SNU/MAN/EHS/EL/08 EED 208: ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENTATION LAB

EXPERIMENT No. 08

2. 0 FEATURES

 Wide resistance measurement range 0.1 micro-ohm to 1.1 Meg

ohm.

 Solid brass blocks for positive plug contacts.

 Click type hard silver plated decade dials.

 Quick change – over from Kelvin to Wheatstone mode.

 Very low temperature co-efficient MANGANIN wire & strip

giving reproducible measurements.

 Easy- to-control knobs.

 Heavy duty terminals for negligible residual resistance.

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3.0 INTRODUCTION

“VAISESHIKA” has specially designed a sensitive and accurate

precision Kelvin-cum-Wheatstone Bridge Type : 9405 for the
resistance measurement in the range of 0.1 micro ohm to 1.1
Megohm.Non - inductive manganin wire, having very low temperature
– coefficient , has been used . Phosphor Bronze Silver plated band
switches have been used to minimize the residual resistance error.

The controls of this highly sensitive Precision Kelvin-cum-Wheatstone

Bridge are very simple and easy to operate. Please connect the
resistance (whose value is to be measured) in the test terminals. If the
resistance is below 1ohms please use Kelvin Bridge and if the
resistance is more than 1 ohms please use Wheatstone bridge.
Select the bridge according to your requirement with the help of
“Selector Switch” provided on the panel . Now with the help of four
standard decade dials and ratio selector plug keys will give you
the value of resistance ( under test ).

A Spot Deflection Galvanometer and High Ampere DC Current

Source are provided with the instrument. The Spot Deflection
Galvanometer , having high sensitivity and resolution , gives very
sharp and accurate null point . The sensitivity of instrument can be
increased by using high Ampere DC Current Source.

The Precision Kelvin-cum-Wheatstone bridge has wide range of

applications in different fields viz. Electricity Board , Cable
manufacturing Industries , Transformer Industries Testing
&Development centers , Educational / Engineering Institute
Research and Development Centers , Electronic Industries and
Development Centers , Electronic Industries and
Telecommunications equipment industries etc .

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4.0 TECHANICAL SPECIFICATIONS

4.1 Kelvin bridge Section :-

 Range of measurement : 0.1 micro- ohm to 1 ohm

 Accuracy : + 0.2%+ 1 Div.below 0.0001 Ohm

+ 0.1%+ 1 Div 0.0001 to 0.01ohm
+ 0.05%+ 1 Div above 0.1 ohm

 Multiplying Ratio : 0.001,0.01, 0.1 & 1.0 ohm

 Dividing Ratio : 1,10 , 100 & 1000

 Standard Decade Resistors : 0.1 x10 , 1 x 10 ,10x 10,100x10

 Operating Temperature : 25 + 4 Degree C

4.2 Wheatstone bridge Section :-

 Range of measurement : 1 ohm to 1.1 Meg Ohms

 Accuracy : + 0.1%+ 1 Div.1 to 100 K Ohms

+ 1%+ 1 Div above 100 K ohms
 Dividing &Multiplying Ratio : 1,10 , 100 & 1000

 Standard Decade Resistors : 0.1 x10 , 1 x 10 ,10x 10,100x10

 Operating Temperature : 25 + 4 Degree C

 Weight ( in Kg ) : 18 (approximate

 Dimension ( In Cm.) : 63(L) X 39(B) X 19(H)

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5.0 INTRODUCTION WITH THE PANEL CONTROLS

AND
OTHER FUNCTIONS.

5.1 DC SOURCE TERMINALS (1) :

Two heavy duty nickel plated brass terminals are
provided on the top of the panel to connect
the High Amperage DC Current source .

5.2 GALVANOMETER TERMINALS (2) :

Two terminals are provided on the panel to
connect the Spot Deflection Galvanometer with the
instrument.

5.3 STANDARD RESISTANCE DIALS (3,4,5 &6):

Four resistance dials of the values x 0.1, x1, x10 & x100
ohm are provided for different setting of the
resistance values .

5.4 SELECTOR SWITCH (7):

A switch is provided on the panel to set the Kelvin or
Wheatstone bridge measurement Section

5.5 PRESS KEY B (8) : (FOR BATTERY)

The press key marked(B) is provided on the panel to
connect the BATTERY or DC CURRENT SOURCE
while using Kelvin / Wheatstone Bridge section.

5.6 PRESS KEY G (9) : (FOR GALVANOMETER)

One press key marked (G) is provided on the panel to
connect the Galvanometer in the circuit.

5.7 MEASUREMENT TERMINALS (10): (FOR WHEATSTONE)

Two heavy duty Nickel plated terminals are provided on
the left hand corner to conduct resistance measurement
on the bridge system

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5.8 CURRENT TERMINAL &

POTENTIAL TERMINALS FOR KELVIN BRIDGE (11) :
Two heavy duty nickel plated brass terminal
marked C1 & C2 are current terminals and two
terminals marked P1 & P2 are potential terminals of the
instrument. These terminals are used only in Kelvin
section.

5.9 MULTIPLYING RATIO (STANDARD RESISTANCES) (12A):

The four Multiplying Ratio (standard resistances) are
provided on the top of the left corner. The value of the
resistance are 1.0, 0.1ohm, 0.01ohm and 0.001 ohm.

5.10 RATIO SELECTION ARM (13):

The four ratios of the values 1, 10 ,100 & 1000 are
provided. These ratios serve as MULTIPLYING RATIO
for the wheat-stone Bridge system of
measurement.

5.11 DIVIDING RATIO (RATIO SELECTION ARM) (14):

The four dividing ratios of the values 1, 10, 100 & 1000 are
provided. These ratios serve as DIVIDING RATIO for the
Kelvin and Wheat -stone system of measurement.

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6.0 ACCESSORIES:

6.1 CONDUCTIVITY ATTACHMENT:

It is useful for the measurement of resistance sample of any size
between ½” dia. rod to 42 SWG wire. This conductivity attachment is
again four terminal apparatus. The current and potential terminals are
respectively connected to the current and potential terminals on the
Bridge. Sample is securely tied or held between the knife-edges.

6.2 SPOT GALVANOMETER

To get the balance null point, spot galvanometer is used.It is very

sensitive. It is useful to measure very small resistance accurately by
null method.
6.3 HIGH AMPEREGE DC SOURCE

For low resistance measurement High Amperage DC Source which

can deliver a high current is required. A High Amperage Battery can
also be used for this purpose. But it will get discharged very often and
require frequent recharging. To avoid this inconvenience “Vaiseshika”
High Amperage DC Current Source (9400B) is recommended. The
current is continuously adjustable from 0 to 10/30/50 amps.
It is operated (230V AC + 10%, 50 Hz).

6.4 CURRENT REVERSING SWITCH:

This switch is provided to get the spot on the spot galvanometer on left
or right hand side of the scale. If the switch is put at `FORWARD’
position, the spot appears on left hand side of the scale and if the
switch is put at `REVERSE’ position, the spot appears on the right
hand side of the scale. The position between `forward’ and `reverse’ of
the switch is `off’ position.

VERY IMPORTANT PRECAUTION:

The current reversing switch should always remain at `OFF’ position.
It should be put at `forward’ or `reverse’ position only while taking any
reading on the bridge. Otherwise this switch must remain at off
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 EED 208: ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENTATION LAB

position. If this precaution is not observed, an excessive current of

about 10 t0 30 amp. will flow through different coils of the bridge and
can damage the coils permanently.
7.0 OPERATING PRINCIPLE

(Wheatstone Bridge method)

P Q

KG

R S

B
KB

Figure-1

Wheatstone Bridge method is the most common method for

measurement of medium resistance i.e. 1.0 ohm to 1.0 Megohm.
Circuit diagram is shown in fig.1. P & Q are two known fixed
resistance , S being a known variable standard resistance & R the
unknown variable standard resistance. & R the unknown resistance to
be measured. G is a sensitive galvanometer & B is a battery. K B & KG
are two keys in the battery and galvanometer circuit respectively.

At balance – obtained by adjustment of S – the same current i 1 flows in

both of the arms P & Q since the galvanometer takes no current, and
the same current i2 flows also in arms R and S.

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Also voltage drop across arm P = voltage drop across arm R

and voltage drop across arm Q = voltage drop across arm S

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Thus,
i1P = i2R
i1Q = i2S

By division
P/Q = R/S
Or
R=P.S
Q

From which R is found in terms of P,Q and S. The arms P and Q are
the “ratio arms” of the bridge and the ratio P/Q may be varied as
required to increase the range of the bridge.

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8.0. OPERATING PRINCIPLE:
(Kelvin Bridge method)

Q M

q m

WWWW WWWW
X S
r

WWWWW

The net work of the Kelvin Double Bridge is shown in the figure. In the
figure X is the low resistance to be measured, and S is a standard
resistance of the same order of magnitude. These are connected in
series with low resistance link r, connecting their adjacent current
terminals. A current is passed through them from a DC source. A
regulating resistance and ammeter are connected in the circuit for
convenient adjustment of different current settings. Q, M, q and m are
four known non inductive resistance. These are connected in such a
manner so as to form two sets of ratio arms as shown in the figure. A
sensitive galvanometer G is connecting the dividing points of QM and
qm. The ratio QM is kept the same as qm. These ratios are adjusted
mutually in such manner so as to obtain a perfect null point in
galvanometer G i.e. equal currents flow through the two arms of the
bridge.

At balance of the bridge i.e. zero galvanometer deflections:-

(1) Current in arm Q = current in arm M=i1 (say)

(2) Current in arm q = current in arm m = i2
Current in X = Current in S = I

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Voltage drop across Q = (Voltage drop across X) – (Voltage drop

across q).
i1Q = IX + i2q ---------------(1)
Similarly voltage drop across M =
(Voltage drop across S) + Voltage drop across m)

i1 M = IS + i2m ----------------(2)

q and are parallel with the resistance r, the current I in X divides so that
r / (r + q + m) . i2 passes through q & m

i.e. i2 = I x r/( r+ q +m )

Substituting this value of i2 in equation (I) and (2) we get

X= QxS ( rxm ) Q _ q
M r+q+m M m

But ( rxm ) Q _ q
r+q+m M m is very small. (As r is very small)

Q/M is approximately equal to q/m. therefore neglecting the above

terms we get

X= QxS
M
This gives the resistance of the unknown in terms of the resistance of
the standard. Now taking a practical example of resistance
measurement:-

Let

The resistance of link r = 0.0001 ohm.

Resistance of coil in arm Q = 10.0027 ohm
Resistance of coil in arm M = 20.0142 ohm
Resistance of coil in arm q = 10.0027 ohm
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Resistance of coil in arm m = 20.0067 ohm

Resistance in Standard S = 0.010012
Resistance in unknown X = 0.005 (Approx.)

Resistance of copper connecting leads :

In arm Q = 0.0146
In arm M = 0.0660
In arm q = 0.0061
In arm m = 0.0122
By a resistance or 18.1 ohm

Q = 10.0027 + 0.0146 = 0.49886

M 20.0142 + 0.066

q = 10.0027 + 0.0061 = 0.49997

m 20.0067 + 0.0122

As X = Q x S
M

Where is the shunted value of the standard. Since the shunt for
balance is 18.1 ohm.

1/s = 1/0.010012 + 1/18.1

s = 0.010006

Put the value in the above equation we get the value of unknown
resistance.
X = 0.010006 x 0.49886
X = 0.0049919 ohms

Similarly, you can measure any resistance between 0.02 micro ohm to
1.1 ohm. The procedure is same as above.

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9.0 OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS

To operate the precision Kelvin-cum-Wheatstone Bridge Type: 9405

accurately to its specifications, please follow the instructions given
here below:-

9.1 WHEN THE INSTRUMENT IS USED AS KELVIN BRIDGE MODE

9.1.1 MEASUREMENT OF FOUR TERMINALS RESISTANCE BY KELVIN

METHOD:

9.1.1.1 Connect the output Terminals of DC Source to Input of

Current Reversing Switch ( + Ve to + Ve & - Ve to – Ve ) &
Output of Current Reversing Switch to Precision Kelvin Cum
Wheatstone Bridge terminals marked “DC Source” ( +Ve to +
Ve & - Ve to – Ve ).

9.1.1.2. IMPORTANT NOTES :The current reversing switch should

always remain at ‘OFF’ position. It should be put at Forward or
Reverse” during measurement, otherwise THIS SWITCH
MUST REMAIN AT “OFF” POSITION. If this precaution is not
observed an excessive current will flow through different coils
of the Bridge and shall damage the coils of the Bridge
permanently.

9.1.1.3. NOTE:- The values of current specified in the bellow table are
according to Standards used in Kelvin-Cum-Wheatstone
Bridge. You can select the values of current according to
your resistance under measurement but in any case the
values of current should not exceed the specified values
listed below.

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Sr.No. Standard used Order of measuring Applied value

(12A & 12B) resistance of current

01. 0.001 upto 0.001 ohms 35 Amp.

02. 0.01 0.001 to 0.01 ohm 25 Amp

03. 0.1 0.01 to 0.1 ohm 10 Amp

04. 0.1 0.1 to 1.0 ohm 05 Amp

05. 1.0 1.0 to 11.0 ohm 02 Amp

9.1.1.4. Connect the both terminals of Spot Reflecting Galvanometer

(which are provided on the back of galvanometer) to the
Precision Kelvin Cum Wheatstone Bridge terminals marked
“Galvo”.
9.1.1.5. Connect the Standard Resistor with the Bridge here as under :

C1

P1
PRECISION KELVIN CUM
WHEATSTONE BRIDGE
P2

C2

Ssssss
Four Terminal Std. Resistor

Figure - 01
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 EED 208: ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENTATION LAB
Connect the P-1 terminal of Standard Resistor to P -01 terminal
of Precision Kelvin Cum Wheatstone Bridge terminal , P-2
terminal of Standard Resistor to P -02 terminal of Precision
Kelvin Cum Wheatstone Bridge terminal & C-1 terminal of
Standard Resistor to C -01 terminal of Precision Kelvin Cum
Wheatstone Bridge terminal , C-2 terminal of Standard Resistor
to C -02 terminal of Precision Kelvin Cum Wheatstone Bridge
terminal.

9.1.1.6. Before starting the measurements put the “selector switch” (7)
on the Kelvin position.

9.1.1.7. The resistance of current leads have no significant effect on

resistance measurements. But the resistance of potential
leads are having an effect on the resistance measurements.
Therefore please use only the two potential leads provided
alongwith the instrument.

9.1.1.8. When the instrument is to be used as a Kelvin Bridge

please takeout the plug keys from the blocks marked as
“WHEATSTONE” (13 & 14).

9.1.1.9. Now estimate the order of resistance (to be measured) on this

bridge. Let us say the approximate value of resistance (under
test ) is 0.001 ohms:

9.1.1.10. Now insert two plug keys (for ratio selection) at position
marked 1000 & 1000( dividing ratio ) in blocks (13) & (14).
Note these two plug keys should always lie in HORIZONTAL
LINE say 1 & 1 or 10 & 10etc. while using Kelvin Section.

9.1.1.11. Now we have to go ahead with the selection of the

“Standards”. Please insert four plug keys in the blocks (12A) ,
(12B) , 13 & 14 marked 0.001. PLEASE CAREFULLY NOTE
THAT ALL FOUR PLUGS SHOULD LIE IN ONE
HORIZONTAL STRAIGHT LINE and should be firmly fixed in
the holes.

9.1.1.12. Now adjust four dials marked 3,4,5 & 6. Now put the
Galvanometer selector switch on 1/1000 shunt position and try
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9.1.1.13. to obtain a null point by pressing the press key in spot

deflection galvanometer by using appropriate combination of
four dials (3,4,5&6 ). After obtaining approximate null position
,please increase sensitivity of galvanometer step by step
i.e.1/100,1/10,1/1.Please note that four standards plug keys
12A ,12B marked 0.001, 0.01,0.1 & 1 work as series arm.
Blocks 13 & 14marked 1, 10, 100 &1000 work as a dividing
ratio.

9.1.1.14. The 100 Ohms decade will be at position 10,10 ohms

decade will be at position 0 , 1 ohm decade will be at zero
position & 0.1 ohm dial at position 8.

9.1.1.15. Now the observed value will be calculate here as

under :-

Formula

Sum of four decade dials X standards ( multiplying ratio )

dividing ratio

(100 X 10 + 10 X 0 + 1 X 0 + 0.1X 8 ) X 0.001

1000
1000.8 X 0.001
1000

1.0008
1000
= 0.0010008 ohms

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9.2. MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE OF A ROD OR A

WIRE USING CONDUCTIVITY MEASUREMENT

9.2.1. Attachment is an accessory supplied with the bridge which is

used to measure resistance of 50CM / 1 meter as per the
Order long wire or Conductor . Please follow instructions as
under:-

9.2.2. Clamp the wire or rod (whose resistance is to be measured)

between the two clamping plates C1 and C2 and two knife
edge plates P1 and P2 (as shown in figure-2). All the terminals
should be properly tightened to get the perfect contact.

C1

P1
PRECISION KELVIN CUM
WHEATSTONE BRIDGE
P2

C2

C2 P1 P2 C1

Knife
edge
wire

FIGURE-2

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9.2.3. Connect the potential leads from the Precision Kelvin - cum –
Wheatstone Bridge P1 and P2 to potential terminals on the
conductivity attachment (taking due consideration of polarity)
by copper leads provided with the instrument.

9.2.4. Connect the current leads from bridge C1 and C2 to current

terminals on the conductivity attachment (taking due
consideration of polarity) .

9.2.5. Now estimate the order of resistance (to be measured) on this

bridge. Let us say the approximate value of resistance (under
test ) is 0.09 ohms;

9.2.6. Now insert two plug keys (for ratio selection) at position
marked 100 & 100 in blocks (13) & (14). Note these two plug
keys should always lie in HORIZONTAL LINE
9.2.7. Now we have to go ahead with the selection of the
“Standards”. Please insert four plug keys in the blocks (12A) ,
(12B) , 13 & 14 marked 0.01. PLEASE CAREFULLY NOTE
THAT ALL FOUR PLUGS SHOULD LIE IN ONE
HORIZONTAL STRAIGHT LINE and should be firmly fixed in
the holes.

9.2.8. Now adjust four dials marked 3,4,5 & 6 so that as you press the
“Press Key” the null indication is received on the spot reflecting
galvanometer. The 100 Ohms decade will be at position 9,10
ohms decade will be at position 0 , 1 ohm decade will be at
zero position & 0.1 ohm dial at position 4.
9.2.9. The observed value will be calculate here as under :-
Formula
Sum of four decade dials X standards ( multiplying ratio )
dividing ratio
(100 X 10 + 10 X 0 + 1 X 0 + 0.1X 4 ) X 0.01
100
1000.8 X 0.01
100
1.00048
100
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 = 0.09004 ohms
9.3. WHEN THE INSTRUMENT IS USED AS
WHEATSTONE BRIDGE

9.3.1. HOW TO MEASURE THE LEAD RESISTANCE

9.3.1.1. Before starting the measurement on the Instrument put the

selector switch (7) on Wheatstone position.
9.3.1.2. IMPORTANT NOTE: Before the start of measurements,
insert the two plugs at position marked WHEATSTONE on
the blocks (13 &14).

9.3.2. First measure resistance of CONNECTING LEADS. For

measurement of lead resistance, connect the potential leads
to the Instrument marked Wheatstone“X“terminals ( 10 ).
9.3.3. Switch on the D C source & Galvanometer and increase
/adjust the Voltage from DC Source.
9.3.4. Set the Galvanometer sensitivity control switch at 1/1000
position . Short the connecting leads, provided with the
bridge. Put the plug key on the dividing ratio block (13) at
1000 position and on multiplying ratio block (14) at 1
position . Adjust four decade dials to obtain null point on the
galvanometer . Increase the sensitivity to 1/1000 to 1/1
position and get exact null point.
9.3.5. The value of the lead resistance will be here as under :-
(i) Dividing Ratio = 1000
(ii) Multiplying Ratio = X1
(iii) Four Dials setting
x 100 = 0
x 10 = 0
x 1 = 8
x 0.1 = 0
Value of lead = (0x100)+(0x10)+(8x1)+(0x0.1) x 1 = 8 x 1
1000 1000
(8 is the sum of four dials & 1 is the multiplying ratio / range and
1000 is the dividing ratio / range )
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 = 0.008 ohm
9.4. MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE ABOVE 1 OHM
AS A WHEATSTONE MODE

9.4.1. Set Set the Galvanometer sensitivity control switch to

“SHUNTING” position 1/1000. Now connect the unknown
resistance to be measured between the test terminals ( 10 )
marked ( WHEATSTONE X ). Select the appropriate ratio
value on the ratio selection arms ( 13 & 14 ) from any
setting between 1 to 1000 given on the plug keys. Now
gradually adjust the four decade dials (3, 4, 5, & 6) till you get
approximate null point on the galvanometer. Put the
galvanometer sensitivity switch to 1/1 position and the repeat
the above procedure to obtain the final null point. Note the
reading of the four dials and ratio multiplier.

The value of the resistance will be:

Sum reading of four decade X Multiplying ratio - Lead Resistance

= (Ratio Selection Arm Dividing Ratio)

Ratio Selection Arm Multiplier Setting = 100 (Say)

Ratio Selection Arm Dividing Setting = 1000 (Say)
Lead resistance = 0.008 (as
calculated above)

DIAL SETTING

X 100 = 1
X 10 = 4
X 1 = 7
X 0.1 = 9

Value of [ (1 x 100) + (4 x 10) + (7 x 1) + (9 x 0.1) ] x 100 0.008

Unknown 1000
Resistance

= [ 100 + 40 + 7 + 0.9 ] x 100 - 0.008

1000

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 = 147.9 – 0.008
10

= 14.79 – 0.008

= 14.782 ohms

This value will be the value of unknown resistance. Similarly you can
measure the other unknown values upto 1 Meg ohms by using different
multiplier ratio setting.

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 10.0 PRECAUTIONS

10.1. The current reversing switch should always at ‘OFF’

position. It should be put at ‘FORWARD’ or ‘REVERSE’
position only while taking any reading of the Bridge.
Otherwise this SWITCH MUST REMAIN AT ‘OFF’
position.

10.2. After the use of the instrument put current reversing switch
at ‘OFF’ position.

10.3. For initial point , the galvanometer sensitivity should be

decreased by setting the Galvanometer shunt value at
1/1000. For final balance point it should be changed to 1/1.

10.4. Some time it is observed that the indicated value start

increasing. This is not due to any error in instrument but
most of the resistance changes slowly due to heating when
current is passed through them . Therefore the current
should be passed only for small time to avoid excessive
heating. The current may be adjusted to the required value
with the help of current source.

10.5. Polarity of potential terminals should be proper (i.e.)

positive terminal should go to positive and negative
terminal should go to negative.

10.6. Zero setting of the bridge should be checked offendly.

10.7. The zero of the spot galvanometer should be properly

adjusted before using it.

10.8. To eliminate thermo–emf, the direction of the current in the

circuit should be reversed and corresponding reading
should be noted. The average of these two readings give
correct value of the resistance.

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 11.0 WARRANTY

We warrant that this product is free from defects in material and

workmanship and, when properly used, will perform in accordance with
applicable specifications. If with in one year after original shipment it is
found not to meet this standard, it will be repaired or at our option,
replaced at no charge when returned to a VAISESHIKA Service
Facility. Changes in product, not approved by VAISESHIKA, shall void
this warranty. VAISESHIKA will not be liable for any indirect special or
consequential damages, even if, notice has been given of such
possibility of such damages.

THIS WARRANTY IS IN OF ALL OTHER WARRANTIES

EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED , INCLUDING , BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OR MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS
FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

“VAISESHIKA” Policy is to maintain product repair capability for a

period of three years after original shipment and to make this capability
available at the prevailing schedule of charges.

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 1 2
DC GALVO
SOURCE

3 4

X100 X 10

VAISESHIKA
PRECISION KELVN CUM WHEATSTONE BRIDGE

6 5

X 0.1 X1
PRESS KEY

B G

8 25 9
 14 13 12B

1.0 1.0

12A 0.1 0.1

A
0.01 0.01

0.001 0.001

Wheat Wheat
stone stone SELECTOR
C1
1 1

10 10
P1 RANGE :
2  ohm to 11 ohms
and
11 100 100 1ohm to 1Megohms

P2
1000 1000

WHEATSTONE

C2 X

10 7
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 12.0 ANNEXURE - 01

SPOT REFLECTING GALVANOMETER

15.1 INTRODUCTION:-

This is a self-contained galvanometer with a built in lamp & scale

arrangement. This is a versatile Instrument used as a null detector
in DC Bridges & Potentiometers. This can also be used as a
microammeter & a millivoltmeter.

15.2 SPECIFICATIONS: -

12.2.1 Input voltage:--220 volts + 10 %.

12.2.2 Bulb: --Torch bulb of 6.2 volts is used.

15.3 REPLACEMENT OF BULB:-

The bulb can be easily replaced by removing the top round plate fitted
with three screws.

15.4 LOCK & FREE POSITION: -

One knob provided on the top of Galvanometer is called lock & free
position knob before using the galvanometer , the knob should be in
free position & when the instrument is not in use ,knob should remain
on lock position.

15.5 ROUND KNOB:-

A small round knob is provided on top of Galvanometer.The null (spot)

is set in the middle, zero on galvanometer scale by moving this knob.

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15.6 SHUNT POWER SWITCH:-

A switch is provided on the left hand of the Galvanometer is called shunt

power switch. SC,1/1000,1/100,1/10,1& D is marked on it. The meaning of
SC is short circuit, while the galvanometer is not use, the switch should be on
SC position. When you start taking the reading, the switch should be at 1/1000
Low sensitivity, when you come nearer to null point, then select 1/100 &
adjust the reading by moving the dials of Bridge & pressing the press key.
Then again to nearer to null point again select the switch to 1/10 & after this
select the switch to 01 (01 is the maximum sensitivity). Final READING IS
ON 01 POSITION, D means the galvanometer is direct with out any shunt.

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NOTES

29
NOTES

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31