Hitachi TCSC

2022‐10‐03
FACTS – Flexible AC Transmission System

Dynamic Shunt Compensation and Series Compensation
2021-10-18
Peter Andersson, Application Engineer, September 20th, 2022 © Hitachi Energy 2021. All rights reserved.
1
Power Quality
Active Power vs. Reactive Power
Without FACTS
Active Power, MW Reactive Power, MVar

 Produced in generators!
MW MVar  Produced and consumed in
 Transported to and used many places in the
by real loads! transmission system!
 Motors  Can give high losses and
instability!
 Lights
 Heaters  Required in an AC system,
 Computers
With FACTS but in the right place!
 etc
MW MVar
2 With FACTS we use the existing power system more efficient, with increased stability and reduced losses
© Hitachi Energy 2021. All rights reserved.
1
2022‐10‐03

Shunt and Series Compensation
V1 /1 X12 V2 /2
V1 V 2
P sin ( 1   2 )
X 12
Shunt Series
compensation compensation
A FACTS installation is a part of the system, not a product!
3 © Hitachi Energy 2021. All rights reserved.

Portfolio
Dynamic Shunt Compensation Series Compensation Static Frequency Conversion

SVC Classic Fixed Series Capacitor Rail Static Frequency Converter
‒ Improved voltage control and power ‒ Increased power transfer capability (SFC)
quality ‒ Improved voltage and transient stability Active power in-feeding 3 phases-1
‒ Load balancing ‒ Improved voltage profile along the line phase to 16,7/25Hz, 50/60 Hz
‒ Flicker mitigation ‒ Full decoupling of grids
‒ Increased productivity by power factor ‒ Independent, fast control of
improvement frequency, voltage, active and
reactive power on both sides
STATCOM Thyristor Controlled Series ‒ Connection to weak grids
‒ Similar benefits as for SVC Classic Capacitor (TCSC)
‒ More robust in weak grids ‒ Same benefits as for Fixed Series
‒ Higher performance flicker mitigation Capacitor
‒ Reduced footprint ‒ Power oscillation damping (POD)
‒ Built as one large VSC up to 400 Mvar ‒ Inherent immunity against sub
‒ Grid forming control and short-term synchronous resonance (SSR)
energy storage ‒ Enhances capabilities for dynamic
power flow control
Synchronous Condenser
‒ Increase of short circuit power
‒ Increased network Inertia Series Reactors
‒ Voltage fluctuation damping ‒ Short-circuit current limiter
(+/- Slow Mvar control) ‒ Power flow control
Hybrid Synchronous Condenser

‒ Combining the benefits from
STATCOM and Synchronous
Condensers
‒ Coordinated operation
2
2022‐10‐03
Example of FACTS References

East Asia (except CHINA)
KEPCO KEPCO
RIO TINTO POSCO IRON POSCO STAINLESS KAN WON IDUST. KEPCO SAMMI STEEL HANBO STEEL POHANG IRON & STEEL POSCO
SHIN-YOUNGJU TCSC SHIN-JECHEON TCSC ASIA SPECIAL STEEL
OYU TOLGOI & STEEL, POHANG POHANG POHANG SEO-DAEGU KOREA DANGJIN-KUN KWANG YANG WORKS POSCO SPECIAL STEEL
TCSC I 555 Mvar TCSC I 592 Mvar 1-0/+90 Mvar
2 x -100/+100 Mvar 0/+105 Mvar 0/+120 Mvar 0/+115 Mvar -100/+100 Mvar 0/+80 Mvar 5 X 0/+80 & 0/+90Mvar 0/+83 Mvar 0/+95 Mvar
TCSC II 555 Mvar TCSC II 592 Mvar 22 kV
220 kV 22 kV 22 kV 22 kV 345 kV 30 kV 22kV & 33 kV 22 kV 30 kV
345 kV 345 kV
CHIN TAI STEEL

KOHEMA KAOHSIUNG
KONSAN 5/+70 Mvar
0/+90 Mvar 22 kV
22 kV
SHYEH SHENG
SSF STEEL
MINING CORP. -0/+80 Mvar
MAYMYO 23 kV
0/+15 Mvar
33 kV TUNG HO STEEL I
TUNG HO
0/+90 Mvar
23 kV
EGAT
THA TAKO I & II
2 x -125/+25 Mvar
TUNG HO STEEL II
500 kV
TAO YUAN
0/+165 Mvar
33 kV
NAKORNTHAI STRIPMILL
CHONBURI
0/+160, 0/+110 & LO TOUN STEEL & IRON
0/+55 Mvar LO TUON
33, 22 & 33 kV 0/+125 Mvar
23 kV
SIAM IRON & STEEL HAI -KWANG ENTERPRICE

BANGKOK HAI-KWANG
0/+50 Mvar 0/+65 Mvar
11 kV 23 kV
DRAGON STEEL
SIAM YAMOTO STEEL
0/+100 Mvar
SVC-L
33 kV
0/+120 Mvar
22 kV
WALSIN
0/+60 Mvar
EGAT 11.4 kV
BANG SAPHAN
-50/+300 Mvar
230 kV UNITED STEEL
0/+60 Mvar
23 kV
EGAT
CHUMPON EVN
-20/+60 Mvar TAN DINH SC
115 kV 101 Mvar
500 kV
NEB NEB MEGASTEEL ANTARA STEEL PUB NATSTEEL PUB BARATA SEB SEB SIAM CONSTR.
UMC METALS Ltd
YONG PENG KL NORTH I & II 0/+95, 0/+190 & PASIR GUDANG LABRADOR SINGAPORE KALLANG BASIN SURABAYA TONDONG I STATCOM TONDONG II STATCOM RAYONG
UNION METAL
-100/+100 Mvar © Hitachi 2Energy 2021.
x -100/+100 Mvar All rights reserved.
0/+46Mvar 0/+110 Mvar -50/0 Mvar 0/+58 Mvar -100/0 Mvar 0/+4 Mvar ±120 Mvar ±120 Mvar 0/+110 Mvar
0/+60 Mvar, 22 kV
275 kV 275 kV 33 kV 30 kV 230 kV 22 kV 230 kV 6 kV 275 kV 275 kV 22 kV
FACTS References Worldwide

Over 800 FACTS Installations
500 SVCs and 75 STATCOMs delivered or under construction
300 Fixed Series Compensators and 15 TCSCs delivered or under construction
© Hitachi Energy 2021. All rights reserved.
3
2022‐10‐03
Dynamic Shunt Compensation

SVC and STATCOM
Shunt Compensation Technologies

Brief overview of shunt connected technologies
SVC and STATCOM

o Used when fast dynamic reactive power is required
o Regulation and control of a defined voltage to the required set point under normal and contingency conditions.
o Provides fast response reactive power following contingencies.
Fast dynamic
o Preventing and reducing risk for voltage collapses in the grid.
reactive power and
o Boosting voltage during undervoltage disturbances such as faults
short circuit current
o Preventing overvoltages at loss of load or during post fault conditions.
contribution
o Reactive power control
o Detecting and damping of active power oscillations (POD)
o A STATCOM using grid forming control and short-term energy storage will contribute with short circuit current and inertia to
the system.
Synchronous condenser Short circuit current

o The main purpose of a synchronous condenser installation is short circuit current contribution and/or inertia contribution contribution and/or
o Slow voltage control, stationary voltage control inertia contribution
Breaker connected shunt capacitors and shunt reactors
o Steady state voltage control Slow stationary
o Reactive power balance and powerfactor control reactive power
o Shunt capacitors have limited ability in switching
=> I.e when a shunt capacitor is switched out. A discharge time of 5-10 min is required before it can be re-connected again.
Planning and pre-specification studies will determine the performance requirements

and the most optimal technology or most optimal combination of technologies.
4
2022‐10‐03
SVC and STATCOM

Example of installations
SVC and STATCOM

Benefits and Purposes
SVC – Static Var Compensator

• Thyristor controlled shunt regulator of reactive power.
• Line commutated converter.
STATCOM – Static Synchronous Compensator

• SVC Light®
• Voltage source converter (VSC) regulator of reactive
power with a single VSC.
• MMC (Modular Multi-Level Converter) based on
StakPak® IGBTs or PressPak® IGCTs
• Grid forming control
• SVC Light® Enhanced – STATCOM with grid forming
control and short-term energy storage.
10
5
2022‐10‐03
SVC
Static Var Compensator
11
SVC
General
VI ‐ Characteristics
SVC – Static Var Compensator

o Thyristor controlled shunt regulator of reactive power.
o Line commutated converters used.
o 6-pulse converters are normally used, but in some applications are 12-pulse
converters used.
o Creates odd harmonics, i.e. 3,5,7,9,11 etc. Typical Single Line Diagram
o Harmonic filters are always needed with 6-pulse converters to reduce harmonics
generated by the TCR.
o A SVC can be designed with different rating on inductive vs. capacitive output.
o SVC in the range from from 5 Mvar up to 600 Mvar, both inductive and capacitive.
o There is no upper Mvar limit, just add more TCR and TSC branches. Largest SVC
so far is 600 Mvar.
There is no upper Mvar limit, just add more TCR and TSC branches. Harmonic
TCR TSC
Largest SVC so far is 600 Mvar. Filters
12
6
2022‐10‐03
SVC
Working principle
HV bus
VT
Y/d
MV SVC bus
MACH™
Control System
Vresp
Vref Voltage
regulator
Filter bank
TCR TSC
13
SVC
Single Line Diagram
o Power Transformer
 Connects the SVC main components to HV bus.
o TCR – Thyristor Controlled Reactor
 Provides inductive reactive power.
 Inductive reactive power is smoothly controlled from zero
current to full inductive current.
 Creates harmonics.
o Harmonic Filter Capacitors
 Reduces harmonics generated by the TCR.
 Provides capacitive power.
 Always connected.
o TSC – Thyristor Switched Capacitor
 Provides capacitive power.
 Either switched on with full capacitive current or switched off
with zero current. Harmonic
TCR TSC
Filters
o Control System
 MACH™, regulates and controls the SVC.
14
7
2022‐10‐03
SVC
Layout – Example 50 Mvar Inductive to 150 Mvar Capacitive
1. SVC transformer
8 2. TCR reactors
3. TSC capacitors
9
1
4. TSC reactor
4
5. Harmonic filter capacitors
3 6. Harmonic filter reactors
7. Harmonic filter resistors
2
8. Control building
▪ Thyristor valves
▪ Control system
7 ▪ Cooling pump units
9. Thyristor valve heat
exchanger
6 6
5
5
15
SVC
Footprint 35m x 50m

35m
50m
16
8
2022‐10‐03
SVC
Footprint 60m x 70m
60m
70m
17
STATCOM
Static Synchronous Compensator
18
9
2022‐10‐03
STATCOM
Portfolio
VI ‐ Characteristics
IGBT IGCT IGCT IGBT
± 3 Mvar ~ ± 20 Mvar ± 20 Mvar ~ ± 40 Mvar ± 40 Mvar ~ ± 125 Mvar ± 100 Mvar ~ ± 425 Mvar
STATCOM Typical Single Line Diagram

PCS 6000 SVC Light®
for distributed power
o Voltage source converter (VSC) regulator of reactive power up to 425 Mvar with a Typical Single Line Diagram
single VSC.
o MMC (Modular Multi-Level Converter) based on StakPak® IGBTs or PressPak® IGCTs.
o Low level of harmonics generated.
o Reduced need of harmonic filters.
o A STATCOM is always designed with same rating on Inductive vs. Capacitive output.
Complete STATCOM portfolio from 3 Mvar upto 425 Mvar with one single VSC
VSC
19
STATCOM Working Principle

Control system and Voltage Source Converter (VSC)
MACHTM
Control System Vresp
Vref Voltage
regulator
VSC
20
10
2022‐10‐03
STATCOM
Single Line Diagram
o Power Transformer
 Connects the STATCOM main components to HV bus.
o VSC Reactor
 Establishes a difference in potential between converter output
voltage and transformer secondary voltage.
 Smoothens the current.
 Limits fault currents.
o VSC – Voltage Source Converter
 Provides inductive reactive power or capacitive reactive power.
 Reactive power is smoothly controlled from zero current to full
current.
o Control System
 MACH™, regulates and controls the STATCOM.
VSC
21
STATCOM
Layout
Control &
Protection VSC Valve
Cooling
VSC
Reactors
STATCOM
22 © Hitachi Energy 2021. All rights reserved. Transformer
22
11
2022‐10‐03
STATCOM
Layout – Example ± 250 Mvar
Footprint 30m x 70m
30m
70m
23
STATCOM Design Concept

Single VSC vs. multiple VSC branch solution
STATCOM with a single converter vs. STATCOM with multiple converters
VSC VSC VSC VSC

Optimal design Less optimal design
 STATCOM shall be built with as few components as possible, i.e., as few VSCs (Voltage Source Converters) as possible
 Fewest possible components leads to:
 Less complexity in control and better dynamic performance
 Increased overall reliability and availability by decreasing the total fault frequency and the total time needed for maintenance.
 Less footprint
 Less losses
 Less harmonics
 Redundancy only on critical components. Examples are redundant IGBTs/IGCTs, built in redundancy in control system, dual cooling pumps,
redundant cooling fans, redundant HVAC, etc.
A STATCOM design with a single converter benefits vs. a STATCOM design with multiple converters
24
12
2022‐10‐03
STATCOM Design Concept

Single VSC vs. multiple VSC branch solution
SVC Light® - STATCOM with single VSC vs. STATCOM with multiple VSC
=Not necessary
ain SVC Light®
A STATCOM design with a single VSC will require less components and less footprint
25

Control system and Voltage Source Converter (VSC)
MACHTM
Control System Vresp
Vref Voltage
regulator
VSC
26
13
2022‐10‐03

Modular Multi-Level Converter (MMC) switching
Valve Cell Cell acts as a switch
IGBT Diode UDC +
DC
Capacitor
UAC
Cell Switching Voltage
UDC
ON ON
UDC +
t
ON ON
UAC
-UDC
27

28
14
2022‐10‐03

Number of cells vs. harmonic generation
With MMC technology there is a reduced need of harmonic filters
29

Modular Multi-Level Converter (MMC)
Cell


Udc


Udc


Udc


Udc


U dc


Udc


U dc


U dc
Phase-leg
VSC Module
MMC technology is built around a modular concept.

The required Mvar is achieved by selecting the number of VSC modules.
30
15
2022‐10‐03

Voltage Source Converter (VSC) control
UL= U2- UVSC

U1
MACHTM
Iind : U2 > UVSC
Vresp
Control System
Icap Iind Icap: U2 < UVSC
Vref Voltage
U2
regulator +
L UL
UVSC
PWM
i, U2
Control
VSC i U2
31

Voltage Support by control of STATCOM reactive power output
HV Bus Voltage STATCOM STATCOM Output
HV Bus
0
Voltage
(p.u.)
Nominal HV bus voltage  Zero Mvar Output

1.0
Icap Iind Low HV bus voltage  Capactive Operation
High HV bus voltage  Inductive Operation
Nominal HV bus voltage  Zero Mvar Output
t
Zero Mvar
STATCOM
Operation
Inductive
Zero Mvar
STATCOM
Operation
Capactive
VSC
A STATCOM is supporting the voltage by providing reactive power
32
16
2022‐10‐03
Changing power landscape

New technologies
33

Aging infrastructure, new interconnections, increased load, the shift from synchronous to non-synchronous generation
Traditional Grid The New Grid
The changing power landscape entails the need to introduce new technologies.
34
17
2022‐10‐03

Aging infrastructure, new interconnections, increased load, the shift from synchronous to non-synchronous generation
New technologies
o SVC Light® with Grid Forming Control
o SVC Light® Enhanced – STATCOM with Grid Forming Control and short-term energy storage
The changing power landscape entails the need to introduce new technologies.
35
STATCOM
Grid Forming Control
36
18
2022‐10‐03
STATCOM
Grid Forming Control (GFM) vs. Grid Following Control (GFL)
Grid Forming Control (GFM) Grid Following Control (GFL)
controllable voltage source current source
STATCOM behaves similar to a synchronous condenser The type of control that is traditionally implemented in STATCOMs.
during network disturbances e.g. during phase jump,  The STATCOM emulates the behavior of a current source relying on
voltage change etc. the voltage provided by synchronous generators
 The STATCOM emulates the behavior of a voltage source  No contribution to the instantaneous voltage
behind an impedance
 No instantaneous support for voltage and frequency stability
 Contribution to system stability
 Instantaneous support for voltage
 More stable operation during weak grids
 Behaves as R-L circuit for the harmonics, similarly to a
synchronous generator but with higher damping that reduces
background harmonics
 Improved voltage balance
 Fault current contribution
 Instantaneous support for frequency (SVC Light® Enhanced)
STATCOM with grid forming control behaves similar to a synchronous condenser during network disturbances.
37
STATCOM
Example studied, SVC Light® with grid forming control at a single-phase fault
Long distance transmission 400 kV lines

Grid characteristics
o Reactive power compensation required to control bus voltage
Synchronous
o Long distance transmission 400 km lines, Series Capacitor Condenser
compensated
o After a line fault, the main challenges are:
 Strong oscillations with dominant oscillation modes,
20 Hz and 100 Hz (2nd harmonic)
 High transient voltages up to 1.3 p.u
 Low voltage conditions after fault clearing, 0.9 p.u
Same scenario studied with the following two different

mitigations:
o Synchronous condenser
o STATCOM with grid forming control, designed to provide the
same short circuit current injection as the synchronous
condenser
38
19
2022‐10‐03
STATCOM
Example studied, SVC Light® with grid forming control at a single-phase fault
PCC Voltages
No Compensation
1.3 pu TOV
PCC Voltages
1.24 pu TOV
PCC Voltages
STATCOM with Grid Forming
Control
1.15 pu TOV
PCC Currents
PCC Currents
STATCOM with Grid Forming
Control
Simliar Fault
Current Injection
PCC RMS Voltages Response
No Compensation
Synchronous Condenser Steady-state voltage
Sync cond: 0.92 pu
STATCOM with Grid Forming STATCOM: 1.0 pu
Control
39
STATCOM
SVC Light© Enhanced
40
20
2022‐10‐03
SVC Light® Enhanced

STATCOM with grid forming control and short-term energy storage
SVC Light® Enhanced – STATCOM with Grid Forming Control and short-term energy storage
41
STATCOM
STATCOM with grid forming control and short-term energy storage

o Grid forming control
 STATCOM behaves similar to a synchronous condenser during network disturbances e.g. during phase jump, voltage change etc.
 More stable operation during weak grids
 Behaves as R-L circuit for the harmonics, similarly to a synchronous generator but with higher damping that reduces background
harmonics
 Improved voltage balance
 Fault current contribution
o Response to frequence disturbances upto 30 seconds
42
21
2022‐10‐03
STATCOM
SVC Light® Enhanced – STATCOM with grid forming control and short-term energy storage
Concept of SVC Light® Enhanced Frequency Control

o 400 Mvar and hundreds of MW with one VSC
o Continuous reactive power
o Active power up to 30 seconds
o The energy storage is built up with super capacitors
Up to 30 seconds
SVC Light® Enhanced – Grid forming control and short-term energy storage
Hundreds of MW up to 30 seconds and 400 Mvar continuous with one VSC
43

Example comparison of inertia contribution
 We assumes in this example that the synchronous generators and condensers will trip due to under frequency below 49 Hz.
 Frequency reduction by 1 Hz corresponds to 2% in a 50 Hz system.
 RoCoF (rate of change of frequency) in this system is assumed to be 0.2 Hz/s
=>It will take 5 seconds to reduce the frequency by 1 Hz.
 The energy reduction in the rotating mass that can be utilized by the system is 1-0.98^2=0.04
=> I.e. Only 4% of the total rotating energy will be utilized to support the grid.
Synchronous Condenser Synchronous Condenser with Flywheel SVC Light® Enhanced

o Synchronous Condenser 100 MVA o Synchronous Condenser 100MVA with a o SVC Light® Enhanced Reactive power 100 Mvar
o Inertia constant 1.8 MWs/MVA flywheel continuous and 100 MW storage for 5 seconds
o The rotating energy is 1.8x100=180 MWs. o Total inertia constant 7 MWs/MVA o All energy stored can be utilized by the system
o The rotating energy is 7x100=700 MWs. i.e. 100x5=500 MWs
o If only 4% of 180 MWs can be utilized by
the system before trip due to under o If only 4% of 700 MWs can be utilized by the o This will correspond to
frequency: system before trip due to under frequency:  69 Synchronous condensers if the 100 MVA
 7.2 MWs is utilized by the system from  28 MWs is utilized by the system from synchronous condenser is used
this synchronous condenser this synchronous condenser installation  17 Synchronous condensers if the 100 MVA
synchronous condenser with flywheel is
used.
SVC Light® Enhanced – High inertia contribution together with short circuit current contribution
and fast response reactive power, for high performance network stabilization.
44
22
2022‐10‐03
Peter Andersson
Application Engineer Asia
+46 70 380 96 60
peter.h.andersson@hitachienergy.com
45
46
23
2022‐10‐03
47
24

Hitachi TCSC

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Hitachi TCSC

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

2022‐10‐03

FACTS – Flexible AC Transmission System

Active Power, MW Reactive Power, MVar

FACTS – Flexible AC Transmission System

V1 /1 X12 V2 /2

A FACTS installation is a part of the system, not a product!

3 © Hitachi Energy 2021. All rights reserved.

FACTS – Flexible AC Transmission System

Dynamic Shunt Compensation Series Compensation Static Frequency Conversion

Hybrid Synchronous Condenser

4 © Hitachi Energy 2021. All rights reserved.

Example of FACTS References

CHIN TAI STEEL

SIAM IRON & STEEL HAI -KWANG ENTERPRICE

FACTS References Worldwide

© Hitachi Energy 2021. All rights reserved.

Dynamic Shunt Compensation

7 © Hitachi Energy 2021. All rights reserved.

Shunt Compensation Technologies

SVC and STATCOM

Synchronous condenser Short circuit current

Planning and pre-specification studies will determine the performance requirements

SVC and STATCOM

9 © Hitachi Energy 2021. All rights reserved.

SVC and STATCOM

SVC – Static Var Compensator

STATCOM – Static Synchronous Compensator

10 © Hitachi Energy 2021. All rights reserved.

11 © Hitachi Energy 2021. All rights reserved.

SVC – Static Var Compensator

12 © Hitachi Energy 2021. All rights reserved.

13 © Hitachi Energy 2021. All rights reserved.

14 © Hitachi Energy 2021. All rights reserved.

15 © Hitachi Energy 2021. All rights reserved.

Footprint 35m x 50m

Footprint 60m x 70m

18 © Hitachi Energy 2021. All rights reserved.

IGBT IGCT IGCT IGBT

STATCOM Typical Single Line Diagram

19 © Hitachi Energy 2021. All rights reserved.

STATCOM Working Principle

20 © Hitachi Energy 2021. All rights reserved.

21 © Hitachi Energy 2021. All rights reserved.

Footprint 30m x 70m

23 © Hitachi Energy 2021. All rights reserved.

STATCOM Design Concept

STATCOM with a single converter vs. STATCOM with multiple converters

VSC VSC VSC VSC

STATCOM Design Concept

STATCOM Working Principle

26 © Hitachi Energy 2021. All rights reserved.

STATCOM Working Principle

Valve Cell Cell acts as a switch

IGBT Diode UDC +

27 © Hitachi Energy 2021. All rights reserved.

STATCOM Working Principle

28 © Hitachi Energy 2021. All rights reserved.

STATCOM Working Principle

Number of cells vs. harmonic generation

With MMC technology there is a reduced need of harmonic filters

29 © Hitachi Energy 2021. All rights reserved.

STATCOM Working Principle

MMC technology is built around a modular concept.