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01

1853 1890 1918

• Commodore Perry sails into • 30 October: The Imperial • Takashi Hara is appointed the
Nagasaki harbour to open trade Rescript on Education is issued. first ‘commoner’ prime minister.
negotiations with the Japanese This document is distributed
emperor. to all schools. It emphasizes
1919
civic responsibility and imperial
1868 loyalty as the moral basis for • Paris Peace Conference takes
education. It will be displayed place.
• January: Restoration of Meiji rule together with a portrait of the • Japan lays claim to Shandong
is declared. emperor and read on ceremonial province in China.
occasions until its repudiation in
1870 1948. 1921–22
1894–95
• Commoners are allowed to • The Washington Naval
adopt surnames, a privilege Conference takes place leading
previously reserved for samurai. • The Sino-Japanese War breaks to the Washington Naval Treaty
out on 1 August 1894 and ends and the Nine-Power Treaty.
1871 with the Treaty of Shimonoseki
on 17 April 1895. 1925
• Samurai are allowed to cut their 1902
topknots, to lay down their • The Peace Preservation Law is
swords, and to intermarry with passed.
commoners. • The Anglo-Japanese Alliance is • Universal male suffrage is
signed. introduced.
1872 1904–05 1926
• Compulsory elementary
education is introduced. • The Russo-Japanese War breaks • Emperor Taishō (Yoshihito) dies.
out in 1904. It ends in 1905 with The Shōwa era begins with the
1873 the Treaty of Portsmouth being coronation of Crown Prince
signed in 1905. Hirohito.
• Mass conscription is introduced. 1912 1927
1874
• The Taishō era begins, following • Start of the banking crisis and
the death of Emperor Meiji onset of the Great Depression/
• Meirokusha (Meiji Six Society) (Mutsuhito).
is formed to promote what Wall Street Crash.
is called ‘civilization and 1914 1928
enlightenment’.
1889 • Japan enters World War I on the • The Assassination of China’s
side of the Entente powers. warlord, ‘Old Marshal’ Zhang
• 11 February: The emperor 1915 Zuolin.
presents the Constitution 1930
of the Empire of Japan. On
the same day, the House of • Japan presents the Twenty-One
Representatives Election Law is Demands to China. • The London Naval Conference
passed giving the vote to men takes place.
over 25 who pay at least ¥15 in • Prime Minister Hamaguchi
national taxes (which is just over Osachi is shot and critically
1 per cent of the population). wounded.

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Japanese expansion in East Asia 1931–41

1931 1937 1940

• A bomb explodes in Manchuria, • Prince Konoe Fumimaro is • Konoe returns as prime minister.
leading to its takeover by the appointed prime minister. • Japan signs the Tripartite Pact
Guandong Army. This is known as • Italy joins the Anti-Comintern with Italy and Germany.
the Manchurian Incident. Pact. • The United States limits trade
• The Marco Polo Bridge Incident with Japan on materials such as
1932 leads to the Japanese invasion of cotton, scrap metal, and certain
China. types of oil.
• Manchuria is renamed • Japanese forces attack Nanjing. • Japan occupies northern
Manchukuo. • President Roosevelt of the United Indochina.
States delivers his Quarantine
• The League of Nations sends the
Speech.
1941
Lytton Commission to investigate
the incident. 1938
• 15 May: Prime Minister Inukai • April: The Soviet-Japanese
Tsuyoshi is assassinated during an Neutrality Pact is signed.
attempted coup by young naval • The National Mobilization Law is • June: Operation Barbarossa
officers. It becomes known as the passed. begins when Germany invades
May 15th Incident. the Soviet Union.
1939 • August: The Atlantic Conference
1933 takes place.
• Border conflicts take place on the • November: General Tojo Hideki
• Japan withdraws from the League Soviet border of Manchuria. is appointed prime minister; the
of Nations. • The Tianjin (Tientsin) Incident Hull Note is delivered.
• The Tanggu Truce is signed with takes place. • December: Pearl Harbor is
China. • The United States announces the attacked.
abrogation of the 1911 Treaty of
1936 Commerce and Navigation with
Japan.
• Ultra-nationalist officers carry • Konoe resigns as prime minister.
out an attempted coup in Tokyo.
• Japan signs the Anti-Comintern
Pact with Germany.
• The first of three Neutrality Laws
is passed by the US Congress.
• The Second United Front is
established between China’s
GMD and CPC.

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