LAW ON OBLIGATIONS

I. OBLIGATIONS IN GENERAL
II. NATURE AND EFFECT OF OBLIGATIONS
III. KINDS OF CIVIL OBLIGATIONS
IV. MODES OF EXTINGUISHMENT OF OBLIGATIONS

OBLIGATIONS IN GENERAL
•CIVIL
KINDS AS TO BASIS OF •NATURAL
1.
ENFORCEABILITY 2.
3.

•FACT (OBJECT/PRESTATION)
A. REQUISITES
1.
2.
3.
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF B. OBJECT FOR REAL OBLIGATIONS (TO GIVE)
1.
OBLIGATION 2.
C. OBJECT FOR PERSONAL OBLIGATIONS
•LEGAL TIE (VINCULUM JURIS/EFFICIENT CAUSE/JURIDICAL TIE)
•ACTIVE SUBJECT
•PASSIVE SUBJECT

•GENERAL RULE: TRANSMISSIBLE

TRANSMISSIBILITY OF •EXCEPTIONS:
1.
OBLIGATION 2.
3.

•LAW (ex lege)

•CONTRACT (ex contractu)
•QUASI-CONTRACT ex quasi-contractu)
A. NOMINATE QUASI-CONTRACT
1.
Liability of Multiple Officious Managers:
Unless done under imminent danger:
2.
B. INNOMINATE QUASI-CONTRACT
1.
2.
3.
4
•DELICT (ex maleficio or ex delicto)
A. CIVIL LIABILITY ARISING FROM A CRIMINAL ACT
B. ACQUITTAL OF ACCUSED
1.
2.
C. PERSONS EXEMPT
1.
2.
3.
4.
SOURCES OF OBLIGATION •QUASI DELICT (ex quasi-delicto or quasi-maleficio)
A. REQUISITES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
•DELICT vs. QUASI-DELICT
DELICT QUASI DELICT
Attached Liability
Proof Necessary
Name of the Case
Gives rise to?
Can be Compromised?
Criminal Intent

•Side Note: UNDER VICARIOUS LIABILITY

1. Defense of Persons other than employer attached w/ VL
DEFENSE:
2. Defense: Employer (NOT APPLICABLE W/ SUBSIDIARY LIABILITY)
DEFENSE:
•DOUBLE RECOVERY:
 LAW ON OBLIGATIONS
I. OBLIGATIONS IN GENERAL
II. NATURE AND EFFECT OF OBLIGATIONS
III. KINDS OF CIVIL OBLIGATIONS
IV. MODES OF EXTINGUISHMENT OF OBLIGATIONS

NATURE AND EFFECT OF OBLIGATIONS

•TAKE CARE WITH DILIGENCE OF GOOD FATHER OF A FAMILY (DOGFF)

•TO DELIVER THE FRUITS
A. FROM THE ____________________________________________
B. RIGHTS AVAILABLE TO THE CREDITOR
1. [WHEN:___________________________]
CONCURRENT OBLIGATIONS - 2. [WHEN:___________________________]
OBLIGATIONS TO GIVE A C. KINDS OF FRUITS
1.
DETERMINATE THING 2.
3
•TO DELIVER ALL ACCESSIONS AND ACCESSORIES
•NO CONCURRENT OBLIGATIONS EXIST IN AN OBLIGATION TO GIVE A
GENERIC THING!

•OBLIGATIONS TO GIVE (REAL OBLIGATION)

A. DETERMINATE/SPECIFIC THING
1. ____________________________________________
B. INDETERMINATE/GENERIC THING
1. ____________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________
•OBLIGATIONS TO DO (PERSONAL OBLIGATION)
A. ___________________________________________________
•OBLIGATIONS NOT TO DO (PERSONAL OBLIGATION)
A. ___________________________________________________
•RESCISSION IN RECIPROCAL OBLIGATIONS
* AKA:____________________________________________
* ARISES FROM THE SAME CAUSE
* Examples:
1.
2.
3.
4.
A. GENERAL RULE:_________________________________________
REMEDIES FOR BREACH OF B. IF GR BECOMES LEGALLY IMPOSSIBLE:______________________
OBLIGATIONS •DAMAGES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
•REMEDIES OF A JUDGMENT CREDITOR IN A SPECIFIC ACTION SUIT
A. LEVY BY ATTACHMENT & EXECUTION INCLUDING GARNISHMENT
B. ACCION SUBROGATORIA
1.
2.
3.
4.
C. ACCION PAULIANA
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
D. FILE ACTION FOR DAMAGES AGAINST 3RD PERSON IN BAD FAITH
 •FRAUD (DOLO)
A. KINDS OF FRAUD
1.
2.
B. WAIVER OF FRAUD
1.
2.
•NEGLIGENCE (CULPA)
A. DEGREE OF CARE REQUIRED
1. AS A RULE
a.
b.
2. IN ABSENCE OF #1
a.
B. EXAMPLES OF DEGREE OF CARE REEQUIRED BY LAW
1. [Required Diligence:_______________]
2. [Required Diligence:_______________]
3. [Required Diligence:_______________]
C. KINDS OF NEGLIGENCE AS TO SOURCE
1.
2.
3.
D. NEGLIGENCE ON PART OF THE SUPPOSED CREDITOR
1. IMMEDIATE AND PROXIMATE CAUSE (CR): ________________
2. CONTRIBUTORY (CR): _________________________________
•DELAY (MORA)
A. KINDS OF DELAY
1. Mora ______________ [DEBTOR]
a.
b.
* Effects:
i.
SPECIFIC CIRCUMSTANCES ii.
AFFECCTING OBLIGATIONS IN 2. Mora ______________ [CREDITOR]
* Effects:
GENERAL i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
3. ___________________ [BOTH]
B. GENERAL RULE: ___________________________________________
C. EXCEPTIONS:
1. L
2. U
3. S
4. T
5. In reciprocal obligations:

•ANY MANNER OF CONTRAVENTION (VIOLATIO)

* ILLICIT ACT - indemnify for the losses & damages caused thereby
•FORTITUOUS EVENT
* EXCUSE for NON-PERFORMANCE
A. ELEMENTS
1.
2.
3.
4.
B. GENERAL RULE: ___________________________________________
C. EXCEPTIONS:
1.
2.
3.
i.
ii.
iii.
4.
 LAW ON OBLIGATIONS
I. OBLIGATIONS IN GENERAL
II. NATURE AND EFFECT OF OBLIGATIONS
III. KINDS OF CIVIL OBLIGATIONS
IV. MODES OF EXTINGUISHMENT OF OBLIGATIONS

KINDS OF CIVIL OBLIGATIONS

•OBLIGATION WITH A PERIOD
A. KINDS OF TERM
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
B. AS TO EFFECT
1.
I. AS TO PERFECTION AND 2.
EXTINGUISHMENT - PART C. COURTS CAN FIX THE PERIOD IN THE FF CIRCUMSTANCE
1.
1 2.
a.
b.
D. GENERAL RULE: ___________________________________________
E. EXCEPTION: ______________________________________________
F. CONSEQUENCES OF EXCEPTION:
1.
2.
G. DEBTOR'S LOSS OF BENEFIT OF THE PERIOD:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
•PURE OBLIGATION
* demandable at _____
* Obligation with a _________ condition
•CONDITIONAL OBLIGATION
A. KINDS OF CONDITIONS
WHEN OBLI SHOULD SUSPENSIVE 1. condition ________
BE PERFORMED 2. with a deadline:
obligation is extinguished
as soon as the time
__________
RESOLUTORY 1. condition ________
WHOM OR WHERE IT POTESTATIVE 1. solely on the will of
DEPENDS the _______
2. IT IS VOID WHEN IT IS
SOLELY ON THE WILL OF
THE _______________
CASUAL based on _______
MIXED party will of _____ and
partly on ______
CAPACITY TO BE DIVISIBLE ____ be performed in
PERFORMED IN parts
PARTS INDIVISIBLE _____ be performed in
parts
NUMBER OF OBLI TO CONJUNCTIVE ___ must be performed
PERFORMED ALTERNATIVE ___ ____ must be
performed
NATURE POSITIVE ___
NEGATIVE ________
HOW OBLI IS MADE EXPRESS ______
KNOWN TO OTHER IMPLIED merely
PARTY ________
WHETHER OBLI CAN POSSIBLE ___ __ fulfilled
BE FULFILLED IMPOSSIBLE 1. _____ __ fulfilled
ether physically or legally
2. Shall ____ the
obligation which
depends upon them. If
divisible – part of it shall
be ______
3. Effects:
a. OB TO DO:
________________
b. OB NOT TO DO
________________
 •There is Constructive or Presumed Fulfillment if:______________________

B. EFFECTS OF FULFILLMENT OF CONDITIONS

1. GENERAL RULE: Fulfilled condition = __________________
a. Obli TO DO/NOT TO DO: ____________________
2. EXCEPTIONS:
a. Fruits/Interests on Obligation TO GIVE
i. Reciprocal Obli: ____________________
ii. Unilateral Obli: ____________________
b. Period of Prescription
* counted from the time the _________________
C. RULES AS TO IMPROVEMENT, LOSS OR DETERIORATION
* IN CASE OF : OBLI TO GIVE DETERMINATE/SPECIFIC THING SUBJECT TO
SUSPENSIVE CONDITION
LOSS W/O FAULT : DR Obligation is
__________________
WITH FAULT : DR LIABLE for
__________________
DETERIORATION W/O FAULT : DR BORNE BY THE
__________________
AS TO PERFECTION AND WITH FAULT : DR CR CAN EITHER:
EXTINGUISHMENT - 1.
PART 2 2.
IMPROVEMENT NATURE OR TIME BENEFIT OF
__________________
EXPENSE : DR RIGHT OF THE DR IS
ONLY ON THE
__________________

• Payment by Mistake during PENDENCY of the Suspensive Condition or Period

1. Pendency of the suspensive condition

2. Pendency of the suspensive period

3. Pendency of the suspensive condition or period

Debtor may:
a.File an accion _________________________________
b. Action for ____________________________________
a1.
a2.
a3.

•CONJUCTIVE (AND)
•ALTERATIVE (OR)
i. Fulfillment of one is _________
ii. Right of Choice: _________
iii. Right of Choice cannot be implied on part of the: __________
iv. Right of Choice is given to _____ party
v. Debtor's right of choice is _______
vi. Choice aka _______ must be communicated
vii. Choice cannot be part of ___ and part of ______
viii. Only one choice is practicable, debtor _____ right of choice
xi. Effect of Loss____________
-- RIGHT OF CHOICE BELONGS TO: Event
Fortuitous
WERE LOST Fault of Debtor
Fortuitous Event/Fault of Debtor
DEBTOR
Fault of Creditor – Debtor cannot
____________ make a choice
WERE LOST
____________ Fortuitous Event
WERE LOST Fault of Debtor
II. AS TO PLURALITY OF Fortuitous Event
CREDITOR
PRESTATION
____________ Fault of Debtor
WERE LOST

•FACULTATIVE (Right to Substitute: __________________)

What is lost is the Obligation is

BEFORE Substitution Principal
Substitute
AFTER Substitution Principal
Substitute
 •SOLIDARY OBLIGATION
A. ARISES WHEN:
1.
2.
3.
B. ENFORCEMENT
1.
2.
a.
b.
c.
3.
III. AS TO RIGHTS AND C. TOTAL DEFENSES
1.
OBLIGATIONS OF MULTIPLE 2.
PARTNERS 3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
•JOINT OBLIGATIONS
A. EFFECTS
1.
2.
3.
4.
• FORMULA TO DETERMINE HOW MANY DEBTS ARE PRESENT: _____________________

•DIVISIBLE
A. REQUISITES
1.
2.
3.
4.
IV. AS TO PERFORMANCE OF •INDIVISIBLE
A. REQUISITES
PRESTATION 1.
2.
3.
B. _____ INDIVISIBLE
* key take aways:
C. _____ INDIVISIBLE
* key take aways:

• GENERAL RULE:
____________________________________________________________________
• EXCEPTIONS:
1.
2.
V. OBLIGATION WITH A PENAL 3.
CLAUSE •PAYMENT OF PENALTY INSTEAD OF FULFILLMENT OF OBLIGATION
_______________________________________________________________
•REDUCTION OF PENALTY
1.
2.
 LAW ON OBLIGATIONS
I. OBLIGATIONS IN GENERAL
II. NATURE AND EFFECT OF OBLIGATIONS
III. KINDS OF CIVIL OBLIGATIONS
IV. MODES OF EXTINGUISHMENT OF OBLIGATIONS

MODES OF EXTINGUISHMENT OF OBLIGATIONS

•SUBSTANTIAL PERFORMANCE
•INCOMPLETE PERFORMANCE
•REQUISITES
1.
2.
3.
4.
•PROVISIONS TO PAYOR
* Payment made by a third person (includes subsidiarily liable: guarantors
and co-debtors, 3rd party mortgagors)
WITH CONSENT OF W/O CONSENT OF
DR/WITH INTEREST DR

Compel creditor to accept payment

Subrogation to the rights of the

creditor
I. PAYMENT Amount of Reimbursement

• PROVISIONS TO PAYEE
* Payment may be made to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
•THING TO BE PAID OR DELIVERED
1. TO GIVE A SPECIFIC THING:
2. TO GIVE A GENERIC THING:
3. TO DO OR NOT TO DO:
•LEGAL TENDER:
•SPECIAL FORMS OF PAYMENT [PLEASE PAKI-MEMORIZE NALANG]
1.
2.
3.
4.

•LOSS DUE TO FORTUITUOS EVENT:

______________________________________________
•EXCEPTIONS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
II. LOSS OF THE THING DUE •PARTIAL LOSS:
•PRESUMPTION OF FAULT (does not apply to natural calamility):
•REMEDIES OF CREDITOR
•IMPOSSIBILITY
•DIFFICULTY OF PRESTATION
•COURT ACTION DUE TO DIFFICULTY
•RIGHT OF CREDITOR TO GO AGAINST 3RD PARTIES

•KINDS OF CONDONATION
A. AS TO FORM
1.
2.
III. CONDONATION OR REMISSION OF B. AS TO EXTENT
1.
DEBT 2.
C. AS TO MANNER OF REMISSION
1.
2.
D. ACCESSORY OBLIGATIONS:
 •REQUISITES
1.
2.
IV. CONFUSION/MERGER OF RIGHTS 3.
4.
•GUARANTORS
•JOINT OBLIGORS

•KINDS OF COMPENSATION
A. AS TO EFFECTS/EXTENT
1.
2.
B. AS TO ORIGIN/CAUSE
1.
2.
C. REQUISITES
1.
2.
3.
V. COMPENSATION 4.
5.
D. GUARANTORS
E. RESCISSIBLE OR VOIDABLE DEBTS
F. ASSIGNMENT OF CREDIT
1.
2.
G. IMPROPER COMPENSATION
1.
2.
3.
4.

•REQUISITES
1.
2.
3.
4.
•KINDS OF NOVATION
A. AS TO NATURE
1.
2.
3.
B. AS TO FORM
1.
2.
C. AS TO EXTENT
1.
2.
•SUBJECTIVE NOVATION
VI. NOVATION A.
1.
2.
B.
1.___________
[EXTENT: _____________ ; LIAB OLD DR INSOLV NEW DR___________________]
2.
[EXTENT: _____________ ; LIAB OLD DR INSOLV NEW DR___________________]
•CREDITOR'S CONSENT: _________________________________________
•OBJECTIVE OR REAL NOVATION
1.
2.
a.
b.
•ACCESSORY OBLIGATION
A. GENERAL RULE:
B. EXCEPTION:
•CONDITIONAL OBIGATION

OTHER MODES GOVERNED ELSEWHERE IN THE CIVIL CODE (FRAP):

F
R
A
P (6-6-10-10-4-1)