CESTEEL: Design of

Steel Members for

Combined Axial and
Bending

Instructor:
Rodolfo Mendoza Jr., D.Eng.

2022/11/21 Photo: American Institute of Steel Construction

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Rodolfo Mendoza Jr., D. Eng., M. ASCE, M. ASEP CIV606M/D – Advanced Steel Design
AISC Education
Review of Design of Steel Flexural Members (I-shapes and Channels)
Check for Compactness
For standard I-Shapes and Channels
𝑏𝑓 𝐸 𝐸
𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝜆 = 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝜆𝑝 = 0.38 and 𝜆𝑟 = 1.0
2𝑡𝑓 𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑦

𝑖𝑓 𝜆 ≤ 𝜆𝑝 = 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡
𝑖𝑓𝜆𝑝 < 𝜆 ≤ 𝜆𝑟 = 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑛 − 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡
𝑖𝑓 𝜆 > 𝜆𝑟 = 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟

When section is compact, only check for When section is non- compact, check for When section is slender, check for
LTB FLB and LTB FLB and LTB
𝐶𝒉𝒆𝒄𝒌 𝑭𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝑳𝒐𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑩𝒖𝒄𝒌𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒈 (𝑭𝑳𝑩) 𝐶𝒉𝒆𝒄𝒌 𝑭𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝑳𝒐𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑩𝒖𝒄𝒌𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒈 (𝑭𝑳𝑩)
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐿𝑏 ≤ 𝐿𝑝 𝑁𝑜 𝐿𝑇𝐵 𝜆 − 𝜆𝑝 0.9. 𝐸𝑘𝑐 𝑆𝑥
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑝 = 𝐹𝑦𝑍𝑥 𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑝 − (𝑀𝑝 − 0.7𝐹𝑦𝑆𝑥 ) 𝑀𝑛 =
𝜆𝑟 − 𝜆𝑝 𝜆2
𝑪𝒉𝒆𝒄𝒌 𝑳𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝑻𝒐𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑩𝒖𝒄𝒌𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒈 (𝑳𝑻𝑩) 𝑪𝒉𝒆𝒄𝒌 𝑳𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝑻𝒐𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑩𝒖𝒄𝒌𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒈 (𝑳𝑻𝑩)
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐿𝑝 < 𝐿𝑏 ≤ 𝐿𝑟 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐿𝑏 ≤ 𝐿𝑝
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐿𝑏 ≤ 𝐿𝑝
𝐿𝑏 − 𝐿𝑝 𝑁𝑜 𝐿𝑇𝐵, 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝐹𝐿𝐵
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶𝑏 𝑀𝑝 − (𝑀𝑝 − 0.7𝐹𝑦𝑆𝑥 ) ≤ 𝑀𝑝 𝑁𝑜 𝐿𝑇𝐵, 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝐹𝐿𝐵
𝐿𝑟 − 𝐿𝑝 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐿𝑝 < 𝐿𝑏 ≤ 𝐿𝑟
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐿𝑝 < 𝐿𝑏 ≤ 𝐿𝑟
𝐿𝑏 − 𝐿𝑝 𝐿𝑏 − 𝐿𝑝
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶𝑏 𝑀𝑝 − (𝑀𝑝 − 0.7𝐹𝑦𝑆𝑥 ) ≤ 𝑀𝑝 𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶𝑏 𝑀𝑝 − (𝑀𝑝 − 0.7𝐹𝑦𝑆𝑥 ) ≤ 𝑀𝑝
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐿𝑏 > 𝐿𝑟 𝐿𝑟 − 𝐿𝑝
𝐿𝑟 − 𝐿𝑝
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝑆𝑥 ≤ 𝑀𝑝
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐿𝑏 > 𝐿𝑟 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐿𝑏 > 𝐿𝑟
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝑆𝑥 ≤ 𝑀𝑝 𝑀𝑛 = 𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝑆𝑥 ≤ 𝑀𝑝
2 2 2
Cb π 2 E Jc  Lb  Cb π 2 E Jc  Lb  Cb π 2 E Jc  Lb 
Fcr = 1 + 0.078   Fcr = 1 + 0.078   Fcr = 2
1 + 0.078  
2 2 S x ho  rts 
 Lb  S x ho  rts   Lb  S x ho  rts   Lb 
     
 rts   rts   rts 
𝑴𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝑴𝒏 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑭𝑳𝑩 𝒐𝒓 𝑳𝑻𝑩 𝒈𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒔 𝑴𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝑴𝒏 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑭𝑳𝑩 𝒐𝒓 𝑳𝑻𝑩 𝒈𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒔

𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝑳𝑹𝑭𝑫, 𝝓 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎
𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝑨𝑺𝑫, 𝜴 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕
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Design of Steel Flexural Members (I-shapes and Channels)
Weak Axis Bending

Check for Compactness

For standard I-Shapes and Channels
𝑏𝑓 𝐸 𝐸
𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝜆 = 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝜆𝑝 = 0.38 and 𝜆𝑟 = 1.0
2𝑡𝑓 𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑦

𝑖𝑓 𝜆 ≤ 𝜆𝑝 = 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡
𝑖𝑓𝜆𝑝 < 𝜆 ≤ 𝜆𝑟 = 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑛 − 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡
𝑖𝑓 𝜆 > 𝜆𝑟 = 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟

When section is compact, the moment When section is non- compact, check for When section is slender, check for
capacity is: (No LTB checking) FLB (No LTB Checking) FLB (No LTB Checking)
𝐶𝒉𝒆𝒄𝒌 𝑭𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝑳𝒐𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑩𝒖𝒄𝒌𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒈 (𝑭𝑳𝑩) 𝐶𝒉𝒆𝒄𝒌 𝑭𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝑳𝒐𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑩𝒖𝒄𝒌𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒈 (𝑭𝑳𝑩)
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑝 = 𝐹𝑦𝑍𝑦 ≤ 1.6𝐹𝑦𝑆𝑦 𝜆 − 𝜆𝑝 0.9. 𝐸𝑘𝑐 𝑆𝑦
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑝 − (𝑀𝑝 − 0.7𝐹𝑦𝑆𝑦 ) 𝑀𝑛 =
𝜆𝑟 − 𝜆𝑝 𝜆2

𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝑳𝑹𝑭𝑫, 𝝓 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎
𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝑨𝑺𝑫, 𝜴 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕

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Rodolfo Mendoza Jr., D. Eng., M. ASCE, M. ASEP CIV606M/D – Advanced Steel Design 3
 Design of Steel Flexural Members (I-shapes and Channels)
Biaxial Bending
Biaxial bending occurs when a beam is subjected to a loading
condition that produces bending about both the major (strong) axis
and the minor (weak) axis.
For LRFD:
𝑀𝑢𝑥 𝑀𝑢𝑦
+ ≤ 1.0
∅𝑀𝑛𝑥 ∅𝑀𝑛𝑦

For ASD
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑀𝑎𝑦
+ ≤ 1.0
𝑀𝑛𝑥ൗ 𝑀𝑛𝑦
Ω ൗ
Ω

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 Problem for Practice: Biaxial Bending
A W12x58 beam has an unbraced span of 6 meters. The section is
used as bridge crane runway girder. Assume that the crane imparts
a vertical load of 80 kN and a lateral load of 8 kN at midspan. The
weight of standard rail is 67 kg/m. Is the section adequate?
Beam Properties:
tw = 9.14 mm
Ix = 198x106 mm4 d = 310 mm
Iy = 44.5x106 mm4 ry = 63.8 mm
Sx = 1280x103 mm3 ho = 295 mm
Sy = 351x103 mm3 J = 874x103 mm4
Zx = 1420x103 mm3 rts = 71.4 mm6
Zy = 533x103 mm3
bf = 254 mm
tf = 16.3 mm

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Rodolfo Mendoza Jr., D. Eng., M. ASCE, M. ASEP CIV606M/D – Advanced Steel Design 5
 Design of Steel Beam-Columns
(Combined Axial and Bending Loads)

Combination of multiple states of stress:

Design provisions are simplified and rely on the inherent ductility

of steel to redistribute forces throughout the section.

The basic principle for design is an interaction equation which

combines forces from axial and bending loads. Shear is checked
independently.

Modes of failure from all independent modes are analyzed

independently of other modes and forces. This is not completely
realistic, but is sufficiently accurate for design purposes.

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 Design of Steel Beam-Columns
(Combined Axial and Bending Loads)

Interaction Principles:
The interaction of axial load and bending within the elastic response range
of a beam-column (a member subjected to both axial load and bending)
can be investigated through straightforward techniques of superposition.
This, however, has some limitations that must be recognized:
1. Superposition of stress is correct only for behavior within elastic
range.
2. Superposition of strain can be extended to inelastic range only when
the strains are small.
3. Superposition cannot account for member deformation or stability
effects such as local buckling.
4. Superposition cannot account for structural deflections and system
stability.

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 Design of Steel Beam-Columns
(Combined Axial and Bending Loads)
Interaction Equation must reflect the following characteristic:
For Axial Loads
1. Maximum column strength
2. Individual column slenderness

For Bending Moment

1. Lateral support conditions
2. Sidesway conditions
3. Member second-order effects
4. Structure second-order effects
5. Moment gradient along the member

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Rodolfo Mendoza Jr., D. Eng., M. ASCE, M. ASEP CIV606M/D – Advanced Steel Design 8
 Design of Steel Beam-Columns
(Combined Axial and Bending Loads)
The Interaction Equations (NSCP Section 508)
𝑃𝑟
𝐹𝑜𝑟 ≥ 0.2 (𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 508.1 − 1𝑎)
𝑃𝑐
1.0
𝑃𝑟 8 𝑀𝑟𝑥 𝑀𝑟𝑦
+ + ≤ 1.0 (𝐸𝑞𝑛 508.1 − 1𝑎)
𝑃𝑐 9 𝑀𝑐𝑥 𝑀𝑐𝑦 𝑃𝑟
𝑃𝑐
𝑃𝑟
𝐹𝑜𝑟 < 0.2 (𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 508.1 − 1𝑏)
𝑃𝑐 0.2
(𝐸𝑞𝑛 508.1 − 1𝑏)
𝑃𝑟 𝑀𝑟𝑥 𝑀𝑟𝑦
+ + ≤ 1.0 𝑀𝑟 0.9 1.0
2𝑃𝑐 𝑀𝑐𝑥 𝑀𝑐𝑦
𝑀𝑐

𝑃𝑟 = 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ, 𝑁 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑙 𝑡𝑜

𝑃𝑐 = 𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ, 𝑁 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑀𝑟 = 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ, 𝑁 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑙 𝑡𝑜
𝑀𝑐 = 𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ, 𝑁 𝑤𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔

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 Design of Steel Beam-Columns
(Combined Axial and Bending Loads)
The Interaction Equations (NSCP Section 508)
𝑃𝑟
𝐹𝑜𝑟 ≥ 0.2 (𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 508.1 − 1𝑎)
𝑃𝑐
1.0
𝑃𝑟 8 𝑀𝑟𝑥 𝑀𝑟𝑦
+ + ≤ 1.0 (𝐸𝑞𝑛 508.1 − 1𝑎)
𝑃𝑐 9 𝑀𝑐𝑥 𝑀𝑐𝑦 𝑃𝑟
𝑃𝑐
𝑃𝑟
𝐹𝑜𝑟 < 0.2 (𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 508.1 − 1𝑏)
𝑃𝑐 0.2
(𝐸𝑞𝑛 508.1 − 1𝑏)
𝑃𝑟 𝑀𝑟𝑥 𝑀𝑟𝑦
+ + ≤ 1.0 𝑀𝑟 0.9 1.0
2𝑃𝑐 𝑀𝑐𝑥 𝑀𝑐𝑦
𝑀𝑐
𝐼𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡:
1. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ, 𝑃𝑐, 𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡
𝑠𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜. 𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒.
2. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ, 𝑀𝑐, 𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑.
3. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ, 𝑃𝑟, 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟.
4. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ, 𝑀𝑟, 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟.

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Rodolfo Mendoza Jr., D. Eng., M. ASCE, M. ASEP CIV606M/D – Advanced Steel Design 10
 Design of Steel Beam-Columns
(Combined Axial and Bending Loads)
The Interaction Equations (NSCP Section 508)

Methods of Analysis for Second-Order Effect

1. Approximate Second Order Analysis Method (B1-B2 Method)
2. Direct Analysis Method (New) => future method of analysis
3. Equivalent Length Method

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Rodolfo Mendoza Jr., D. Eng., M. ASCE, M. ASEP CIV606M/D – Advanced Steel Design 11
 Design of Steel Beam-Columns
(Combined Axial and Bending Loads)
Second-order Effects by Approximate Method
𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠: 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑠 = 𝑀𝑟
𝑀𝑟 = 𝑀1 + 𝑃𝛿
𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑚𝑢𝑠𝑡
𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟
𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠.
𝑀𝑟 𝑀1 + 𝑃𝛿
𝐴𝐹 = =
𝑀1 𝑀1
1
𝐴𝐹 =
𝑃𝛿
1−
𝑀1 + 𝑃𝛿

1
𝐴𝐹 =
𝑃
1−
𝑃𝑒

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 Design of Steel Beam-Columns
(Combined Axial and Bending Loads)
Second-order Effects by Approximate Method
𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑀𝑟
𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠: 1
𝐴𝐹 =
𝑃
1−
𝑃𝑒
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠
𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎𝑙𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒. 𝑇𝑜 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 such
𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 we have:
𝑀1
𝐶𝑚 = 0.6 − 0.4
𝑀2
𝐶𝑚
𝐵1 = ≥ 1.0
𝛼𝑃
1−
𝑃𝑒1

𝑀𝑟 = 𝐵1 𝑀𝑛𝑡

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 Design of Steel Beam-Columns
(Combined Axial and Bending Loads)
Second-order Effects by Approximate Method
𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑚

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 Design of Steel Beam-Columns
(Combined Axial and Bending Loads)
Second-order Effects by Approximate Method
𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑚

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 Design of Steel Beam-Columns
(Combined Axial and Bending Loads)
Second-order Effects by Approximate Method
𝑈𝑛𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠:

𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑

𝑀𝑙𝑡 = 𝐻𝐿 (first order effects)
𝐷𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑤
𝑀2𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 𝐻𝐿 + P∆2
This increase in moments can be interpreted as magnification of first
order effects:
𝑀𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = 𝐵2 𝑀𝑙𝑡

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Rodolfo Mendoza Jr., D. Eng., M. ASCE, M. ASEP CIV606M/D – Advanced Steel Design 16
 Design of Steel Beam-Columns
(Combined Axial and Bending Loads)
Second-order Effects by Approximate Method
𝑈𝑛𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠:

Where: 1
𝐵2 = ≥ 1.0
𝛼 σ 𝑃𝑛𝑡 ∆𝐻
1−
𝑅𝑀 σ 𝐻𝐿
෍ 𝑃𝑛𝑡 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦

∆𝐻 = 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑠

𝛼 = 1.0 𝐿𝑅𝐹𝐷 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 1.6 𝐴𝑆𝐷
𝐻 = 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐿 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝑅𝑀 = 0.85(moment frames)

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 Design of Steel Beam-Columns
(Combined Axial and Bending Loads)
Second-order Effects by Approximate Method
𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒:
𝑀𝑟 = 𝐵1 𝑀𝑛𝑡 + 𝐵2 𝑀𝑙𝑡 (second order moment)

𝑃𝑟 = 𝑃𝑛𝑡 + 𝐵2 𝑃𝑙𝑡 (second order axial force)

𝑃𝑟
𝐹𝑜𝑟 ≥ 0.2 (𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 508.1 − 1𝑎)
𝑃𝑐
1.0
𝑃𝑟 8 𝑀𝑟𝑥 𝑀𝑟𝑦
+ + ≤ 1.0 (𝐸𝑞𝑛 508.1 − 1𝑎)
𝑃𝑐 9 𝑀𝑐𝑥 𝑀𝑐𝑦 𝑃𝑟
𝑃𝑐
𝑃𝑟
𝐹𝑜𝑟 < 0.2 (𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 508.1 − 1𝑏)
𝑃𝑐 0.2
(𝐸𝑞𝑛 508.1 − 1𝑏)
𝑃𝑟 𝑀𝑟𝑥 𝑀𝑟𝑦
+ + ≤ 1.0 𝑀𝑟
2𝑃𝑐 𝑀𝑐𝑥 𝑀𝑐𝑦 0.9 1.0
𝑀𝑐

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