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Physical Chemistry – 8th Year

CHEMICAL REACTIONS| Types of Chemical Reactions| 10 Precipitation reactions

precipitation
reactions
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Physical Chemistry – 8th Year

CHEMICAL REACTIONS| Types of Chemical Reactions| 10 Precipitation reactions

precipitation reaction

2 Pb(NO3 )2 (aq) + K2CrO4 (aq) ÿ PbCrO4 (s) + 2 KNO3 (aq)

Precipitate – solid that is deposited by gravity

as a result of the reaction between two
aqueous solutions of soluble salts.
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Physical Chemistry – 8th Year

CHEMICAL REACTIONS| Types of Chemical Reactions| 10 Precipitation reactions

precipitation reaction

2 Pb(NO3 )2 (aq) + K2CrO4 (aq) ÿ PbCrO4 (s) + 2 KNO3 (aq)

Lead Potassium Lead Potassium

+
nitrate ( aq) chromate ( aq) ÿ chromate ( s) + nitrate ( aq)
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Physical Chemistry – 8th Year

CHEMICAL REACTIONS| Types of Chemical Reactions| 10 Precipitation reactions

salt solubility

Poorly soluble salts very soluble salts

These are salts with a They are salts with a
tendency to form precipitates. tendency to form aqueous solutions.

Example: Example:
Calcium carbonate sodium fluoride
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Physical Chemistry – 8th Year

CHEMICAL REACTIONS| Types of Chemical Reactions| 10 Precipitation reactions

salt solubility
Resource
Digital

Simulation:
• requires internet connection •
in English language • Solubility
of salts • source: http://
phet.colorado.edu/pt/simulation/soluble-salts
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Physical Chemistry – 8th Year

CHEMICAL REACTIONS| Types of Chemical Reactions| 10 Precipitation reactions

Stalactites and stalagmites

Stalactite

Column

Stalagmite

Ca(HCO3 )2 (aq) ÿ CaCO3 (s) + H2CO3 (aq)

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Physical Chemistry – 8th Year

CHEMICAL REACTIONS| Types of Chemical Reactions| 10 Precipitation reactions

The water hardness

Hard water – high concentration of calcium

and magnesium salts

Soft water – low concentration of

calcium and magnesium salts
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Physical Chemistry – 8th Year

CHEMICAL REACTIONS| Types of Chemical Reactions| 10 Precipitation reactions

the hardness

from water
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Physical Chemistry – 8th Year

CHEMICAL REACTIONS| Types of Chemical Reactions| 10 Precipitation reactions

In short
• The solid that is deposited by gravity as a result of the reaction
between two aqueous solutions is called a precipitate.

• Poorly soluble salts are salts with a tendency to form precipitates.

• Highly soluble salts are salts that tend to form aqueous solutions.

• The formation of stalactites and stalagmites results from the precipitation

of calcium carbonate inside the caves.

• Hard water has a high concentration of calcium and magnesium salts.

• Soft water has a low concentration of calcium and magnesium salts.

• Water hardness can be temporary or permanent.

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Physical Chemistry – 8th Year

CHEMICAL REACTIONS| Types of Chemical Reactions| 10 Precipitation reactions

organizes concepts

precipitation reaction
results from the reaction between

very soluble
salts soft water

originates

by opposition

insoluble solid that we can

find in
stalactites hard water
also regions where
designated there is

that can occur in

Precipitate nature stalagmites
In the form of
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Physical Chemistry – 8th Year

CHEMICAL REACTIONS| Types of Chemical Reactions| 10 Precipitation reactions

apply

A – Consider the following chemical equations:

1) H2SO4 ( aq ) + NaOH(aq) ÿ Na2SO4 ( aq) + H2O(ÿ)
2) Ca(NO3 )2 (aq) + Na2CO3 (aq) ÿ CaCO3 (s) + 2NaNO3 (aq)
3) S8 (s) + 12 O2 (g) ÿ 8 SO3 (g)

I. Indicates the chemical equation that represents a precipitation reaction. Justify your choice.

II. Indicates the name of the precipitation reaction reactants and products.

B – Indicates some methods to reduce or eliminate water hardness.

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Physical Chemistry – 8th Year

CHEMICAL REACTIONS| Types of Chemical Reactions| 10 Precipitation reactions

Applies - proposed resolution

A-

I – Equation 2), because from the reaction between two aqueous solutions
there is the formation of a precipitate.
II- Reagents: Calcium Nitrate (Ca(NO3 )2 ); Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3 ).
Reaction products: Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3 ); Sodium Nitrate (NaNO3 ).

B-

If the water hardness is temporary, it can be reduced by raising the water temperature
to boiling point, causing calcium and magnesium carbonates to precipitate.
If the water hardness is permanent, it must be treated by adding substances that
prevent the action of hard water on soaps, anti-limestones.