘𝑊)
formula (𝑑 = 16 𝑛(𝑟𝑝𝑚) ).
1
6
➢Shroud diameter Do is then found from DH, providing an inlet area
sufficient to handle the capacity Q plus the leakage flow QL:
4(𝑄+𝑄𝐿 ) 1/2
𝐷𝑜 = [𝐷𝐻2 + ] (4.21)
𝜋𝑉𝑜
➢The inlet velocity can be taken as 10 ft/s (3 m/s) or less, and the leakage
can be assumed to be 2 or 3 percent of the capacity.
➢The diameter D1 at the leading edge of the vane can be taken as equal
to Do.
➢Then the width b1 of the leading edge can be computed using the flow
Q+QL and a radial velocity VL slightly higher than Vo, say 1.05Vo.
𝑄+𝑄𝐿
➢Thus we have b1=𝜋𝐷 (4.22)
1 𝑉1
➢Vane angle β1 can be taken as approximately equal to the fluid angle,
and thus it is easily determined from the velocity triangle shown in Figure
4.2.
➢The outlet vane angle β2 is usually selected as 15 to 40°, which results in a
lower energy transfer and a reduced absolute exit velocity.
➢Csanady (1964) has derived a formula for the determination of the
optimum (minimum-loss) ratio of whirl velocity to tip speed:
𝑉 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛽2 +𝜉2 /𝜉1 1/2
➢ 𝑈𝑢2 = ( 1+𝜉 /𝜉 ) (4.23),
2 2 1
1 where ζ1 , and ζ2 are diffuser and impeller loss coefficients, respectively.
7
➢Using ζ2/ ζ1= 1/3 and β2 =25°, we arrive at a typical relation, Vu2 = 0.62U2.
➢Using the given value of head H with (4.10) and (4.13), we can determine a
value of U2, and hence D2.
➢If the radial component Vm2 of the exit velocity is too high, it can be reduced
by choosing a lower value of β2 and repeating the calculation (see Figure
4.2).
𝑄+𝑄𝐿
➢Vane width b2 is easily determined from b2=𝜋𝐷 (4.24)
2 𝑉𝑚2

➢The width b1 and b2 can be increased slightly to account for vane thickness
in a refined calculation.

➢ The appropriate value of β and b at stations

intermediate between inlet and exit can be
worked out-using velocity triangles and
assuming a smooth variation in all quantities.
➢ The optimum number of vanes is determined
from a formula of Pfleiderer (see Church,
1972), namely,
6.5(𝐷2 +𝐷1 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛽1 +𝛽2 )/2
𝑛𝐵 = (4.25)
𝐷 −𝐷
2 1
Figure 4.5 Radial flow
1
impeller
8
➢The fluid exits the impeller with tangential and radial components of
absolute velocity and is collected and conducted to the discharge of the
pump by the volute or scroll portion of the casing (see Figure 4.6).
➢The volute is usually in the form a channel of increasing cross-sectional area.
➢The volute begins at the tongue with no cross-sectional area and ends at
the discharge nozzle.
➢At any angle 𝜑, measured from the tongue, the flow rate is (𝜑 /360)Q.
➢The angular momentum of the exit flow, Vu2R2, is conserved, so the
distribution is approximately
➢Vur = constant. (4.26)

Figure 4.6 Volute of a pump

1
9
 ➢Assuming a channel of constant width W, the outer wall of the
volute is located at R3, determined from the relation
𝜑𝑄 𝑅3
= 𝑤𝑉𝑢2 𝑅2 𝑙𝑛 (4.27)
360 𝑅2
➢If the channel width is variable, as in a channel of circular cross
section, then the governing relation should be
𝜑𝑄 𝑅3 𝑤
= 𝑤𝑉𝑢2 𝑅2 ‫𝑅׬‬2 𝑑𝑟 (4.28)
360 𝑟
➢The so-called discharge nozzle, which is really a diffuser, joins
the volute to the discharge flange of the pump.
➢For water, the nozzle is typically sized to produce a discharge
velocity of 7.5 m/s (25 ft/s).
➢A radial diffuser may be added between the impeller and the
volute for high-pressure pumps.
➢This may take the form of a space of constant width without
vanes, or it may include vanes forming diverging passages
aligned with the absolute velocity vector.
2
0
 Fans
➢Fans produce very small pressure heads measured in centimeters of water
pressure differential, and of course are employed to move air or other
gases.
➢A compressor also handles gases, but with large enough pressure rises that
significant fluid density changes occur; i.e., if density is increased by 5
percent, then the Turbo machine may be called a compressor.
➢A centrifugal fan, as compared with a pump, requires a much smaller
increase in impeller blade speed, i.e., a smaller radius ratio R2/R1, as may be
inferred from (4.7).
➢It requires a volute, of course, but no diffuser is needed to enhance pressure
rise.
➢The flow passages between impeller vanes are quite short, as indicated in
Figure 4.7.
➢The analysis and design of the impeller proceed as with the centrifugal
pump.
➢The small changes of gas density are ignored, and the incompressible
equations are applied as with pumps.
➢Performance curves are qualitatively the same as for pumps, except that
the units of head are customarily given in meters of water, and those of
capacity are typically in cubic meter per minute.
➢Other differences are that both total head and static (pressure) head are
usually shown on performance curves, and a fan static efficiency, based on
(4.11), is calculated using static head (P2 – P1)/ρg in place of total head H.
2
1
➢Similarity laws for pumps are applied and are known
as fan laws; these are represented by (4.16) and
(4.18).

Figure 4.7 Centrifugal

fan
Figure 4.8 Head-capacity curves for
a pump

2
2
Example 4.1
Calculate the power required to drive the original pump at 1160 rpm at a
flow rate of 3100 gal/min. Also determine the specific speed (non-
dimensional).
Solution
Given parameters: Q = 3100 gal/min, H = 100 ft , n = 1160 rpm,
Converting given parameters to SI units, we have: Q = 0.235 m3/s H = 30.480 m
2𝜋𝑛 2𝑥3.142𝑥1160
N= = =121.47 rad/s
60 60
Calculating the specific speed, Ns
𝑁𝑄 1/2 121.47𝑠 𝑋 (0.235𝑚Τ𝑠)1/2
Ns = Ns = = 0.819
(𝑔𝐻)3/4 (9.81𝑚Τ𝑠 2 𝑋 30.48𝑚)3/4

• Reading efficiency from graph (fig 4.8) with n = 1160 rpm and Q = 3100
gal/min, efficiency, 𝜂 = 83% in order to calculate the required Power, P is as
follows.
𝑚𝑔𝐻 𝜌𝑄𝑔𝐻
𝜂= ⇔𝑃=
𝑃 𝜂

• Substituting the variables, we obtain

103 𝑋 0.235 𝑋 9.81 𝑋 30.48
𝑃= = 84.659 𝑘𝑊
0.83
2
3
Example 4.3
For a pump impeller with a diameter D2 of 1 .326 ft and axial width b2= 2
in, determine the velocity diagram at the exit of the rotor for the
conditions in Example 4.2. Vane angle β2 = 25°.
Solution
𝑃 84.659
• Calculating the torque on shaft, T = 𝑁, we have: T = 1160 = 696.93 Nm
2𝛱 𝑋
60

• The minimum shaft diameter required is obtained from Russian book pp as

3 𝑃 𝑘𝑊 3 84.659
𝑑 = 16 = 16 = 6.6 cm
𝑁 𝑟𝑝𝑚 1160
• The hub Diameter, DH = (DS + 1.27 cm)
2 ( 𝑄+ 𝑄𝐿 ) 1/2
• The Shroud Diameter, Do = 𝐷𝐻 + 4
𝛱𝑉𝑂
𝑓𝑡 𝑚
• Inlet Velocity, 𝑉0 = 10 𝑠
= 3.048 𝑠
• Now choosing Leakage QL = 0.03Q we have:
1
( 0.235+0.03(0.235) 2
• DO = 7.872 + 4 𝛱 3.048
=17.7 cm
D
2 O
Let the diameter of leading edge DI = DO
4
• Radial Velocity, VI = 1.05 Vo = 1.05 (3.048) = 3.2 m/s
𝑄+ 𝑄𝐿 0.235+0.03(0.235)
• Blade width, bI = = = 13.6
𝛱𝐷𝐼 𝑉𝐼 𝛱 𝑋 17.70 𝑋 3.2 𝑋 10−2
But efficiency 𝜂𝐻 = 83% Outlet Velocity Triangle is drawn as
𝑔𝐻 follows:
From 𝜂𝐻 = and 𝑉𝑈2 = 0.62 𝑈2
𝑈2 𝑉𝑈2
𝑔𝐻 𝑔𝐻 9.81 𝑋 30.48
𝜂𝐻 ⇒ 𝑈2 = = = 24.09 m/s
0.62𝑈2 2 0.62𝜂H 0.62 𝑋 0.83
𝑔𝐻 𝐷2 𝑄 𝐶𝑜𝑡 𝐵2
• From = 0.5 0.5 −
𝑁2 𝐷2 2 𝛱𝑏𝑁𝐷2 3
9.81 𝑋 30.48 𝐷2 (0.235 𝐶𝑜𝑡 30)
• 121.472 𝐷2 2 = 0.5 0.5 − 𝛱 𝑋 0.136 𝑋 121.47 𝑋 𝐷2 3
0.02 0.407𝐷2
• 𝐷2 2 = 0.5 0.5 − 51.9 𝐷2 3
1.038 = 12.97D2 - 0.2035
D22 = 1.2415/ 12.975, ↔ D2 = 30.9 cm
From Velocity diagram, Vm2 = (U2 – Vu2) tan β2 But Vu2 = 0.62 U2
𝑉𝑚 = 0.38𝑈2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽2 = 0.38 × 24.09 tan 30 = 5.285 m/s
2
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Example 4.4
Determine the principal dimensions of a centrifugal pump which can
deliver 3100 gal/min of water at a 100 ft head. The speed is 1160 rpm.
Solution
𝑄+ 𝑄𝐿 0.235+0.03(0.235)
• Vane width, b2 = = = 0.04717 m = 𝟒. 𝟕𝟐 𝐜𝐦
𝛱𝐷2 𝑉𝑚2 𝛱 𝑋 0.309 𝑋 5.285
• The optimum number of blades, nB
6.5 𝐷2 + 𝐷1 sin 𝛽1 + 𝛽2 Τ2
𝑛𝐵 =
(𝐷2 − 𝐷1 )
6.5 0.177+ 0.309 sin 16/12+ 30 Τ2
•= = 9.37 = 10 𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑠
(0.177− 0.309 )

𝑄 𝑄 0.235
• 𝑉1 = = = 0.177 = 3.107 𝑚/𝑠
𝐴 2𝛱𝑟1 𝑏1 2𝛱 × ×0.136
2
0.177
• 𝑈1 = 𝑁 𝑟1 =
121.47 𝑥 = 10.75 𝑚/𝑠
2
𝑉 3.107
• From the velocity diagram, 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽1 = 1 =
𝑈1 10.75
−1
𝛽1 = tan 0.28 = 16.12°
2
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