 Introduction

-------- Hi... Shivani Shejwal here, basically from Pune, and currently working as a cloud
administrator at IBN Technologies. I have about two years of experience with AWS and the Linux
platform. I have basic knowledge of devops configuration management tools like git, ansible, docker,
jenkins etc.

The current company work for my role is, support on ticketing system, troubleshooting of issues on
Linux and AWS, Launch and configure the servers on AWS, configuring the softwares and applications
etc.


 Why are you switching to your current job?
-----"I am excited about the opportunity to take on new challenges and further develop
my skills, and I believe that this position aligns well with my career goals and
aspirations."

 your expected salary is negotiable?

------I'm sorry, but based on my experience and skills, I believe that the salary package is
appropriate. Instead of this, I'd like to know how much you can offer for me this position.

 Magento installation steps. [in short]

------Install LAMP stack: Magento requires a web server, PHP, database and elastic
search.

 What is magento?
Magento is a popular open-source e-commerce platform written in PHP. The
platform is compatible with Linux-based systems such as Ubuntu or Debian. It
was first released in 2008 and has since become one of the most popular e-commerce platforms
in the world.

 what is radis?

Redis (Remote Dictionary Server) is an open-source, in-memory data structure store that is used
for caching, messaging, and data processing. Redis is known for its high performance and low
latency due to its in-memory nature, which allows for extremely fast data operations.
  What is varnish?

Caching: Varnish caches HTTP responses in memory, allowing for fast access to frequently
requested content.

Reverse proxy: Varnish can act as a reverse proxy server, intercepting and forwarding requests to
a web application server.

Load balancing: Varnish can be used to load balance traffic across multiple web application
servers.

Linux
 What is linux?
  ------   Linux is the best-known and most-used open source operating system that was
designed to provide a free and a low-cost operating system for the computer users..
Linux is a UNIX based operating system. Linus Torvalds first introduced it.
 Linux boot process ?
        ---- There are 6 steps of booting process in linux
1. BIOS- Bios stands for basic input/output system .BIOS loads and
executes the MBR boot loader
 2. MBR- MBR stands for Master Boot Record.
MBR loads and executes the GRUB boot loader.
Size of MBR : MBR is less than 512 bytes in size. This has three
components: 1) primary boot loader info in 1st 446 bytes 2) partition table
info in next 64 bytes 3) mbr validation check in last 2 bytes.

3. GRUB-  Grub stands for grand unified bootloader holds the information of the
operating system.if you have multiple kernel images installed on your system.
You can choose which one to be executed .
GRUB just loads and executes Kernel and initrd images.

4. KERNEL- Mounts the root file system as specified in the “root=” in grub.conf
initrd stands for Initial RAM Disk.
                     kernel executes the /sbin/init programs 

5. INIT- init executes run level programs there are 7 run levels 
6. RUN LEVELS - Types  0. halt 1. single user 2. Multi user without nfs 3.Multi user
with nfs 4.Unused 5. Graphical 6.Rebbot

  What is swap memory size? 

Swap size is always double than ram size.
Example: suppose RAM is 8GB then Swap space is 16GB

 What is kernel
A Kernel is a computer program that is the heart and core of an Operating System.  The
Kernel is responsible for low-level tasks such as disk management, memory
management, task management, etc. It provides an interface between the user and
the hardware components of the system

 ● What is LAMP/LEMP stack ?

     --- - LAMP stands for Linux ,Apache MYSQL and PHP, for lamp installation we
install    apache mysql and php on linux machine
 - open source web development platform where apache is hosting/web server mysql as
database and PHP is development language

What is DNS
       -- DNS stands for Domain Name System, Translates human readable domain names to IP
addresses.
   Which types of backups are available in linux ? 
        ---  (1) Incremental backup, 
              (2) differential backup and
              (3) mirror backup. 

 How to extend the root partition ?

      ---- You can expand the root volume using the Amazon EC2 console. In EC2
console, you need to select Volume then, from actions select Modify Volume then,
Choose the Volume Type, and then enter the Size then, Choose Modify, and then
choose Yes. And then, we need to extend a Linux file system after resizing a Volume.
We need to login to that Instance and we need to hit two commands there which are
“growpart [device_path] [partition_number]” and “resize2fs [device_path]”

 Mysql restore ?
    ---- i have use this command mysqldump -u  username  dbname < dbname.sql

  What is PHP?
       ----PHP is a server side scripting language. that is used to develop Static websites
or Dynamic websites or Web applications. PHP stands for Hypertext Preprocessor,
which earlier stood for Personal Home Pages. PHP scripts can only be interpreted on a
server that has PHP installed.

 How to check mysql process ?

      ---- we  use this command ps -aux | grep “mysql”

 Which  process is running in which port ? 

      ---- we use this command netstat -ntpl

 In a server lot of apache process are running how to kill them

     ----  we check running process use this command ps -aux | grep “apache” 
     ----  kill process so use command kill -9 process id

 How many monitoring commands you 

            used in Linux?
-----      1. top, 2.htop, 3. ps, 4.ps -aux, 
            5.lsof,6.sar, 7.du -sch 8.vim 
            stat,09.netstat -ntcl.

 How to check which shell in my  system?

----       using command which shell 

 rsync command syntax?

-----     rsync -avze "ssh -i key path" [source_path] [destination_path]

  What is A record in DNS?
---        A Records are the most basic type of DNS record and are used to point a
domain or subdomain to an IP address.

 What is the CNAME record in DNS?

----      A Canonical Name or CNAME record is a type of DNS record that maps
an alias name to a true or canonical domain name. CNAME records are typically
used to map a subdomain.

 Help me with daily used networking commands in linux?

----      Ans: They are -
ifconfig
traceroute
dig
dig +short
telnet
nslookup
netstat
scp
w
nmap

 What is the  difference between / and /root? 

-----      / is the root of all directory structures in the root. And /root is the home directory
of root.

 Components of linux?
-----     They are -
Kernel
Shell
GUI
Application Programmes

 What is a shell?
------    Simply put, the shell is a program that takes commands from the keyboard and
gives them to the operating system to perform. In the old days, it was the only user
interface available on a Unix-like system such as Linux.

 What is core? 

In 1 CPU we can attach multiple processors each processor is known as 'core'.

 What is FTP?
 FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol. used for the transfer of computer files
between a client and server on a computer network. FTP is built on a client-
server model architecture using separate control and data connections between
the client and the server.FTP working on 20/21 port. 

 Why use 20 either 21 ports in FTP? 

Port 21 is used to establish the connection between the 2 computers (or hosts)
and port 20 to transfer data (via the Data channel).

 Which class of ip address has the most host addresses available by

default?

          Class A addressing provides 24 bits for host addressing.

  ● What is ansible ? 

    ----Ansible is an open source automation platform.  Ansible can help you with
configuration management, application deployment, task automation.

 What is Devops?
-----     DevOps is a set of practices that works to automate and integrate the processes
between software development and IT teams.


 You worked on SMTP?
Yes, it stands for Simple Mail Transfer protocol. Is a communication protocol for
electronic mail transmission.
SMTP works on 25 Port no.

 
 What is git ?
Git is a free and open source distributed version control system designed to handle
everything from small to very large projects with speed and efficiency. Git is easy to
learn and has a tiny footprint with lightning fast performance.

 What is Github?
 -----     Github is a site based on an open source version control system known as git,
like other version control software git helps with tracking changes to a repository which
is in simple terms a collection of files and folders.

 What did you do on terraform?

-----     I used terraform for automating infrastructure creation like EC2, RDS, s3 bucket.

 What is docker?
Docker is a popular open-source project based on Linux containers. Docker is written in
go and developed by Dotcloud (A PaaS Company). It is basically a container engine
that uses the Linux Kernel features like namespaces and control groups to create
containers on top of an operating system.

AWS Interview Questions

 What is EC2 ?
       ---- Ec2 stands for elastic cloud compute. I have created an ec2 instance that requires  Ebs
volume,Ami,security group,pem key.

 What are EBS volumes?

      ---- :EBS stands for Elastic Block Stores. They are persistent volumes that you can
attach to the instances. With EBS volumes, your data will be preserved even when you stop
your instances, unlike your instance store volumes where the data is deleted when you stop
the instances.

 What is AMI ?
      ---- Ami stands for amazon machine image. We can take backup of instances with AMI.
      ----AMI is a template that contains the software configurations, launch permission and a
block device mapping that specifies the volume to attach to the instance when it is launched.

  What is a security group ?

      ---- A security group acts as a virtual firewall that controls the traffic for one or more
instances. You can add rules to each security group that allow traffic to or from its
associated instances.
  How many types of instances are available in EC2?

       ----- There are six instance types 

             General Purpose Instances

             Computer Optimized Instances

             Memory Optimized Instances

             Storage Optimized Instances

             Accelerated Computing.  Instances

             Dense Storage Instances

 What is S3 ?

     -----S3 stands for Simple Storage Service. S3 is a aws manage service which use to
store data it is an object storage.

 How many storage types in S3 ?

      ----There are six storage classes in S3 and they are -

              Standard

              Infrequently Accessed

              Single Zone Infrequently Accessed

              Glacier

              Deep Glacier

              Intelligent Tier

                                                                                                                                            
                                                                                                                 

  What is the lifecycle policy in S3?

-----    You can use lifecycle policies to 
           define actions that you want
            Amazon S3 to take during an 
           object's lifetime.

 What is the minimum and maximum size of Object, we can store in S3?

      ---- Minimum: 0 Byte and Maximum: 5 TB

 ● What is VPC ?
---- Vpc stands for virtual private cloud. We can create an Isolate (Private) environment.1 vpc, 2
subnets,3 rout tables, 4. internet gateway 5  Nat gateway.These are the components of VPC. 

 What is the Internet Gateway in VPC?

      ---- Internet Gateway is used to allow resources in your VPC to access the internet.

 What is NAT Gateway?

     ---- You can use a network address translation (NAT) gateway to enable instances in
a private subnet to connect to the internet or other AWS services, but prevent the
internet from initiating a connection with those instances.

 How many rules can we add in a single security group?

     ----Each security group can have up to 50 inbound rules and 50 outbound rules.

 What is Elastic IP?

       ---- An Elastic IP address is a reserved public IP address that you can assign to 
any EC2 instance in a particular region, until you choose to release it.

● What is a load balancer ?

----    ELB automatically distributes 
         Incoming application traffic and
         scales resources to meet traffic 
         demands. 

    What is the auto scaling in AWS? 

-----    AWS Auto scaling is a service that 
          automatically monitors adjests
          compute resources.

 
 What are the types of load balancer?
----       Three types of Load balancer 
           1. Application load balancer 
           2. Network load balancer and
           3. Classic load balancer 

 What is the  difference between security group and nacl? 

    ----   Security groups we can't deny traffic 
           In security group only allow traffic 
           rule it's also called State full. 

           Nacl - We can  deny and allow 

           rules in nacl it's call to state less.

 What is Launch Configuration in Auto Scaling of EC2 service?

 -----    A launch configuration is an instance configuration template that an Auto Scaling

group uses to launch EC2 instances. Include the ID of the Amazon Machine Image
(AMI), the instance type, a key pair, one or more security groups, and a block device
mapping.

 Give me an example of an Application Load Balancer?

-----     Best example of the same is the HA (High Availability) of unipune website, which
is highly available just because of the Load Balancing.

 What is Route 53 in AWS?

 -----    Amazon Route 53 (Route 53) is a scalable and highly available Domain Name
System (DNS) service. It acts the same as a DNS service. What it does is, it resolves
hostname to IP and IP to hostname vice versa.

 What is a hosted zone in AWS Route 53?

 ----     Use the AWS Management Console or the CreateHostedZone API to create a
hosted zone that can store DNS records for your domain. Upon creating the hosted
zone, you receive four Route 53 name servers across four different Top-Level Domains
(TLDs) to help ensure a high level of availability.

 I have an EC2 server and in that server, how to access a RDS DB Instance
by using CLI?
 -----    By using command “mysql -h [endpoint_of_RDS_DB_Instance] -P 3306 -u
[username] -p”

 What is the difference between Horizontal scaling and Vertical scaling?

      ----Horizontal scaling means that you scale by adding more machines into your pool
of resources whereas Vertical scaling means that you scale by adding more power
(CPU, RAM) to an existing machine .

 How to access office servers when you are doing WFH and also in case
you are not having access to the VPN?

 -----    Yes, but, for that purpose, I need to whitelist my IP (port number and ICMP
protocol if needed) in a security group which I assigned to that Instance.

 What is a spot instance?

------    Spot Instances. A Spot Instance is an unused EC2 instance that is available for
less than the On-Demand price. Because Spot Instances enable you to request unused
EC2 instances at steep discounts, you can lower your Amazon EC2 costs significantly.
The hourly price for a Spot Instance is called a Spot price.

 How to take MySQL database backup?

By using mysqldump command.

 what is waf in aws?

--------- WAF (Web Application Firewall) is a security service provided by AWS
(Amazon Web Services). WAF allows you to create rules to block traffic from
specific IP addresses, countries, or regions, and also provides protection against
common web attacks, such as SQL injection, cross-site scripting (XSS), and other
vulnerabilities. WAF can be used with multiple AWS services, such as Amazon
CloudFront and Application Load Balancer.

 what is cloudfront on aws.

--------- Amazon CloudFront is a content delivery network (CDN) service
provided by AWS (Amazon Web Services) that delivers content, such as videos,
images, and static files, to users worldwide with low latency and high transfer
speeds. CloudFront works by caching content in edge locations around the world,
which are AWS data centers located in different geographic locations. When a
user requests content, CloudFront automatically routes the request to the nearest
edge location, reducing latency and improving transfer speeds.
 what is Elasticache on AWS.
------ Amazon ElastiCache is a web service provided by AWS (Amazon Web
Services) that makes it easy to deploy and operate an in-memory cache in the
cloud. ElastiCache is compatible with popular in-memory caching engines, such
as Memcached and Redis, and provides an easy-to-use interface for creating and
managing cache clusters. Once you create an ElastiCache cluster, your
applications can read and write data to the cache using standard caching APIs,
such as get and set.