Republic of the Philippines

LEYTE NORMAL UNIVERSITY

P. Paterno St. Tacloban, City

Members

Acedera, Jeremie Earl Lennon,

Balundo, Jimuel,

Basijan, Rochel,

Antonio, Kyla,

Amado, Zyrell Joy

Globalization, Cultural, and Multicultural Literacies

Objectives
 Define and understand Globalization, Cultural and Multicultural Literacies
 Explain the effects of globalization from economic to cultural Literacy
 Explain the Expanded flow of Expressive and Instrumental Culture
 Identify some challenges in Cultural Literacy

What is Globalization?
Globalization is the process of interaction and integration between people,
business entities, governments, and cultures from other nations, driven by international
trade and investment and support by information technology (Levin Institute, 2017)
Globalization as a phenomenon is not new.
 Nations and cultures have been interacting and integrating with one another for
millennia.
 Globalization is happening, its overall scope, and its effects on the lives of ordinary
people.

The Effects of Globalization

The effects of globalization are multi-dimensional. As shown earlier they range from
economic to cultural, on both national and individual levels. Meyer (2000) summarizes
the effects of globalization as follows:
 Economic, political, and military dependence and interdependence between
nations;
 Expanded flow of individual people among societies;
 Interdependence of expressive culture among nations; and
 Expanded flow of instrumental culture around the world.

Economic Dependence/ Interdependence

Early 90s when the term globalization entered in the Philippine public mindset. It
was popularly understood to be mainly economic phenomenon, and a negative one at
that. The idea that foreign-owned business could come into the country and freely “set-
up shop,” thereby, choking-out local industries was not a welcome thought, even though
it was erroneous. The fact of the matter is that globalization has brought economic
development to our society as a whole.
Kentor (2001) notes that foreign capital dependence increases income and
equality in four ways:
1. It creates a small, highly paid class of elites to manage these investments, to
create many but usually low-pay jobs;
 Republic of the Philippines
LEYTE NORMAL UNIVERSITY
P. Paterno St. Tacloban, City

2. Profits from these investment are repatriated, rather than invested in the host
country, therefore inhibiting domestic capital formation;
3. Foreign capital penetration tends to concentrate land ownership among the very
rich; and
4. Host countries tend to create political and economic climates favorable to foreign
capital that in turn limit domestic labor’s ability to obtain better wages in simple
words, “the rich become richer, and poor become poorer”.
Hout (1980) observes that international dependence (another world for globalization)
tends to suppress adult wages, which in turn perpetuates the role of children as
economic necessities (the familiar saying “Kapag maraming anak, maraming katulong
sa hanapbuhay”), leading to exclusive population growth.

Political and Military Dependence/ Interdependence

Viray(2018) conducted a survey in late 2018 and found out that three in five
Filipinos believe that United Stated would intervene on behalf of the country in case of
war. Despite the current conservative stance of the US on its foreign policies, this can
be taken as evidence of the Philippine’ dependence on both the political and military
power of the US in order to maintain sovereignty as a nation-state in the Southeast Asia
region.
There are some forms of economic dependence/interdependence, political
dependence/ interdependence is not far behind, as the participating nations strive to
protect their investments and interest in one another.

Expanded Flow of Expressive and Instrumental Culture

Expressive culture, as the term suggests, deals with how a particular culture
expresses itself in its language, music, arts, and the like. Globalization encourages the
monetization of these cultural artifacts and their import/ export among participating
cultures; the increased consumption of which changes the consuming culture.
Instrumental culture refers to “common models of social order” (2Meyer,2000)-
that is, models or ways of thinking about and enacting national identity nation-state
policies both domestic and foreign, socioeconomic development, human right,
education, and social progress.

Cultural Literacy
Cultural Literacy is a term coined by Hirsch (1983), referring to the ability to
understand the signs and symbols of a given culture and being able to participate in its
activities and customs as opposes to simply being a passive (and outside) observer. the
signs and symbols of culture include both its formal and informal languages, its idioms
and form of expression, entertainment, values, customs, roles, traditions and the like-
most of which are assumed and unstated. Thus, they are learned by being part of the
culture, rather than by any formal means.
Cultural literacy is culture-specific, but it is not limited to national cultures,
contrary to what many people assume. The culture of one workplace can be very
different from another, just as the culture of a particular school can differ widely from
another school nearby. there are far too many cultures for any one person to be literate
in all of them. As more and more Filipinos travel- both domestically and abroad- as the
result of globalization and the increased opportunities it brings, the need to develop new
cultural literacies comes to the fore.

Cultural Literacy in the Philippines

Philippine Cultural Education Program, envisions a nation of culturally literate
and empowered Filipinos together with the Department of Education (DepEd) to
formulate the cultural heritage education programs both local and overseas Filipinos.
 Republic of the Philippines
LEYTE NORMAL UNIVERSITY
P. Paterno St. Tacloban, City

This would be an integral part of Philippine education in its all aspects. De Leon (2011)
coins this propensity for Filipinos to look at their culture and themselves through
Western lenses as the Dona Victorina Syndrome.

Challenges for Cultural Literacy in the Philippines

As Applebee (1987) observes, interesting discussion on cultural literacy give rise
to some very difficult questions which are particularly important to a multicultural and
multilingual nation like the Philippines.
 What kinds of knowledge constitute cultural literacy? It is knowing facts, names, and
dates, or is it something more experiential like being familiar with the story or a
particular song?
 Its culture is more than “ caught than taught,” should cultural literacy be one of the
goals of education? If yes, how does one teach it?
 Whose culture must we be literate in to be considered “ culturally literate”? Who
decides which cultures are included and which ones are excluded, and on what
bases?
 Is cultural literacy education simply a means for the dominant culture to express its
dominance over minority cultures?
 How is cultural literacy to be assessed and evaluated? How can we know someone
is “culturally literate”?

Multicultural Literacy
Multicultural Literacy as a set of skills and knowledge is difficult to define
because of how it changes. As a culture begin to mix and change as a result of
globalization, conflicts inevitably arise over identity, values, and worldviews. This
situation consequently needs for a literacy that enables us to quickly and easily identify
and resolve such conflicts, preferably before they even begin. Multicultural literacy is a
knowledge and skills necessary to ensure that any communication with a culture
different from our own is clear, productive, and respectful such that their differences are
celebrated and neither culture is demeaned or treated as inferior.
Examples of manner of being multicultural literate:
 Be selfless
 Know that good and useful things can (and do) come from those different from us.
 Be willing to compromise
 Accept that there are limits
Issues in Teaching and Learning Multicultural Literacy in the Philippines
 Conflicting Requirements for Peace the heart of multicultural literacy is peace
among different cultures- that is productive and non- violent interaction.
 Nationalistic and Regionalistic Pushback the increasing demand for multicultural
sensitivity, inclusion and diversity in the recent years has also given rise to
resistance from groups who believe that their identity is being “watered-down” by
the needed compromises.
 The Persistence of the Problem Boutte (2008) suggests that issues of discrimination
in all its forms (racial, religious, tribal, cultural, etc.) are the issues of hatred, which
defines in an educational setting as “the lack of compassion and lack of respect for
the right of others,” and that such hatred must be fought and its roots must be
attacked, because for as long as hatred exists in the human mind , real peace will
be impossible (Vreeland, 2001).
 The Question of Love Another, issue in teaching and learning multicultural literacy is
better posited as a question: “ why should I treated people of another culture with
respect?”
 Republic of the Philippines
LEYTE NORMAL UNIVERSITY
P. Paterno St. Tacloban, City

Activity
1. It is an overall scope, and it affects the life of ordinary people?
a. Nation
b. Culture
c. Globalization
d. Economic

2. It refers to the ability to understand the signs and symbols for a given culture and
being able to participate in its activities and custom as opposes to simply being
passive observer?
a. Cultural Literacy
b. Instrumental Culture
c. Expressive Culture
d. Multicultural Literacy

3. It refers to “common models of social order”?

a. Expressive Culture
b. Cultural Literacy
c. Multicultural Literacy
d. Instrumental Culture

4. It is a set of knowledge and skills that is difficult to define because of how it

changes?
a. Multicultural Literacy
b. Economic
c. Cultural Literacy
d. Military dependants

5. Who conducted the survey in year (2018) and found out that 3 in 5 Filipinos
believes that United States would intervance the half of our country in case of
war?
a. Kentor
b. Viray
c. Vreeland
d. Applebee

6. It’s a knowledge and skills necessary to ensure that any communication with a
culture different from our own is clear, productive, and respectful such that their
differences are celebrated and neither culture is demeaned or treated as inferior.
a. Globalization Literacy
b. Cultural Literacy
c. Multicultural Literacy
d. None of the above
7. It’s the process of interaction and integration between people, business entities,
governments, and cultures from other nations, driven by international trade and
investment and support by information technology and it is also known as a
phenomenon as not new.
a. Cultural Literacy
b. Multicultural Literacy
c. Globalization
d. None of the above

8. The effects of globalization are multi-dimensional. What is the effects of

globalization?
a. Expanded flow of individual people among societies;
b. Interdependence of expressive culture among nations; and
 Republic of the Philippines
LEYTE NORMAL UNIVERSITY
P. Paterno St. Tacloban, City

c. Expanded flow of instrumental culture around the world.

d. All of the above

9. The example of manner of being multicultural literate as an understanding person

that our culture has different diversity. The persons must be possessing the
characteristic of being _____.
a. Be selfless
b. Be willing to compromise
c. Accept that there are limits
d. All of the above

10. The issues in Teaching and Learning Multicultural Literacy in the Philippines.
What is the issues referring to?
a. Conflicting Requirements for Peace the heart of multicultural literacy is peace
among different cultures- that is productive and non- violent interaction.
b. The Persistence of the Problem suggests that issues of discrimination in all its
forms such as racial, religious, tribal, and cultural.
c. Nationalistic and Regionalistic Pushback the increasing demand for
multicultural sensitivity, inclusion and diversity.
d. All of the above

Answer Key:
1. C.
2. D.
3. D.
4. A.
5. B.
6. C.
7. C.
8. D.
9. D.
10. D.