Toma 14 (Secundaris) Inglés, Tema 14 (Socundaria) Pig Angi, Tema 14 Secundaria) Pad entra de Estudios ECOEM, S.A. — Curso 3007/2008, [EXPRESION DE LA CUALIDAD. EXPRESION DE GRADO 'Y COMPARACION, A. _READER 4 mwroouerion. [QUALITY EXPRESSED BY ADLECTIVES. ‘QUALITY EXPRESSED BY RELATIVE CLAUSES, 4 exPResston oF pecnee. conpanison. ‘conc.usion. B._RESOURCES S_BeSounceS 2 MeurogRAriy Ano REFERENCES (TOPIC) &_SAMPLE SUMMARY /SCHEME/ CONCEPTUAL MAP. 20. Samus sunmany, A CONCEPT Map. =a ee f [AND COMPARISON. 4. INTRODUCTION. ‘TOPIC 14, EXPRESSION OF QUALITY. EXPRESSION OF DEGREE ] The expression af gut she manfetaton of the carat) of scene 0 sonahing. Quy cn be exes bys ayo sci pass od ate uses Tis Duper shes the, reson of ually sting ty secre Pre, at ily ‘aes stesso pen. was app bh as 0 ry Papp. (iets th yoo ce Ne, me ede ith th ding ae edi rave cea arse acpi fe ws feed es). ‘he eb ch no malig mote Pas BO ore ers ter te cs on se wrt Le, war hose marin can Be sag ofmtame of eae as fry te rata / n/a 0 / bce (toring, Flay the per wi ow the ferent ures Eg exes orparon ‘ears fle than Peer aes yu. ‘tars (be tage ay. 2 QUALITY EXPRESSED BY ADJECTIVES. sity ati aot deified a ch 39 by eon at Son, sete tm cut ot nty ate async mang sores te ty ih cies (10 i my einen uty ake ave thing ape (gee "ty tr saa, some secs ay be ied a ever wo any ange mt ‘sing (oa ara so age we nan ha cart net tan scr Ty ‘roe vn’. Aaa, lh feet a pat puree 56 Sedo ually iscoes famer borg are and ating Whe oa. are ar ase eimai "peas nt way of” Doma ng ote We con wry 2 ard as ‘Sragecove ney by conscarg sow friars oem et lw As, os salty ‘jects carte oodiet 0) tages atv sete, sucha vey gute {Brandan he compare ar specs. (uaty jects are arate a Engen. The sane frm rates maine, tein rd My tenn be awe by» etn eo eh ap rest odo, ‘eybooy wo aa fo ta ‘crise pd a ay os DECOEN, SA ~ 901930870 ~ wormacoemas — cenuaiDecoanesInglés, Tema 14 (Secundaria) Pag. 3 Iam very fond of you. Quality adjectives can be subclassified according to: 1) Their position: attributive, predicative or postpositive. 2) Their function: limiter or inherent/non-inherent. 3) Their morphology: participles, nouns as premodifiers, compound premodifiers and premodification sequences. 2.1. ATTRIBUTIVE ADJECTIVES. Attributive adjectives premodify the noun by appearing between the determiner and the noun, or just in front of the noun in the absence of a determiner: The first apartment is for sale. His main arguments did not convince anyone. Anne’s wonderful paintings are Picasso's. Hardworking people is what we need. 2.2. PREDICATIVE ADJECTIVES. - , Predicative adjectives appear after the verb. Adjectives in this position are called predicative adjectives’. Verbs used in this way are called ‘link verbs’ or ‘copulas’: Tom became rich. Alice seems happy. I felt cold. The idea sounds very interesting. He grew impatient. He got angry. Predicative adjectives can function as: 1) Subject complement. They can complement to a subject which is: a) A noun phrase: Your daughter is very pretty, b) A finite clause: Whether or not he will resign is uncertain, c) A non-finite clause: Driving a bus isn’t easy. 2) Object complement. They can complement to an object which is: a) A noun phrase: He makes everybody happy. b) A finite clause: J consider what he did foolish. c) A non-finite clause: J consider playing so hard foolish. The adjective functioning as object complement often expresses the result of the process denoted by the verb: He pulled his belt tight. He kicked the door open. 2.3. POSTPOSITIVE OR POSTMODIFYING ADJECTIVES Adjectives are called ‘postpositive’ (Quirk & Greenbaum, 1973) or ‘postmodifying’ (Leech & Svartvik, 1975) when they follow the item that they modify. A postpositive or postmodifying adjective can be regarded as a reduced relative clause: © ECOEM, S.A. — 902 930 870 — www.ecoem.es — central@ecoem.es Esta publicacién: se encuentra registrada, estan reservados todas los derechos. Ni [a totalidad ni parte de la misma puede reproducirse o transmitirse por ningun procedimiento electronico ‘© mecanico, incluyendo fotocopia, graba- Inglés, Tema 14 (Secundaria) Pag. 4 The people involved were reported to the police = = The people who were involved... Is there anything interesting in the paper? = = Is there anything which is interesting... Indefinite pronouns ending in -body, -one, -thing, -where, can be modified only postpositively: Nothing important was saved. There was nowhere nice to go to. Postposition is also obligatory for a few adjectives, which have a different sense when they occur attributively or predicatively. The most common are e/ect (‘soon to take office’)--the president elect--and proper (as strictly defined’)-- the City of London proper. In some other compounds, mostly legal or quasi-legal, the adjective is postposed, too: attorney general, court martial, notary public. Postposition, in preference to attributive position, is usual for a few adjectives: The people absent/present/involved/concerned ended up talking to the police. Some postposed adjectives, especially those ending in -able/-ible retain the basic meaning that they have in attributive position, but they convey the implication that what they are denoting has only a temporary application. Thus, the stars visible refers to stars that are visible at a time specified or implied, whereas the visible stars refers to a category of stars that can, at appropriate times, always be seen. If an adjective is alone or premodified by an intensifier, postposition is normally not allowed: The rather timid soldiers approached their officer. *The soldiers rather timid...) However, if the noun phrase is generic and indefinite, coordinated adjectives or adjectives with a clause element added can be postponed, though such constructions are not very frequent: Saldiers timid or cowardly don't fight well. In these cases, it is more common to find: Timid or cowardly soldiers don't fight well. Soldiers who are timid or cowardly don’t fight well. It is not acceptable to prepose the whole of an adjective phrase in which there is complementation of the adjective: *The easiest to teach boys were in my class. *They have a much larger than yours house. Postposition is normally possible in these cases: The boys easiest to teach were in my class. © ECOEM, S.A. — 902 930 870 — www.ecoem.es — central@ecoem.es Esta publicacién se encuentra registrada, estan reservados todos los derechos. Ni |a totalidad ni parte de la misma puede reproducirse o transmitirse por u imiento electronico o mecanico, incluyendo fotocopia, graba- oe > da rarsunararian. sin nermiso escrito de ECOEM, S.A.BEES, Toma 16 (Seoundoria) Pag. {hey hove» haus ma ger a es: BUN bv oa to ane ene est a, owes, is roe salt prepese te aecive and Re prams, ay nd pasos he compen he eases each weeny cs. ‘ey have omc ger hse. aac nda sigh mtd ace at ay seen i te amos era ee be toupeim to eat yf tach In ifomat use ts mere alow shan 1 oo ay abc oc > 24, LIMITER ADJECTIVES. rer ages partuarae me rec fh on the ain rest he pres reason ‘en actin Deane poson 25. INNERENT AND NON-INHERENT ADJECTIVES, Dojecties tat characte te ret of the nn deel i greetie pastunwae teed ‘rrr, fo wane He sty Oe dace arb postsh Se teed nenthrunt. They de no amet te ft of Ue New dey, ‘tanga the monn nat 9mm Sane neiovet ashen Paar eh Ste preaticy Fr exanila,bth a ow stata 9D nd a ont Terme conte hose, abe sped oe wd precy. Tha igen aw eras ‘elo wich ant "My Or ow (7 tend Cne wn has ban 2 Her fe long pared fre) os at ety nol that hw paso a otha we aot ate 0 end ny and Fees tothe ec and esr radars be pana, Rb renerere ajc ee Inthat at ai steve ey Ont ther Rand fa a mays cae are (ee upetso yeu) ard we an le that a manto tt man lt Acer aca Ste wht eas be se a eu a rey, ost sje a mown Fr mang, sn feet won cu sepia tuba tlt ane set day salen cos waka» wae cc On oe Serhan none are sve row nbrc 3 Naten eso oe Angles, Tern 14 (Secundaria) wa-° 2.6, PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES, xh prsart ae past paroles canbe use a es aes the omer beng tive sd eeirg ave i utd a bang passe 2 meng ead ‘the may os ajetves canbe boty etree preceave: ‘he pay nas so org tat evry got oe. The ner son go eda ng wo ‘emer rtd a Prt sae. 2.7. ADJECTIVES AS HEADS OF NOUN PHRASES. apes can enon ashes of pas. As sue, bey noma ake a dete desma ol he drach pu a genie toe fern. Tee ee {we tn suc sje ts wh err rfl toe eng was fod a ‘Bove denoting on dbs Gul. Fr angle 4) cs orp ur: te cn = ose ho et = Mere ten tf comumancaton bavoon he young a to Peto omat be expect fe at ta Svs Met hve der cate mata Shope 2) asa uaty (srt) the abs = at whic sour ‘= same pope ey ne mye and te seman ete Stay ies came, ‘he secves contra natalie ae wel tet wo words eg ns ans Span) sr fara, Pon) and ae (parse, cso) 2nd te agive Sass “Te tes canbe ods y restive ccs: he nts Buch wich tobe areas he Duh eats 20, NOUNS AS PREMODIFIERS. uns can fen stay 25 qaty acts by beng pasos fot of th ead ofa om pase Ts Anson t= 2 fst fr te heap Ce Famer tea ae aah aunt sar sory Se cae sas =e sao oe ne Prt 29. COMPOUND PREMODIFIERS. Compound prods, wich re te cmon, are conbratens of wor anng eS sce FM Icom, SA. ~ 907990870 ~ wrmaroames — centloncoomet apenas, a an ee anInglés, Tema 14 (Secundaria) Pag. 7 A brand-new car. There are modifiers which consist of more than one word, which are not hyphenated when they occur as complements, that is, after the verb in a clause, but are hyphenated when they premodify. They take the form of prepositional phrases, adjective phrases, noun phrases, participial constructions, etc: ‘ An out-of-the-way cottage = A cottage which is out of the way. A ready-to-wear suit = A suit which is ready to wear. Sequences of three, four, or even five nouns occur quite commonly in a noun phrase. These are formed either through noun premodification or through noun compounds, or through a combination of both: The City of Lancaster > Lancaster City + Club for playing football > football club = The football club in the city of Lancaster > Lancaster City football club Lancaster City football club supporters. 2.10. PREMODIFICATION SEQUENCES. When a noun phrase includes a sequence of premodifications, the sequence is the following: Next before a head noun, a denominal adjective appears; preceding a denominal adjective comes a noun modifier, preceding which is the most important class of items, which is the adjective of provenance or style; preceding this type is the participle; preceding the participle we have adjectives of colour; preceding these are adjectives of age, together with the premodifiers and postmodifiers that these and other freely gradable adjectives may have; preceding these come general adjectives, unless the diminutive /ittle has to appear (a gracious little old blue ornament). In sum: colour | participle | provenance noun | denominal head the social life the London social A crumbling church tower A crumbling Gothic church tower some pen Chinese designs carved idol responsi- bilities 2.11, INTENSIFYING ADJECTIVES: EMPHASIZERS AND AMPLIFIERS. Some adjectives have a heightening or lowering effect on the noun that they modify. Two semantic subclasses of intensifying adjectives can be distinguished: ‘emphasizers’ and ‘amplifiers’. © ECOEM, S.A. — 902 930 870 — www.ecoem.es — central@ecoem.es Esta publicacién se encuentra registrada, estan reservados todos los derechos. Ni la totalidad ni parte de la misma puede reproducirse o transmitirse por ningun procedimiento electrénico 0 mecanico, incluyendo fotocopia, graba- Inglés, Tema 14 (Secundaria Pag. 8 Emphasizers have a general heightening effect, and are attributive only: a certain winner a real hero a congenital liar an undoubted leader pure woo! an outright lie Amplifiers scale upwards from an assumed norm, denoting the upper extreme of the scale or a high point on the scale. Amplifiers are central adjectives--they can be used both attributively and predicatively--when they are inherent: a complete victory = the victory was complete their extreme condemnation = their condemnation was extreme But when they are non-inherent, they are attributive only: a complete fool = *the fool is complete a perfect idiot = *the idiot is perfect 3. QUALITY EXPRESSED BY RELATIVE CLAUSES. There are three kinds of relative clauses: defining, non-defining and connective. In this paper only the first two will be described, since connective relative clauses do not describe or qualify objects and nouns, which is the purpose of this paper. Connective relative clauses just continue the story: J told Peter, who said (= and he said) it wasn't his business Relative clauses can be finite or non-finite, depending on the form of the verb which ap- pears in the clause; non-finite clauses can be interpreted as equivalent to one or another of the more explicit finite versions: The man who resembles my brother The man resembling my brother 3.1. DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES. These clauses describe the preceding noun in such a way as to distinguish it from other nouns of the same class. A clause of this kind is essential to the clear understanding of the noun: The man who told me this refused to give me his name. ‘Who told me this’ is the relative clause. If we omit this, it is not clear what man we are talking about. There is no comma between a noun and a defining relative clause. Sometimes these clauses are separated from their noun/pronoun by a word or phrase: There’s a man here who wants... I. saw something in the paper which could interest you. 3.2.” RELATIVE PRONOUNS USED WITH DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES. The choice of the relative pronoun in a defining relative clause is related to a twofold consideration. First, to their function as subject or object in the clause. Second, to the reference that they make, personal or non-personal. The following chart shows all the possibilities, the symbol i representing the omission of the relative pronoun: © ECOEM, S.A. — 902.930 870 — www.ecoem.es — central@ecoem.es Esta publicacién se encuentra registrada, estan reservados todos los derechos. Ni la totalidad ni parte deta misma puede reproducirse 0 transmitirse por ningun procedimiento electrénico o mecanico, incluyendo fotocopia, graba- + ne * S nin Infareeacidn w cletama da recuneracion. sin permiso escrito de ECOEM, S.A.Inglés, Tema 14 (Secundaria) Pag. 9 SUBJECT POSSESSIVE PERSONAL REFERENCE NON-PERSONAL REFERENCE 1) Subject/personal reference: The lady who/that arrived late is Mrs. Johnson. 2) Subject/non personal reference: The dog which/that is barking is called Attila. 3) Object/personal reference: The lady who(m)/that/i I saw speaks German. 4) Object/non personal reference: This is the car which/that/i I want to buy. 5) Possessive/personal reference: That is the doctor whose office is always full. 6) Possessive/non personal reference: This /s the book whose title I can’t translate. Who is preferred to that when the relative is a personal subject. Whom is considered too formal for personal objects; who or that are used, instead, that being more usual, together with the omission. Whom is, however, obligatory to use when it is preceded by a preposition. (Nowadays whom is considered mostly archaic; those native speakers who use it outside the context of set phrases such as To whom it may concern generally sound pompous, and its use is not recommended for non-native speakers.) Once the preposition preceding whom/which moves to the end of the clause, that or the omission is preferred. When whose makes non-personal reference, with + a phrase is preferred: A house whose walls were made of glass = a house with glass walls Other relative forms are when, where, why. They are called ‘relative adverbs’. When can replace in/on which in time contexts: The year when/in which he was born... The day when/on which they arrived... Where can replace in/at which in place contexts: The hotel where/at which they were staying... Why can replace for which: The reason why/for which he is leaving... 3.3. NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES. Non-defining relative clauses are placed after nouns which are definite already. They do not therefore define the noun, but merely add something to it by giving some more information about it. Unlike defining relative clauses, they are not essential in the sentence and can be omitted without causing confusion. Also unlike defining relatives, they are separated from their noun by commas, or by a comma and another pause. The relative pronoun can never be © ECOEM, S.A. — 902 930 870 — www.ecoem.es — central@ecoem.es Esta publicacién se encuentra registrada, estan reservados todos los derechos, Ni la totalidad ni parte de la misma diminntn alactrAnicn a marsnien ineclinandn fntaconia. araha- Inglés, Tema 14 (Secundaria Pag. 10 omitted in a non-defining relative clause. The construction is fairly formal and more common in written than in spoken English. 3.4. RELATIVE PRONOUNS USED WITH NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES. The choice of the relative pronoun in a non-defining relative clause is also related to a twofold consideration. First, to their function as subject or object in the clause. Second, to the reference that they make, personal or non personal. The following chart shows all the possibilities, the symbol i representing the omission of the relative pronoun: POSSESSION ‘| SUBJECT PERSONAL REFERENCE who NON-PERSONAL REFERENCE which whose/of which Examples: 1) Subject/personal reference: Mrs. Johnson, who arrived late yesterday, is here. 2) Subject/non personal reference: Atila, which is a huge dog, barks all the time. 3) Object/personal reference: The German lady, whom we met in Bonn, has resigned. 4) Object/non personal reference:. Peter's car, which is a convertible, is for sale. 5) Possessive/personal reference: Dr. Burns, whose office is always full, is my friend. 6) Possessive/non personal reference: That's the new book, whose title I cant translate. Unlike defining relative clauses, in non-defining ones, the preposition preceding the relative pronoun is not moved to the end of the clause, and that is never used. 4. EXPRESSION OF DEGREE. Degree can be applied to ‘gradable’ words, that is, words whose meaning can be thought of in terms of a ‘scale’. Most pairs of words of opposite meaning are gradable, like old/young, by means of ‘degree adverbials’: How old is that dog? It’s very / quite / rather / fairly / pretty / too (etc.) old. Degree adverbs and degree phrases can sometimes act either as premodifiers (with adjective words) or as adverbials (with verbs): The performance of Hamlet was absolutely magnificent (premodifier). I agree with you absolutely (adverbial). There are two main kinds of gradable words: ‘scale’ words indicate a relative position on a scale (eg. large, small) and ‘limit’ words indicate the end-point of a scale (eg. black, white). © ECOEM, S.A. — 902 930 870 — www.ecoem.es — central@ecoem.es _ Esta publicacion se encuentra registrada, estan reservados todos los derechos. Ni la totalidad ni parte de la misma a Aucirea a tranemitirse nor ninatin procedimiento electrénico o mecanico, incluyendo fotocopia, graba-Inglés, Yea 14 (Secundaria) ag. tt DEGREE WITH SCALE WORDS. Depot can soe the eligi 1) Toit ere potion: 1a) wa achive wae Hes ery ety reno) 11D) Wn ets hen vry mace pret ob eis) 2) Tota tha mann ly 2a)” wt adc: he guration (ered), 23) wert Pes hve nomad conse ie Tater te hin (os. 3) Toto dno dexense he fect of zl wert 3a) "Wwthadacons: tS" slghihya Bete areanorabe Genet, 218) MS Pics Aveeno xa ea) 4.2. DEGREE WITH LIMIT WoRDS. tot wor the sae an Keeton 9 mais a 6 aI The NO in nes tc ave ae 1) Tse cating tat ne A words macing 6 ed to fle een ‘ute, ager, rnp ety, eat tay, ican he ory tly fe amply asa ath ou 2) Tose inacang a poston rere mit ne se: ames sr, pracy, The ote sna any. Ieee edt 42, VERY AND MUCH. ry wea 9 reno, whereas mach 25 2 an adver. Ms nd om peste hte ute. nena pasion, ths tobe rend by Yo ‘De party nas wey enya Ponstr) Treen) much ened tw par, estonia 1 bees the pay vey mach (a pesten 2070 “The ren of ays lester Zt ae vey, vr eens Ienseaten ‘an age etens by adn ee mes wy, (reese ned. 44, POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ATTITUDE. _Athoigh sone ders adres have ha sae mening wih respct to eal ad et trey na tobe dings nt paste aa rege anus Inglés, Toma 14 (Secundaria) ig. 12 Oite. fry (= consider) ard enti smetines sunset posi ood, nearing worse ‘ear cpl ad try retires set Peale al ‘ean. Thus Yar warm ges tr arc 63 Goa tr Ho Ue cer ha soe Sips 8 ater marty pe wud ob be aig bat he wester ws 3 He o> ‘stm. Te presi is Satna gh negate eas 4.5. NEGATIVE DEGREE ADVERBS Sine deget_sdte oy tae nega etepenatin-negive 36 eps © atest, nt pss ate) Tey ae hare), aay scr ata ewe nate in. 44. OTHER DEGREE ADVERBS. yn te doi aves ite ofa, re my dere ever wn are tne scenes and fn 30 tn» erent af oe meds Tese ‘rate unny teat he mean ia wae ay ge wth te vers et, wa ‘arash aca oe eee oe, deaeroe ste ec antooer thew wart Sh ‘he tara enor te so (= ry mh e¥) ‘bcp nnd a ret (= hs. vy 5. COMPARISON. Wo thrgr are 9 be compare wth spec th pesin on a ae of dees ano the cpa més oy, ee te Opa aes Moe er (Gocrckl ce state nse etalon etanens hve tesa ie, bu ‘erie of i ccrmonnes A vertencs in. 4 very sn, nd woul ery be © ethan i wre sr: Yc ae an 309) 3D Blesnorr han In 3 Mirtesat an be (oh, D aeerstor hans) 5.4. EQUAL COMPARISONS. for an equ cparon, 4 wean Jahan ae the sme ght, a8 459 etal fntnes tn ot sos ass an neath STE Jeeta 28) ‘Bak roses ta (8) eae Se eanene— memes, wremearanatthInglés, Tema 14 (Secundaria) Pag. 13 5.2. COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE. Comparative and superlative morphemes depend on the number of syllables of the degree adjective being compared, as the following chart illustrates: COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE | One/two syllable adjectives ending in -y/-ow/-er/- adj + -er(...) than the adj + -est (...) in le/-ure Other two-syllable adjectives and longer ones the most +adj Examples: tall, taller (...) than, the tallest (...) in funny, funnier (...) than, the funniest (...) in hollow, holfower (...) than, the hollowest (...) in feeble, feebler (...) than, the feeblest (...) in clever, cleverer (...) than, the cleverest (...) in mature, maturer (...) than, the maturest (...) in important, more important (...) than, the most important (...) in Examples of two syllable-adjectives whose comparative and superlative end in -y, -ow, - le, -er, -ure are the following: funny, friendly, lively hollow, narrow, shallow feeble, gentle, noble. clever, sober, bitter mature, obscure, impure Participle forms which are used as adjectives regularly take only periphrastic forms. Interesting more interesting most interesting Wounded more wounded most wounded Worn more worn most worn Most adjectives that are inflected for comparison can take the periphrastic forms with more and most. With more they seem to do so more easily when they are predicative and are followed by a than-clause. He is more wealthy than I thought. Some common two-syliable adjectives can have either type of comparison: common, commoner (...) than, the commonestt...) in common, more common (...) than, the most common (...) in The endings sometimes involve changes in spelling or pronunciation: pretty prettier prettiest big bigger biggest free freer [fri:c] freest [fri:st] © ECOEM, S.A. - 902 930 870 — www.ecoem.es — central@ecoem.es Esta publicacién se encuentra registrada, estan reservados todos los derechos. Ni la totalidad ni parte de fa misma Inglés, Tema 14 (Secundaria) Pag. 14 A small group of frequent adjectives have irregular comparison: good better best bad worse worst far farther/furtherfarthest/furthest Old is generally inflected o/der, o/dest, but in a specialised use, restricted to family relations, the irregular forms e/der, eldest are normally substituted in attributive position, unless used as the head of a noun phrase, or a thar-construction is used, in which case o/der is always used: My elder brother is an artist. John is the elder of the two brothers. My brother is older than I am. The superlative of a two-member group is inflected as is shown in the example: Mary and John are always spending money, but John is the richer of the two. Mary and John are always studying. John is the more intelligent of the two. Comparison can be: - explicit: My house is bigger than yours. - semiexplicit: My house is bigger. - implicit: My house is big (= bigger than the average). Comparatives of adjectives and adverbs can be modified by intensifiers: Much easier somewhat shorter Much more difficult a lot more inconvenient Similarly, superlatives can be modified by intensifiers: The youngest candidate ever By far the best solution Inflected superlatives can be premodified by very, if a definite determiner is present: at the very last moment. But neither periphrastic superlatives nor comparatives can be premodified by very. 5.3. COMPARISON WITH NOUNS. Gradable nouns can be applied the following comparative phrases: more of a, as much of a, less of a, enough of a, too much of a, etc. He’s more of a sportsman than his brother. It was as much of a success as I expected. Youre less of a fool than I thought. He’s enough of a man to face that problem. He’s too much of 2 coward to tell the truth. © ECOEM, S.A. — 902 930 870 — www.ecoem.es — central@ecoem.es Esta publicacién se encuentra registrada, estan reservados todos los derechos. Ni la totalidad ni parte de la misma ae 2 tee ne iminntn alartranion n mecanien. incluvendo fotoconia, graba-Inglés, Tema 14 (Secundaria) Pag. 15 5.4. PROPORTION. To compare circumstances in terms of equivalent tendencies, a ‘clause of proportion’ can be used, introduced by as: As time went on, things got worse and worse. There is a more formal construction in which so is added to the main clause: As you go farther north, so the winters become longer and more severe. Another construction expressing proportion consists of two clauses beginning with the + a comparative word: The farther north you go, the more severe the winters are. The more you argue with him, the less notice he takes. 6. CONCLUSION. It has been shown that there are many ways In which it is possible to refer to quality of someone or something in English. Adjectives are the most obvious type of linguistic items which serve this purpose. Some of their syntactic and semantic features make them very useful and flexible in this respect. However, a variety of additional syntactic devices makes it possible to refer to quality in even more detail or pointing out those aspects if it, which are related to dif- ferent elements of extralinguistic reality. © ECOEM, S.A. — 902 930 870 — www.ecoem.es — central@ecoem.es Esta publicacién se encuentra registrada, estan reservados todos los derechos. Ni la totalidad ni parte de la misma puede reproducirse o transmitirse por ningun procedimiento electrénico o mecanico, incluyendo fotocopia, graba- Inglés, Tema 14 (Secundaria) Pag. 16 7. BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES (TOPIC). . Leech, G. & Svartvik, J. 1975. A Communicative Grammar of English. Longman. . Quirk, R. & Greenbaum, S. 1973. A University Grammar of English. Longman. 430-449. . Thompson, A. & Martinet, A. 1986. A Practical English Grammar. Oxford University Press. 8. BIBLIOGRAPHY. . Leyes Educativas (LODE, LOGSE, LOPEGCE y LOCE). Fundacién ECOEM, Sevilla, 2006. . Leyes Educativas Vigentes (LODE y LOE). Fundacién ECOEM, Sevilla, 2007. ° Ley Orgdnica de Educacién (LOE). Fundacién ECOEM, Sevilla, 2006. . Varios Autores. Ideas y Recursos para el Desarrollo de la Educacion en Valores. Fundacién ECOEM, Sevilla, 2007. e David de la Fuente Ramirez (Coord.). E/ Trabajo de Opositor. Fundacién ECOEM, Sevilla, 2007. . José Antonio Binaburo Iturbide y José Gijén Puerta. Como Elaborar una Progra- macién de Aula en Ensefianza Secundaria. Fundacién ECOEM, Sevilla, 2007. e José Antonio Binaburo Iturbide y José Gijén Puerta. Cémo Elaborar Unidades Di- dacticas en Ensefianza Secundaria. Fundacién ECOEM, Sevilla, 2007. ° Joan Guardia i Olmos. La Declaracién de Bolonia. El Espacio Europeo de Educa- cidn Superior. Fundacién ECOEM, Sevilla, 2006. e Maria Luisa Gil Iriarte. Libro de Estilo de ECOEM (Guia Practica para Escribir Me- Jor). Fundacién ECOEM, Sevilla, 2007 (3 Edicién revisada y ampliada). . Varios Autores. Educacidn para la Ciudadania (Propuestas de Actuacidn). Funda- cién ECOEM, Sevilla, 2007. 9. INTERNET LINKS. . www. 3.oup.co.uk/eltj . http://ieas.arts.unideb. hu/faculty/materials/np4.doc e http://ieas.arts.unideb.hu/faculty/materials/np1.doc al © ECOEM, S.A. — 902 930 870 — www.ecoem.es — central@ecoem.es Esta publicacion se encuentra registrada, estén reservados todos los derechos. Ni la totalidad ni parte de la misma iento electrénico o mecanico, incluyendo fotocopia, graba- ams da racunerarian. cin narmiso escrito de ECOEM. S.A.Inglés, Tema 14 (Secundaria) Pag. 17 10. SAMPLE SUMMARY. Introduction Any expression of quality is a manifestation of the characteristics of someone or some- thing. Quality can be expressed by an array of adjective phrases, nouns, participles, preposi- tional phrases and relative clauses, which usually refer to a noun or Pronoun present in the sen- tence. The analysis of the aforementioned will constitute the first part of this paper. Further on, it will be explained how words which explain quality can be modified in order to express differ- ent degrees of quality. Finally, the way of comparing qualities of different objects will be de- scribed. Quality expressed by adjectives Adjectives are by definition words which express quality of someone or something. Mor- phologically, some of them can be recognised by their suffixes: -ous, -able, -ful, -ish, -less but many adjectives have no identifying shape — Aot, fat, or they can even be identical to adverbs: little, fine. Due to the variety of forms which adjectives can have some other features of theirs have to be applied in order to identify them, according to Quirk. Most of adjectives of quality will appear in the attributive or predicative function; most of them can also be premodified with the intensifier “very” and most of them can take comparative or superlative forms. Quality adjectives can be subclassified according to: 1) Their position: attributive, predicative or postpositive. 2) Their function: limiter or inherent/non-inherent. 3) Their morphology: participles, nouns as premodifiers, compound premodifiers and premodification sequences. 1) Attributive adjectives premodify the noun by appearing between the determiner and the noun, or just in front of the noun in the absence of a determiner: The first apartment is for sale. Predicative adjectives appear after the verb. Tom became rich. Predicative adjectives can function as: 1) Subject complement. Your daughter is very pretty. 2) Object complement. He makes everybody happy. Adjectives are called ‘postpositive’ or ‘postmodifying’ when they follow the item that they modify. A postpositive or postmodifying adjective can be regarded as a reduced relative clause: The people involved were reported to the police = = The people who were involved... Indefinite pronouns ending in -body, -one, -thing, -where, can be modified only postpositively: Nothing important was saved. © ECOEM, S.A. — 902 930 870 — www.ecoem.es — central@ecoem.es Esta publicacion se encuentra registrada, estan reservados todos los derechos. Ni ta totalidad ni parte de la misma Hie een edintawbn alantetntnn @ anetatnn imalinuanda fatarania nrahs- Inglés, Tema 14 (Secundaria) Pag. 18 Postposition is also obligatory for a few adjectives, which have a different sense when they occur attributively or predicatively. The most common are efect --the president elect--and Proper (-- the City of London proper. Some postposed adjectives, especially those ending in -ab/e/-ible retain the basic meaning that they have in attributive position, but they convey the implication that what they are denoting has only a temporary application. Thus, the stars visible refers to stars that are visible at a time specified or implied, whereas the visible stars refers to a category of stars that can, at appropriate times, always be seen. If an adjective is alone or premodified by an intensifier, postposition is normally not allowed: The rather timid soldiers approached their officer. It is not acceptable to prepose the whole of an adjective phrase in which there is complementation of the adjective: The easiest to teach boys were in my class. 2) Limiter adjectives particularize the reference of the noun: the main result Adjectives that characterize the referent of the noun directly--usually in predicative position--are termed ‘inherent’. Adjectives in attributive position are termed ‘non-inherent’. They do not characterize the referent of the noun directly, An old friend (one who has been a friend for a long period of time’) does not necessarily imply that the person is old, so that we cannot relate my o/d friend to my friend is old. Old refers to the friendship and does not characterize the person; it is a noninherent adjective here. In that use o/d is attributive only. On the other hand, in that old man, old is a central adjective (the opposite of young) and we can relate that o/d man to that man is old. A central adjective is one which can be used both attributively and predicatively. 3) Both present and past participles can be used as quality adjectives, the former being active and indicating ‘having the effect of...’ and the latter being passive and meaning ‘affected in the way of...’ These adjectives can be both attributive and predicative: The play was so boring that everybody got bored. Adjectives can function as heads of noun phrases. As such, they normally take a definite determiner, usually the definite article, and have no plural or genitive case inflection. There are two kinds of such adjectives, both with generic reference, those denoting a class of people (the rich), and those denoting an abstract quality (the absurd). Nouns can function similarly as quality adjectives by being positioned in front of the head of a noun phrase. Thus, A heavyweight title fight = a fight for the heavyweight title © ECOEM, S.A. — 902 930 870 — www.ecoem.es — central@ecoem.es Esta publicacién se encuentra registrada, estan reservados todos los derechos. Ni la totalidad ni parte de la misma nueda ranraducirca o transmitirse nor ninadn procedimiento electrénico o mecanico, incluyendo fotocopia, graba-Inglés, Tama 14 (Secundaria) P39 ongeuné proneaias, wich are gute commen, are contains ot mans enn asa sgl ade on: 15cm “hare ae mars wich cont of mae tan one word whch ae not aha wen they ec as conglent, at er the vero 8 Cane, BL ae Hp eh ie peor. They xe efor Pegaso proses eeepc oun pra, vod conn ae Ar outotthenay tga = A tag th soothe nay When 9 nw pre nee sein of rene, sega te tong es \deaminrsgererlsoge-cdour pepe provranee\nountdeneninlenet A grey erm Gate chur toma Fay, some aces fave a eden a ong ect. then tt they my. Two Seances orig ove: cane Usb wnghaen (nce a peel henng efecy and sve avouie ery» craw) 2 Soles ohn le uperse ram am sumo omy ding upper cane of seb o shh onion te sale. Anglo scives whe hey ae nhs a comple voy = evita was comple Bie won the ronment thy are atte compe ol» te fas compete Quality expose by oatve anos “Te ot ual fom of pstrodicaton in Engh eae wich sealed by meas ot ens ung IE cy cate eld + tte cttn) or sete eon deg) oF te bast wah ‘he reds macaw cay te ads wgu + utor opts, Sepenang onthe om oe verb rch apoE ne anne Nm ne ne ee as ato oe or ander of he nr et ‘The man ho see ny rater "he man sana my Ber From ae pot of ew oe presanttpe, selon ous he esl ccc nd omnsoae per rte cman hs poe ot hasrng ore ERGOEN SA SOROS _ pene aroana — eae Inglés, Tema 14 (Secundaria) ig. 20 RESTRICTIVE (OEFINNG) CLAUSES ‘Tre esr he recat it nth aay ao digs om oer tous ef desgre cee isp was ntti hum nb ents a ‘Prep woo cane with appt ave ean stene etang ate eran ye loving moe pense Tule able Objet Poste ferpevons who. wrote hse Forties vis "bes waa heh tn geneal that ante es forma cept nen reering to persona se, ier Hs beeen fal is he feos osc eer the eve eros ‘wore he veto equres am gato use wien t's peed by & preset. ‘ter edanve tome sf fen ew The ae tale elie ave hen ca ‘mom ron wncin tne ates hen eae Va wn ace comers Space ri Nw DEFNONG RELATIVE CLAUSES ‘Tey me placa ster aan hich ae df aay. They Ney 364 santig te ‘ne mann fe a by vg some ese trmat aa erie a i Paar ie oa “The man ference the as af pronouns tha t's ot posible a all an a prensa be adn es, npn cerca cles re ePte By ‘oma fmt man de Grate Daye an be aol o's’ words. wos wae msaig cin be ought Interne a Wert gis af weds tapas mean ae rae, he tO by ans ee aera i that hg? ts wry te ater / r/o any ec Degree atvrs an deine shases cn srtines ct ler as premiers (wth acheive mrs) or ae oh ve) ‘eps o Hark ae sbcteey mater (vere) 1 gree wt you bla (ate. ‘Trmeare wo mii of able werd’ wor nate 2 late estonon «ses (ong, sal aii wernt een po ele (oi Wl).Inglés, Tema 14 (Secundaria) Pag. 21 As far as scale words are concerned, the possibilities of grading them range between the following three degrees: . an extreme position: very smal/ . slightly intensified meaning: rather young . decreased degree: a bit uncomfortable Limit words can also be modified, despite their end-point scale position. In this case, we can stress the fact that the limit word is used to its fullest extent (totally false) or that we are near the limit of the scale: almost empty. Although some degree adverbs have the same meaning with respect to ‘scale’ and ‘limit’, they tend to be distinguished in terms of positive and negative ‘attitude’. Quite, fairly (= considerably) and entirely sometimes suggest a positive or ‘good’ meaning, whereas rather, completely, and utterly sometimes suggest a negative or ‘bad’ meaning. Some degree adverbs only have negative interpretation--negative as opposite to affirmative, not to positive (attitude). They are barely, hardly, scarcely, at all. Comparison FORMS FOR COMPARISONS The quality of two objects can be compared by means of changing the form of the adjec- tive. In grammatical terms, the comparison can be of the comparative type — saying that one of the objects of comparison has more of the quality in question than the other — or of the super- lative type - when one object is selected from the same group as characterised by the highest intensity of the quality in question. Comparative and superlative forms are created by means of suffixes or using adverbs “more” or “most”, depending on the form of the adjective: . one syllable adjectives or some two syllable adjectives (e.g. usually those ending in -y, -ow, -er, -le, -ure) adj. + er (COMPARATIVE) adj. + est (SUPERLATIVE) . other adjectives more + adj. (COMPARATIVE) most + adj. (SUPERLATIVE) Very often both forms are used in the case of two syllable adjectives, depending on the style and preferences of the speaker. There are some changes in spelling when adding the comparative and the superlative suffixes: y becomes i in words which end in y: prettier final consonant is doubled if preceded by a vowel: bigger some adjectives form irregular comparatives and superlatives: good-better-best some adjectives have both regular and irregular forms, and they are used to ex- press different meanings, e.g. o/der or elder, oldest-eldest, the second of each Esta publicacién se encuentra registrada, estan reservados todos los derechos. Inglés, Tema 14 (Secundaria) Pag. 22 pair being employed when we talk about seniority in a family rather than age or age only, e.g. the eldest brother.. CONSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPARISONS The range of comparative constructions is very wide and includes those in which it is not necessary to use adjectives in order to refer to the quality of someone or something. Compara- tive forms of adjectives are often used with the preposition thar: He is older than I am. Superlative quality can be expressed with the superlative form of an adjective, which is postmodified with an of-prepositional phrase or other: The tallest of all. The tallest in town. Equality is expressed by the construction as.....as or with the preposition /ike: He is as clever as the President. He is short, like the rest of the group. With negative constructions, so should substitute the first asin the as.....as construction. She is not so fast as me. Comparison with concessive meaning is expressed with as if, giving the idea that the quality is hypothetical. He is being naughty, as if he hasn't slept enough. Adjectives of quality can be used with the modifier, too, in order to express the lack or excess of quality in question. My car is too small. Gradable noun can be used with the following comparative phrases: more of a, as much of a, less of a enough of a, too much of a, etc. You're less of a fool than I thought. To compare circumstances in terms of equivalent tendencies, a ‘clause of proportion’ can be used, introduced by as: As time went on, things got worse and worse. Conclusion It has been shown that there are many ways in which it is possible to refer to quality of someone or something in English. Adjectives are the most obvious type of linguistic items which serve this purpose. Some of their syntactic and semantic features make them very useful and flexible in this respect. However, a variety of additional syntactic devices makes it possible to refer to quality in even more detail or pointing out those aspects if it, which are related to dif- ferent elements of extralinguistic reality. © ECOEM, S.A. — 902 930 870 — www.ecoem.es — central@ecoem.es Esta publicacién se encuentra registrada, estan reservados todos los derechos. Ni la totalidad ni parte de la misma nueda ranraducires o tranemitirse nor ninatin procedimiento electrénico o mecanico, incluyendo fotocopia, graba-} TOPIC 14 wr sno cimwiinge’ ©) ao] CCS egy rs es eee Oy oe I A Ae) Detning uy me NO mee (Foti =| \ a= ne Cin: Nd an Tak