4 Fixed and Continuous Beams ———______Fixed and Continu®=——= Fixed and continuous beams are beams in alone. Inthese beams, the number of are said to be statically indetermin nai Which the reactions at the supports cannot be determined by the ions of equi ‘eactions atthe supports exceeds the number of independent equations of ¢4 4.1 FIXED BEAMS tt i a A fixed beam is a beam whose end supports ‘end slopes remaii : voatered). Sacha beam i also called bueno on na Pe EO ' Fig. 4.1(a) shows a. If an end support is not able to provide sufficient restraining or reacting moment, some slope will be produced at that support. Buti there is absolute fixity a a support the slope at the support will remain zero, 4.2 B.M, DIAGRAM FOR A FIXED BEAM Fig. 42 (ilia) shows a fixed beam AB carrying an external load system. Let Vand ¥, be the vertical reactions atthe supports A and B. Let M, and M, be the fixed end moments. The beam may be analysed in the following stages. ( Letus first consider the beam as simply supported. Let v, and v, be the reactions at 4 and B for this condition, Fig. 4.2 (ib) shows the bending moment diagram for this condition. At any section the bending moment M, is a sagging moment. (ia) Freely supponed ‘condition " 4 ix 2 (ia) Effect of end coupes My, y (Resultant BM. Diagram ig. 4.2 (i) Now let us consider the effect of end couples M, and M, alone, Let be the reaction at each end due to this condition. Suppose M, > M,. See Fig. 4.2 (iia).a0 AND CONTINUOUS BEAMS 7 Fae 42) tows the bending moment dram orion, Any section he bending moment Mi aneEang manent [Now the final bend i diagrams as shown in ‘The fical reaction nem is agram - bbe drawn by combining the above two B.M. diagt Fe acta bead Romana mer "86 moment at any section X, distant x from the end A is given by, @y EV 7 Ma-M, ba x0, 2-0 and at x D Further ‘oad = area ofthe Free B.M. diagram a 3 Jucae area of the Fixed B.M. diagram = a Substituting, inthe above equati ae ‘ ion, we get, 0=a—a' a=! * Areaofthe free BM, diagram =area ofthe fixed BM. diagram. — 2 Agri consider the reation BY ay, ay, Multiplying by x, ent Pyro 1 1 Integrating, we get, foxtte = Jone fie ee ee wee) = distance of the centroid ofthe free B.M. diagram from A = ¥ = distance ofthe centroid ofthe fixed B.M. diagram from A. Further, at r=0,y-0mnd & ° and, at sohy0mna & 0 ‘Substituting in the above relation, we have, 0= a¥—a'¥" o @adF og FF +: The distance of the centroid of the free B.M. diagram from A = the distance of the centroid of the fixed B.M. diagram from A. By using the conditions a =a" 0) and FaF ~ (i) the unknowns M, and M, can be determined. Let us now consider some standard cases. Case (). Fixed beam carrying a point load at midspan Fig. 4.3 shows a fixed beam 4B of span carrying a point load W at midspan. Due to symmetry the end moments M, and M, are equal. Fig. 4.3 shows the free and fixed B.M. diagrams. Equating the areas of the free and fixed B.M. diagrams, we have, 1)M m m aaa; Mint 2 Me ye 3 Md=phG ’ met B.M. at MidspanTHEORY OF StrucTUpeg Dp Mou, 7 a . vn WIR vn WD ™ Fixed BM. Diagram ut Effect of end My w wy Ty logy * (OM. y my * . lf : : HM. Final BM. Diagram “ Hl x sbi re 43 Due to symmetry the reactions Vand Y ae equal " nel aay Now the S.F. and B.M. diagrams for the beam can be easily drawn. Obviously two points of contraflexure occur at f from the ends. ‘Slope and Deflection. At any section in AC distant x from the end A, the B.M. is given by, , a2 oa, aan 2 Ineging wept, 612 MEME oe equation eae a x00 G0 Wx? Whe? . Inepating agin. wees, t3p= 2! cteton equation) , At x-08-0 | Geo ‘Maximum deflection occurs at midspan, 4 ie, at ref is , mr(LY_m( Pao? mo ey, - E(t) (4) mn i+} 4 wet Ye ~ 93 By = 4 the deflection for a simply supported beam, | may be noted that for a simply supported beam carrying a point load W at midspan, the central deflection is Case (i) Fixed beam carrying a uniformly distributed load of w per unit run over the whole span Fig. 4 shows a fixed beam 48 of span carrying a uniformly distributed load w per uit run over the whole span By symmetry, the end moments M, and M, are equal, ue ‘The free B.M. diagram i parabola whose cental ordinate is “>.i 10 CONTINUOUS BEAMS, aaa «on ‘Equating the areas ofthe fixed and free B.M, diagrams, we have, 2 aa Mle 2 we we 2 i> A ad My " Hence at any section distant x from the left end A the actual bending moment is given by For the points of contraflexure, x— "8? _ wl? =0 22 a Froe BM, Diagram t M, | MM, . Fed BM. Diagram wid win SE Diagram win. Fig. 4.5 Solving this quadratic, we get x = oe 35 ah Hence two points of contraflexure occur. These are equidistant from the centre ofthe span. Each point of contraflexure is at 2 distance of od from the centre of the span. Slope and Deflection The bending moment at any section is given by, Integrating, we get,THEORY OF STRUCTURES At G=0 yx? 2 24 24 x=0y=0 2 C=0 Integrating again, we ge, At +C,(Defletion equation) Forthe defection atthe centre, putting x= inthe defection equation, we ge, 1 wi (1)? wh 5) (a) “ie wit 3842 Temay be noted that for a simply supported team carrying the uniformly distributed load over the whole span, the central deflection Yer Swit : 'S 38427 ° ‘Hence the central deflection for the fixed beam. 1 ‘5 of the central deflection of the simply supported beam. imre pam 1. A beam & m long is fixed at its ends. It carries a uniformly distributed load of 4500 N’mover the whole span. Find the ‘maximum bending moment and the maximum deflection Take E = 200 kNinmt and |= 5x10? mn Solution, = 8m, w=4500.N/m=4.50 kN/m, El=200 5» 107= 101° kN mm? : wi? _ 45x87 Maximum bendingmoment = =. = =24kNm _ wt asus! © 384ET ~ 384x10% ng geblem 2-4 beam 8 m long fixed at both ends caries a uniformly distributed load over the whole span. Find the load intensity on the beam, (O Ifthe maximum bending moment shall not exceed 40 kNm. ‘Maximum deflection 10° mm = 4.80mm (WI the maximum deflection shall not exceed xz ofthe span. Take El = 9.5 % 10? kN mm? Solution. Case (9. When the maximum bending moment equals 0 km, wr? 40x12 For thi MD =400vm w= Sea sevim this case, iy =40kNm a (Case (i). When the maximum deflection equals 71> ofthe span, 7 wt For this case, 38087 7 700 9.5310? SERED _ 384295210" 19-6 17. 81254NIm, : ~= goo 400x8" Problem 3. 4 horizontal I-beam fixed at both ends and 8 m long carries a total uniformly distributed load of 100 kN and a concentrated load of 40 kN at midspan. If the bending stress is limited t0 80 N/mm? and the deflection must not exceed 3 mm, find the depth of the section required. Take E = 2 « 10° N/mm? Solution. Total distributed load = W; = 100 kN Concentrated load at midspan =, = 40 AN Span of the beam =[=8m WL Wl 1 Tilt on, +3) +P Om 3) 37 Maximum BM.forthebeam M =— +" => _gso AND CONTINUOUS BEAMS section modulus ton 4) d i 1d a oem, +3y yb 4 a - OM +32) 29-5, OM +) ag, Maximum bending stress . WE wp Pp 5 Al yy m Wa) 4B Maximum deflection 1 384ET * 19267 L +3) BEd - a Wr) nd (Hm eam) 0 2 +W, ) BE a 100+2(40) 8080007 * = 600mm Problem 4 2(100)+3(40) 82x10 13 } Determine the fixed end moments for the loaded beam shown in Fig. 4.6. Draw also B.M. diagram for the beam. ” Me BM.Diagam ig. 4.6 Solution. Fig. 4.6 shows the free and the fixed bending moment diagrams. Due to symmetry of loading, the fixed moments at 4 and fare equal. ie, M, = My, Equating the areas of the fixed and free bending moment diagrams, 2 ana]228 THEORY OF StAUCTURes Problem S.A beam of uniform section, simply supported at the ends carries a concentrated load W at midspan. Ifthe ends of py beam are fixed find the value of the point load P atthe middle poin ofthe beam for each ofthe following cases (0. The deflection at the centre remains the sume (i) The maximum bending moment remains the same rg. 4.7 Solution - 3 (Deflection at the mid-point ofthe simply supported beam = s a Deflection atthe mid-point ofthe fixed beam - SET ; PP op Inthese deflect L Ee pd feflections are equal me ie ion (ii) Maximum bending moment for the simply supported beam = a 7 , Pl Maximum bending moment forthe fixed beam 2 pom mH If these bending moments are equal a.m paw ino Problem 6. A fixed beam of 6 metres span supports two point loads of 300 KN each at 2 metres from each end. Find the fs omer fed eo of me Parone elt as of 0 cach? mts fa eahend Find te ing Solution. Fig. 4.8 shows the fixed beam AB carrying the two point loads. Due to symmetry the fixing moments M, and M, are equal. Fig. 4.8 shows the free and fixed B.M. diagrams. ‘Equating the areas of these diagrams, we have, Myx 6= (6009246) My LM. at the centre = 600-400 = 200Nm (00 kNmxt AND CONTINUOUS BEAMS 2s | a2 cl am Jo am a Smo 200820080 pe Ame | i » oun Lf Ia oun OOK 600K til BM Digram 4 wx c D ’ re Free BM Diagram 2’ Z mew | IL mm * rm : 3004 00K c D 2 Se Digan Fised BM. Diagram ng. 4.8 Points of Contraflexure ‘Actual B.M. at any section in AC distant x from. is given by M = Free moment - Fixed moment ; ‘M=300x—400 For the point of contraflexure, 300x— 400-0; = $m fromeitherend. slope and Deflection Forany section between 4 and D distant x from A the bending moment is given by 2 #1 £2 ~ 3002 400|-300(2-2) Innegrating, we get, 61% =1502°—a00r+ ¢,|-150@-2 ee fy RE Pea? (Deflection equation) At 0 2 G For the maximum deflection which occurs at the centre, putting x ~ 3 m in the deflection equation, we get, Elynax = 50(3)° ~200(3)? ~S0(1? = -500 7 f = 500 500 aos 2 mas "ET ~~ 200x910" Case (iil). Fixed beam carrying a concentrated load eccentrically placed on the span. Fig, 4.8(a) shows a fixed beam AB of span / carrying a point load W at C eccentrically on the span so that AC Wab 78mm and BC = b. Obviously the free B.M. diagram is a triangle whose altitude is “2°. Let M, and M, be the fixing moments atthe ends. Hence, the fixed B.M. diagram is trapezoidal. ‘Since the areas ofthe fixed and free B.M. diagrams are equal, we have, : My +My = ~O We also know that the centroidal distances 3° and ¥ of the fixed and free B.M. diagrams from the end 4 should also be equal. ‘We know, for the fixed B.M. diagram 3° =THEORY OF STRUCTURE and, for the free B.M. diagram, z =“ froma .. M,+2M, = (14a) Met My ¥ My+M, = Me om equation () ' i) M,+2M, = Heb 4 4) Sutracing eatin (pom ena Up My Mg) He Maa): ra Putting My “ > in equation 9, Wa® _ Wab M, ~ ab we eet, mm ,- “ wa a) Was? But I-a-6 y= ro Wab* Thus the fined end moment at A and Bare, = 2% SF Diagam My. 4.9{no CONTINUOUS BEAMS pe das hoa th ben 7 xtion distant x from the end A, the bending mome ae But ab? Wab, EX 2 7 ( 2 pee ra a Wab’ & =p Gabe bye | a 2 was? SF TE Garb 8 ab" |-W(x-a) 2 dy _W?Ga+b)x? Wab? W(-9)" (slope equation) Integrating, Spe aa Butat EI Woe-ay tion) Integrating again, Wa gS ae 6 (deflection equat At x=0y=0 Deflection under the load Putting x ~ a in the deflection equation, we have, We? Ga+b)a _Wab*(a) By, = Ce Garba _ Wore) ‘Maximum Deflection Leta>b : tiie Maximum deflection will occur between A and C. For this condition equating the slope to zero, . werGa+b)? Wab™ SS aeae iat ae ‘Substituting in the deflection equation, we get, ent is given by y qr 7FreeBM.—Fixed BM. We?Ga+b)(_2al \'_Wab*(_2al y Elms => (3avb) 2 Bard. WO 2al Vy 6! \3a+b, | erg oasoae! 3a+b We? 40°? 2 Ward? “oP Garb Garber 2 wad® Yaar “3 Ga+by El= THEORY OF STRUCTURey Points of Contraflexure 2 Forthepointofconirafexureinac, a = a bye 7 _a *" 3046 wo? Wad? For the point of contraflexure in BC, MM pr Gat Be Wa) =0 Solving, we get Reactions at the supports Reaction atthe support A = V, 7 P@ +2ab+6? a? +ab) 7 2 = Raab 6%) = “Pare 2 20) Reaction at the support B ies Wab? pe ae: Wap 2 ae | MEP + ab—0*) LPP Pt _Wa (a? +2ab+b? +ab-b?) e Wa ? = Rta +348) =e (a3) : ~ME a2 Problem 7. beam 8 m long fixed at both ends carries a concentrated load of $0 kN ata distance oy Sm from the eft end. Find the deflection under the load, and also the position and amount of maximum deflection. Take E = 200 tN/mmt and I< 8 10" ma Solution. a=Sm, b=3m, I=8m, W=SORN, E1=200%8* 10'=1.6 10" kNmm? Wa") 50x3*x3? og 10° mm —6.87 mm 3EIP ~ 3x1.6x10%@ <0 ™—687m Maximum deflection oceurs at a distance of al _ 2x58 3a+b ~ 3x543 : 2 Wao? Maximum deflection 3 Garb ET Deflection under the load = 4.444 m from the left end, 2 50x5%x3? 3 Bx5+3)'1.6x10" = 7.23 m, 4.3 FIXED BEAM CARRYING A UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD FOR A GIVEN DISTANCE FROM ONE END. Fig. 4.10 shows a fixed beam AB of span ! carrying a uniformly distributed load per unit run for a distance a from the end A. Consider any section X distant x from the end 4, Load acting for an elemental distance dx = w dx. 104 mmno CONTINUOUS BEAMS (I-x) E 0a te gata { a ae 8la+3a°) Similarly total fix pe fixing momentat 8 = 4,= f= =)4 3 3 wa’ (41-30) ye 39). M, Some Particular Cases Whose air i Case 1. ‘the distributed load covers half the span. For this case, putting a= 7 w P(e ot Pf) Ie Pet ysl) oe, M, (« +35 |= agg and Pp x) Fa aes 3) (Case 2. When the distributed load covers the whole span. For this case, putting wh gt git ya M, = “56? -8? +3?) =", and “apt : we =“ a- Ms~ op Problem 8. A beam of uniform section is built-in at each end so as o have a clear span of #025 KN/m on the left. ‘the | ‘together with a point load of 120 KN at 4.50 m from ‘he reactions ot the end nd des the BM dagram forte bear ‘om. It carries a uniformly distributed the left end. Find the fixing moments 124.6875 km Fig. 4.11 Solution Fixing moment at A, : Wad? MN yo5.c62 4 !2O*4SALS 5) 5605 433.75-8: 192 4.5215 25.6? 4 2S ANS 95 43754101.25= 192 6 5.3125 kN 124.6875 kNm cee oe‘THEORY OF STRUCTURES Reactions 2 BM ard =¥,x6~ 124.6875 25*¥" __ 5.3105 Vy = 18.3125 kw ¥, =QS*3)+120-115,3125 = 79.6875 iN BM atc =79.6875 x3-25» 3 85.3125 =41.25 Nm BM at D = 115.3125 % 1.5 ~ 124.6875 = 48.28125 Nm Point of contraflexure in AC, Let at a section in AC distant x from A the BM be zero. 79.6875x-25 “-88.3125 =0 2° ~6375x+6825 =0 x= 136m Point of contraflexure in DB Let at a section in DB distant x from B the BM be zero. 3 115.3125 x 124.6875 x= 108m Problem 9. Find the fixed end moments for the loaded beam shown in Fig. 4.12. 164m 4 Tm tm eed 16kvm © (Prommrnacncemereomy L451 Nn ¢ 1 ema J 58.67 kN c 26gr Km 0 CS enh ——2 7 T6kNm Fg. 4.12 Solution. Note that the given loading is a uniformly distributed loading of 16 kN/m acting from Ct D. Fixing moments at 4 and B due to downward uniformly distributed load of 16 kN/m acting from A to Dare given by, 2 2 wa’ 2 2) _ 16x6: 2 2 —| (6? -81a+3a° (68° -8x8x6+3x6")=81 kNm (hogging ra“ 430°) = a y (hogging) 2 6 My Sal ~30) = - = (48-36) = 634Nm (hogging) Fixing moments at A and B due to upward uniformly distributed load of 16 kN/m acting from A to Care given by, 2 t= SES, (6x8? -8x8x4+3%4?) = 58.67 kN (sagging) 1a diy= Mi BE oct -908)=26070 sin Net fixing moment at A = 81 ~ 58.67 = 22.33 kNm (hogging) and Net fixing moment at B = 63 - 26.67 = 36.33 kNm (hogging). Alternative method Fixing moments atthe ends ofthe beam due to an elemental load (16 ck) acting ata distance x metres from the left end A are, _ (i6ds)x(8—x)? _ 1 x(8—x)? de aig, = SO = x82) (6a8)2°B=") 1 ry and am, = OE =e ‘Total ixingmoment atthe le end A (8 =)" dego 0 CONTINUOUS BEAMS 21 ‘ fle4x-16x? +x") ae ol 4 [See -) i600 Leta] . 4640-81067 260) = 22,33 kNm ‘otal fixing moment atthe right end B 4a om, = fedene i 1% a7 fore i z a8 6343) Leet 48 ike 4-46 4 | = }(405.33~260) 44 FIXED BEAM CARRYING A SYMMETRICAL TRIANGULAR LOAD r sei treatin Fig. 4.13 (a) shows a fixed beam 4B of span carrying asymmetrical triangular load, the intensity of the load varying cach end to w at the centre C. 36.33 kNm. i 3 Set wi 3" 96 o o € o Fig. 4.19 ine WE Fig 4.13 () shows the fee BM. diagram forthe beam the maximum fee B.M. atthe centre being “T>-. (Note thi free B.M. diagram follows a cubic law).