THE HUMAN ORGANISM

Anatomy The scientific discipline that investigates the body's structure ; it means to dissect, or cut apart
and separate

Developmental anatomy the branch of anatomy that studies structural changes of an individual that
occur from conception to adulthood

Embryology subspecialty of development anatomy; studies changes from conception through the eighth
week of development

Cytology examines the structural features of cells

Histology examines tissues, which are composed of cells and the materials surrounding them

Gross anatomy the study of structures that can be examined without the aid of a microscope

Systemic anatomy the study of the body system by system

System a group of structures that have one or more common structures

Regional anatomy the study of the body are by area

Surface anatomy the study of the external form of the body and its relation to deeper structures

Anatomical imaging using radiographs (x-rays), ultrasound, MRI and other technologies to create
pictures of internal structures

Anatomical anomalies physical characteristics that differ from the normal pattern

Physiology Scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things

Goals of physiology:

1. understand and predict the body's responses to stimuli

2. understand how the body maintains conditions within a narrow range of values in the presence of
continually changing the internal and external environment

Human physiology the study of a specific organisms, the human

Cellular and systemic physiology are subdivisions that emphasize specific organizational levels

6 levels of organization body

1. Chemical level - Atoms form molecules

2. Cell level - Molecules form organelles

3. Tissue level - Similar cells make up tissue

4. Organ level - Tissues combine to form organs

5. Organ system - similar organs form a system

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6. Organism level - made up of organ systems

Number and name organ systems

1. Integumentary 2. Skeletal 3. Muscular

4. Lymphatic 5. Respiratory 6. Digestive

7. Nervous 8. Endocrine 9. Cardiovascular

10. Urinary 11. Reproductive

Integumentary System - hair, skin, nails, sweat glands provides protection, regulates temp, reduces
water loss, produces vitamin D precoursors.

Skeletal System bones, cartilage, ligaments, joints provides protection and support, allows for
movement, produces blood cells, stores minerals and fats.

Muscular System muscles, tendons produces movement, maintains posture, creates body heat.

Nervous System spinal cord, brain, nerves, sensory receptors regulatory system that detects sensations,
controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions.

Endocrine System glands that secrete hormones regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth,
reproduction.

Cardiovascular System heart, blood vessels, blood transports nutrients, waste products, gasses, and
hormones throughout the body. Plays a role in immune response and the regulation of body
temperature.

Organ systems A group of two or more organs working together for a specific job.

Organs Structures composed of specialized tissues designed to perform specific functions in plants and
animals.

Function The job or normal activity of an organ or part.

Organ system level of organization an organ system is a group of organs that together perform a
common function or set of functions and are therefore viewed as a unit.

Organism level of organization an organism is any living thing considered as a whole all levels work
together to promote life.

Homeostasis the existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body

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REVIEWER: THE HUMAN ORGANISM

1. Anatomy is

A) the study of function.

B) a branch of physiology.

C) the study of structure.

D) the study of living organisms.

E) the study of homeostasis.

2. Which subdivision of anatomy involves the study of organs that function together?

A) regional

B) developmental

C) systemic

D) histology

E) surface anatomy

3. Which of the following activities would represent a physiological study?

A) observing the structure of the interior of the heart

B) studying a model of the kidney

C) examining the surface of a bone

D) viewing muscle tissue through a microscope

E) determining normal blood sugar levels for 20-year-old students

4. Visual inspection of the appearance of the liver and gallbladder during surgery is associated with
which of the following?

A) histology

B) physiology

C) gross anatomy

D) radiology

E) cytology

5. Microscopic examination of a frozen tissue specimen is an application of which of the following

disciplines?

A) histology

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B) physiology

C) gross anatomy

D) radiology

E) regional anatomy

A) histology

6. Studies at the biochemical and molecular levels would be most appropriate for learning about the

A) locations of body parts.

B) gross anatomy of bones.

C) physiological functions of organs.

D) ecological niches of humans.

E) systemic anatomy.

7. Knowledge of the structure of body parts helps us to understand their function. Which of the
following is an accurate example of that principle?

A) The basic structural unit of the body is the cell.

B) The internal environment of the body is maintained in a relatively stable condition.

C) Moveable joints allow us to bend our fingers to perform many different actions.

D) Each tissue type is composed of cells that have a similar structure and function.

E) Negative feedback is not homeostatic.

8. An investigator who conducts an experiment to determine how changes in pH affect the function of
enzymes on digestion is most likely to be a(n)

A) neurologist.

B) anatomist.

C) engineer.

D) physiologist.

E) histologist.

9. The study of the structural features and functions of the cell is

A) cytology.

B) histology.

C) molecular biology.

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D) microbiology.

E) surface anatomy.

10.The study of tissues is

A) cytology.

B) histology.

C) molecular biology.

D) microbiology.

E) surface anatomy.

11. The pericardial cavity

a) contains the pericardial fluid.

b) surrounds the lungs.

c) is located between visceral peritoneum and parietal peritoneum.

d) is retroperitoneal.

e) All of these are true.

12. The basic structural and functional units of an organism, such as plant or animal, is the

a) tissue.

b) organ.

c) organ system.

d) cell.

e) organelle.

13. Which of these characteristics of life means "The ability to use energy to perform vital functions?"

a) organization

b) responsiveness

c) growth

d) differentiation

e) metabolism

14. Which of the following statements is TRUE?

a) The coordinated activity of the organ systems is necessary for normal function.

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b) Because organ systems are so interrelated, dysfunction in one organ system can have profound
effects on other systems.

c) An organism is any living thing considered as a whole whether composed of one cell such as a bacteria
or trillions of cells such as a human.

d) Living things are highly organized and disruption of this organized state can lead to loss of function
and death.

e) All of the above statements are true

15. The thoracic cavity is separated from the abdominal cavity by the

a) liver.

b) pelvic muscles.

c) diaphragm.

d) mediastinum.

e) lungs.

16. In which quadrant of the abdomen would the pain of acute appendicitis be felt?

a) right lower quadrant

b) left upper quadrant

c) right upper quadrant

d) left lower quadrant

17. If you make a Jell-O mold that has strawberries suspended in it and whipped cream on top, the
strawberries are _____________ while the whip cream is _________.

a) superficial; deep

b) deep; superficial

c) anterior; deep

d) prone; deep

e) All of these are correct

18.The regulation of room temperature by a thermostat is an example of a feedback loop. In this

system, a sensor within the thermostat detects a change in temperature below a programmed set point.
The thermostat then sends a signal which turns on the furnace. The furnace heats the room bringing it
back up to the programmed temperature. Once the room temperature reaches the programmed set
point, the thermostat "turns off" the furnace. Which of the following statements is consistent with the
above scenario?

a) This scenario is an example of a negative feedback mechanism.

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b) The thermostat is the "control center" while the furnace is the "effector".

c) This scenario is different from how negative feedback works in the body because negative feedback in
the body maintains a normal range of values instead of one specific set point.

d) The "receptor" in this scenario is the temperature sensor within the thermostat.

e) All of these are true.

19.Homeostasis is the condition produced by

a) a resistance to change of any kind.

b) the tendency for change in a body parameter to be counteracted as soon as the body parameter
goes past its normal range of values.

c) the tendency for continued change in the same direction regardless of current values of any body
parameter.

d) the presence of pathogens.

e) all of the conditions listed here.

20. Anatomical position refers to individuals that are

a) laying supine, upper limbs extended over their head.

b) standing erect, upper limbs at their sides and palms facing anterior.

c) standing erect, upper limbs at their sides and palms facing inward.

d) laying supine, upper limbs at their sides and palms facing inward.

e) laying supine, upper limbs at their sides and palms facing anterior.

21. Which statement below describes a physiological process?

A. a cell contains cytosol and organelles

B. the blood transports nutrients and oxygen to the cells of the body

C. the thoracic cavity contains several organs including the heart and lungs

D. the skin is composed of two major tissue layers, the epidermis and dermis

E. the pancreas is considered part of the digestive and endocrine systems

22. which of the sections below separates the body into superior and inferior parts?

A. sagittal section

B. oblique section

C. transverse section

D. longitudinal section

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E. frontal section

23. A cavity containing the lungs, but not the heart is the _________ cavity

A. pelvic

B. thoracic

C. abdominal

D. pericardial

E. pleural

24.Which of the following is a cut through an organ at right angles to the long axis

A. oblique section

B. transverse section

C. frontal section

D. sagittal section

E. longitudinal section

25. if a person is standing erect, facing forward and has her hands on her hips, what movements must
she make to assume the anatomical position?

A. she needs to lower her upper limbs to her side with her palms facing anteriorly

B. she does not need to make any movements because she is already in the anatomical position

C. she needs to lower her upper limbs to her side with her palms facing posteriorly

D. she needs to raise her upper limbs so that they are at right angles to her body

E. she needs yo bend her knees slightly and raise her upper limbs so they are above her head

26. this refers to the ability of an organism to sense changes in the environment and make adjustments
needed to help maintain its life

A. growth

B. responsiveness

C. organization

D. development

27. a cavity enclosed by the bones of the pelvis and containing the urinary bladder is the _______ cavity

A. thoracic

B. pleural

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C. abdominal

D. pericardial

E. pelvic

28. the scientific discipline that deals with the processes or functions of living organisms is _________

A. surface anatomy

B. anatomy imaging

C. physiology

D. systemic anatomy

29. in which of these cavities would the urinary bladder and internal reproductive organs be found

A. thoracic

B. pleural

C. pericardial

D. abdominal

E. pelvic

30. which of the sections below separates the body into right and left parts

A. longitudinal section

B. frontal section

C. oblique section

D. median plane/(sagittal) section

E. transverse section

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