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Job Stress and Marital Satisfaction among Husbands in Dual-Earner Marriages

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Job Stress and Marital Satisfaction among Husbands in Dual-Earner Marriages

Soraya Luthfia S. Putri*, Melok R. Kinanthi

Faculty of Psychology, YARSI University, Jl. Let. Jend. Suprapto Cempaka Putih, DKI Jakarta, 10510, Indonesia

*E-mail: soraya.luthfia@students.yarsi.ac.id

Abstract
Dual-earner couples are susceptible to job stress and marital dissatisfaction. Husbands tend to have
higher job stress level and lower marital satisfaction level than wives in dual-earner couples. It is then
important to consider the negative impacts of job stress and marital dissatisfaction on dual-earner
couples. Previous studies have found that job stress is related to marital satisfaction among single-
earner couples, but no such relationship has been found in the context of dual-earner couples. The
purpose of this study is to examine the correlation between job stress and perceived marital
satisfaction among husbands in dual-earner marriages. The study employed a quantitative approach
with an associative design. 100 husbands from dual-earner marriages participated by completing the
Job Stress Scale (Osipow & Spokane, 1998) and the ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale (1993).
Descriptive statistics and Pearson's Product Moment correlation were used to analyze the data. The
result showed a significant negative relationship between job stress and marital satisfaction (r = -.673;
p < .05), suggesting that higher job stress level is associated with decreased marital satisfaction. The
study indicated the importance of job-related stress management to maintain marital satisfaction.

Keywords—dual-earner marriage; job stress; marital satisfaction

1. Introduction to marital dissatisfaction (Burpee & Langer, 2005). Thus,

The number of working women has increased in
contemporary societies. According to the International
Labour Organization (2015), 46,013,732 Indonesian
women were employed as of May, 2014. The large
number of working women is due to higher and more
urgent financial needs, as well as the need for social-
relational and self-actualization needs (Supriadi, 2011).
A large number of working women are members of dual-
earner couples (Dalimunte, 2013) that consist of working
spouses with aspirations and career responsibilities
(Christine, Oktorina, & Indah, 2010). Dual-earner couples
experience both the positive and negative impacts of
being a working couple. According to Desmayanti (2009),
some of the positive impacts of being a dual-earner couple
include preparedness for the potential absence of one's
spouse's income in the case of spousal death, divorce, or
layoff, as well as an increase in a wife's sense of
understanding towards her husband. Meanwhile, one of
the negative impacts experienced by dual-earner couples
is the lack of time available for their families due to the
couples' demanding schedules (Kusumowardhani, 2011).
Brummelhuis, Haar, and Tanja (2010) argued that dual-
earner couples are susceptible to conflicts in marriage, and
a rise in the number of conflicts in marriage further leads
it is assumed that a couple's dual-earner status may affect
their marital satisfaction. Such an assumption is supported
by the results of previous studies that have found that
husbands and wives in dual-earner marriages were less
satisfied with their marriages (Paputungan, Akhrani, &
Pratiwi, 2012; Putri, 2005).
Marital satisfaction is a measure that indicates how
individuals feel and how their needs are met (Javidnia,
Golzari, & Ahmad, 2014). Fields (1983) also defined
marital satisfaction as the degree to which spouses
perceive that their partners meet their needs and desires. It
can be concluded, then, that couples’ physical and mental
needs are important for improving their marital
satisfaction. Physical needs include material needs
(Sedaghat & Kiamanesh, 2012), such as clothing, food
and shelter. On the other hand, mental needs include
emotional needs, such as sexual needs, the need to be
understood by their partner, the need to spend time with
family, as well as the need for security and comfort
(Dinani et al., 2014).
Perceived level of marital satisfaction depends on many
factors, including love, communication with partner,
religiosity, spousal support, and stress (Ghomrani, 2005;
Khan & Aftab, 2013; Nihayah, Adriani, & Zulfa, 2012;
Rostami, 2013). Since dual-earner couples are susceptible
to job related stress (Frone, 1997; Obradovic, 2013), the
current study aims to examine job stress among dual-
earner couples.
Job stress is a harmful physical and emotional response
that can happen as a result of conflict between job
demands on the employee and the amount of control an
employee has over meeting these demands (Osipow &
Spokane, 1998, in Mavis 2011). According to Swanson
and Power (1999), work can serve as a source of conflict
with one’s partner, because work causes stress that leads
to conflict (Matthews et al., 2006). Particularly for dual-
earner couples wherein both couples work, they are more
inclined to experience conflicts in marriage. In general,
the combination of a job's high demands and a low
amount of control over the situation can lead to stress.
Job stress can negatively impact an individual by
triggering both overt psychological and physiological
distress, yet it may also produce subtle manifestations of
morbidity that can affect personal well-being and
productivity (Carson et al., 1997). Subsequently, job stress
can make individuals more irritable, excessively anxious,
unhappy, and even depressed (Sarafino, 2008). In addition
to its effects on the individuals experiencing it, job stress
may also affect other people around the individual,
including their partner (Edwards & Rothbard, 2000). This
is because job stress is more likely to elicit couple
interactions that are marked with increased expression of
negative emotions, which further leads to sexual
dysfunction and decreased frequency of sexual activity
(Crouter et al., 1989; Haines, Marchand, & Steve, 2006;
Hyde, Delamater, & Erri, 1998).
Furthermore, happiness in life, for most adults, is largely
influenced by marital satisfaction (Newman & Newman,
1984). This is because marital satisfaction affects physical
and mental health, eventually playing a role in
determining the overall quality of an individual’s life,
decreasing marital infidelity, helping an individual face
work demands, and increasing their job satisfaction
(Rostami, 2013; Fan & Lui 2004; Tazekand, Nafar, &
Raziye, 2013). In contrast, marital dissatisfaction may
lead to depression (Hammer et al., 2005). Thus, marital
satisfaction can be considered an important factor in one's
life.
Several prior studies have found a relationship between
job stress and marital satisfaction (Tazekand, Nafar, &
Raziye, 2013; Christine, Oktorina, & Indah, 2010;
Meliani, Sunarti, & Diah, 2014). However, such studies
used individuals in single-earner marriages as participants,
while the relationship between job stress and marital
satisfaction has not been investigated in the context of
dual-earner marriages.
Taking into account the results of a previous study
(Karima, 2014) that demonstrated higher levels of job
stress among husbands in dual-earner marriages compared
to their wives, authors of the current study decided to
focus only on husbands in dual-earner marriages.
Moreover, Paputungan, Akhrani, and Pratiwi (2012) and
Rahmaningrum (2014) claimed that husbands in dual-
earner marriages are less satisfied with their marriage than
their wives. The tendency of husbands in dual-earner
marriages to experience both higher job stress level and
lower marital satisfaction led the researchers of the current
study to specifically hypothesize that a relationship exists
between job stress level and marital satisfaction among
husbands in dual-earner marriages.
2. Methods
Participants and procedures. Quantitative data were
collected from 100 husbands in dual-earner marriages.
The study employed an associative design meant to assess
stressful job experiences and their relationship with
satisfaction regarding marital relationship. An accidental
sampling method was used to select participants. To be
included in the study, participants had to be a husband,
have a working wife, and live with their wife (not
involved in a long-distance marriage). After signing the
informed consent, all participants completed the job stress
and marital satisfaction questionnaires.
The average age of participants was 41 years (range = 25-
56 years). The majority of participants worked as private
employees (59%), had been working for more than 10
years (66%), had an average monthly spending of more
than Rp. 10,000,000 (48%), had been married for more
than 10 years (59%), and had 2 children (43%).
Measures. Job stress. Job stress was assessed using an
adaptation of the 35-item Job Stress Scale originally
developed by Osipow and Spokane (1998, in Mavis,
2011). Items were rated on a 5-point Likert scale ranging
from 1 (never true) to 5 (always true) for favorable items
and from 1 (always true) to 5 (never true) for unfavorable
items. The 35 items assessed the degree to which an
individual has difficulty producing work quality or output
(e.g., “I find myself getting behind in my work, lately”),
the individual’s ability to adjust psychologically and
emotionally as indicators of manifestation of stress (e.g.,
“Lately, I am easily irritated”), physical illness that might
be caused by job stress (e.g., “I have aches and pains I
cannot explain”), and the experienced interference in
interpersonal relationships as a negative impact of job
stress (e.g., “I quarrel with members of the family”). The
total scale was constructed from the sum of all items, and
a higher score on the scale indicates a higher job stress
level. The Job Stress Scale has demonstrated a good
concurrent validity with the Employee Assistance
Programme Inventory and Career Attitudes and Strategies
Inventory (Mavis, 2011), and the 35 items also showed
good reliability with the current sample (.924). Prior to
data collection, all measurement tools used in this study
were first tested on 50 husbands in dual-earner marriages,
in order to determine the appropriateness of using those
tools. In the testing phase, one item from the physical
stress dimension of the Job Stress Scale was removed as it
failed to meet the criteria of a good item. According to
Nisfianoor (2009), the standard item total correlation
coefficient is .2, implying that items with a coefficient
lower than .2 cannot be considered acceptable.
Consequently, only 34 of the 35 items in the Job Stress
Scale were used, consisting of 10 items in each vocational
stress, psychological stress, and interpersonal stress scores on each variable and dimension. Pearson product-
dimensions, and 4 items in the physical stress dimension. moment correlation was used to test the hypothesis of the
study, since the results of normality tests using
Marital Satisfaction. Marital satisfaction was measured Kolmogorov-Smirnov technique showed that the data was
using an adaptation of Fowers and Olson (1993)'s normally distributed for each variable with p = .245 for
ENRICH Marital Satisfaction (EMS) Scale, which is a job stress and p =.309 for marital satisfaction. Results and
short version of the ENRICH Inventory also developed by Discussion
Fowers and Olson (1989). The EMS Scale is a 15-item
scale comprising Marital Satisfaction (10 items) and The means and standard deviations for the main study
Idealistic Distortion (5 items) subscales. Each of the 10 variables are reported in Table 1 and Table 2.
Marital Satisfaction items represent an individual's Psychological stress and interpersonal stress dimensions
satisfaction of their partner’s behavioral issues, had the highest mean scores in the job stress variable. This
communication in their relationship, the resolution of indicates that the characteristics of job stress experienced
conflict in their relationship, the way economic issues are by participants were more likely to show up
managed within the relationship, preferences for spending psychologically and that job stress can disrupt an
free time, their affectional and sexual relationship, their individual's relationship with their social environment,
feelings about having and raising children, their including their family, spouse, friends, and coworkers. In
relationships with relatives, in-laws, and friends, addition, physical stress dimension had the lowest mean
responsibility and division of roles in their marriage, as score, suggesting that job stress experienced by
well as the meaning of religious beliefs and practices participants were less likely to appear as physical
within the marriage (Fowers & Olson, 1989). Examples of symptoms (see Table 1).
EMS items are “I have never regretted my relationship
with my partner, not even for a moment”, “I am very Table 1. Job Stress Variable Description
happy with how we manage our leisure activities and the
time we spend together”, and “I am dissatisfied about our Statistic
Job Stress
relationship with my parents, in-laws, and/or friends”. N Min Max Mean SD
Total Score 100 44 121 74.13 19.251
Meanwhile, score from the 5-item Idealistic Distortion Dimensions
subscale is used to correct the Marital Satisfaction scale Vocational Stress 100 10 32 18.96 5.255
score on the basis of the degree to which the respondent
portrays the marriage in an impossibly positive way (e.g., Psychological Stress 100 10 46 22.77 8.006
“My partner completely understands and sympathizes Physical Stress 100 4 17 9.1 3.323
with my every mood”) (Fowers & Olson, 1993). Items in Interpersonal Stress 100 14 37 23.3 5.629
EMS were rated on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1
(strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree) for favorable
items and from 1 (strongly agree) to 5 (strongly disagree)
Sexual relationship dimension had the highest mean score
for unfavorable items. The total score on the EMS is
in comparison to other dimensions of the marital
derived by first scoring the Marital Satisfaction and
satisfaction variable. This suggests that compared to other
Idealistic Distortion scales, then correcting the Marital
areas in marital satisfaction, husbands in dual-earner
Satisfaction score downward on the basis of the person’s
marriages were more satisfied with the way they express
Idealistic Distortion score with the following formula:
affection and relate sexually with their wives. This result
is in contrast with Hyde, Delamater, and Erri’s (1998)
EMS score = PCT – [(.40 x PCT) (ID x .01)] finding that dual-earner couples tend to feel less satisfied
with their sexual relationship with their spouses. In
(PCT = Percentile score for individual Marital Satisfaction addition, participant data revealed that financial
scale; ID = Percentile score for individual Idealistic management dimension had the lowest mean score.
Distortion scale). Although it had the lowest mean score, the score (i.e., a 3
on a scale 1 to 5) still belonged in the neutral category
A higher EMS score indicates a higher marital satisfaction (see Table 2). Such a finding serves to indicate that
level. EMS has demonstrated a good concurrent validity financial management was not considered by subjects to
when tested against the Locke-Wallace Marital contribute to marital satisfaction. According to Rodhiyah
Adjustment Test (MAT) by Locke and Wallace (in (2012), this may be due to a lack of transparency between
Fowers & Olson, 1993), and showed good reliability with husband and wife regarding their financial situation,
the current sample (.916). In the initial testing phase which in turn can cause spouses to blame each other and
during which the EMS was administered to 50 husbands results in distrust and lack of discipline in managing
in dual-earner marriages, all items from the EMS scale finances, further affecting overall marital satisfaction.
had coefficients greater than .2, and thus all items in this
scale were used in the data collection phase. Table 2. Marital Satisfaction Variable Description

Analysis. Descriptive statistical analysis was used to Statistic

Marital Satisfaction
explain the distribution of participants based on N Min Max Mean SD
demographic data, as well as distribution of participants’ Total Score 100 19.82 46 35.94 6.442
 Dimensions dimension in job stress variable and the equalitarian roles
Personality Issues 100 1 5 3.75 0.925 dimension in marital satisfaction variable showed the
highest correlation (r = -.617; p < .05) compared to others
Equalitarian Roles 100 1 5 4.08 1.022
(see Table 4). This correlation indicates a significant
Communication 100 1 5 4.01 0.990 negative relationship between psychological stress and
Conflict Resolution 100 1 5 3.91 0.996 equalitarian roles, implying that the rising level of job
Financial Management 100 1 5 3.15 1.114 stress that manifests itself psychologically is more likely
Leisure Activities 100 1 5 4.05 0.880
to be associated with a decrease in satisfaction of the
responsibility and division of roles in a marriage.
Sexual Relationship 100 2 5 4.21 0.891
Children and Parenting 100 1 5 4.05 1.029 The correlation between psychological job stress and
Family and Friends 100 1 5 4.10 1.020 equalitarian marital roles is in line with the findings of
Religious Orientation 100 1 5 4.15 1.038 Wierda-Boer, Gerris, and Ad (2009) and Greenhaus and
Beutell (1985), which revealed that the negative impacts
Idealistic Distortion 100 12 25 19.8 3.398
of job stress make individuals feel as if they do not have
enough time and energy to properly embody their roles,
such that it interferes with their roles and responsibilities
A. Relationship between Job Stress and Marital in a marriage. Thus, taking into account both the above
Satisfaction. findings and the findings of the current study, it can be
inferred that psychological manifestation of job stress can
Based on the statistical analysis, the result revealed a
make participants feel lacking in time and energy to take
significant relationship between job stress and marital
on their proper roles in their marriages, further
satisfaction (r = -.673; p < .05), providing support for the
intensifying their dissatisfaction with the responsibility
hypothesis. The negative correlation coefficient indicates
and division of roles in their marriages.
that higher job stress level is more likely to be
accompanied by lower marital satisfaction level.
Conversely, lower job stress level tends to be associated In the context of urban society, these results provide
with higher marital satisfaction level. evidence that even though job stress has become a
reasonable condition experienced by workers, job stress
plays an essential enough role in reducing marital
The result is in accordance with the findings of studies of
satisfaction that it needs be understood and considered,
single-earner couples in Iran (Tazekand, Nafar, & Raziye,
especially for dual-earner couples. According to
2013) as well as in Indonesia (Christine, Oktorina, &
Bodenmann and Shantianth (2004), understanding how
Indah, 2010; Meliani, Sunarti, & Diah, 2014), all of,
work-related stress interferes with personal relationships
which showed that job stress can affect degree of marital
at home (e.g., relationship with a partner) is imperative to
satisfaction. Taken together, the results corroborate the
effectively combat relationship distress that can lead to
assumption that job stress is associated with marital
marital dissatisfaction. It can therefore be assumed that if
satisfaction both in the contexts of single-earner couples
individuals better understand the negative impacts of job
and dual-earner couples. In addition, the result is also in
stress on marriage, then they will be more likely to seek
line with the opinion of Rostami (2013), who stated that
appropriate coping strategies in an effort to maintain the
job stress may negatively impact and threaten a marriage.
stability of their marriage, which ultimately helps
A similar claim was made by Greenberger, O’Neil, and
individuals attain marital satisfaction.
Nagel (1994), who suggested that individuals are
presumed to bring job stress into their interactions at
Table 3. Relationship between dimensions of Job Stress
home. Considering the consistency in results despite the and dimensions of Marital Satisfaction
use of samples from various cultures, it can be said that
job stress is negatively related to marital satisfaction in Marital Job Stress
both eastern and western cultures. Satisfaction
J1 J2 J3 J4
Pearson
According to Haines, Marchand, and Steve (2006), job Correlation
-0.459 -0.517 -0.449 -0.487
stress may negatively affect marital relationship because M1
Sig. (2-
job stress can increase the expression of negative 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
tailed)
emotions, which can subsequently cause negative spousal Pearson
-0.605 -0.617 -0.561 -0.545
interactions (Crouter et al., 1989). Meanwhile, Banse M2
Correlation
(2004) proposed that daily interaction with one's partner Sig. (2-
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
may affect marital satisfaction. Thus, negative interaction tailed)
with one's partner, which results from increased Pearson
-0.493 -0.498 -0.452 -0.514
Correlation
expressions of negative emotions brought about by job M3
Sig. (2-
stress, may decrease marital satisfaction. tailed)
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Pearson
-0.445 -0.561 -0.508 -0.547
In addition, researchers of the present study conducted M4
Correlation
additional analyses by correlating the different dimensions Sig. (2-
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
of job stress and various dimensions of marital tailed)
satisfaction. Based on the results, the psychological stress Pearson
M5 -0.199 -0.228 -0.313 -0.213
Correlation
 Sig. (2- There are several limitations to the current study.
0.047 0.022 0.001 0.033
tailed) Considering that a quantitative approach was used, the
Pearson researchers felt less able to explore personal factors that
-0.438 -0.534 -0.474 -0.428
Correlation
M6
Sig. (2-
may be relevant to job stress and marital satisfaction. In
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 addition, the study only used male participants, giving
tailed)
Pearson room for another limitation in the data collection process.
-0.345 -0.363 -0.341 -0.318
Correlation Such limitation arises from the common observation that
M7
Sig. (2-
0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001
male participants tend to be less responsive in responding
tailed) to marriage-related issues. The next limitation concerns
Pearson the fact that the current study's researchers did not limit
-0.501 -0.463 -0.320 -0.413
Correlation
M8 participant characteristics strictly enough and did not
Sig. (2-
tailed)
0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 collect data on the participants’ wives, particularly with
Pearson regard to the wives' occupations. In other words, the
-0.542 -0.576 -0.468 -0.529 researchers failed to obtain specific details about
Correlation
M9
Sig. (2- participants that may have held some value in the analysis
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
tailed) of data.
Pearson
-0.380 -0.467 -0.390 -0.545
Correlation
M10 Based on the aforementioned limitations, the researchers
Sig. (2-
tailed)
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 suggest that further research attempt to: a) increase control
Pearson of the makeup of participants by imposing more specific
-0.534 -0.552 -0.520 -0.493 restrictions on participant characteristics, and b) obtain a
Correlation
M11
Sig. (2- more comprehensive picture of dual-earner couples by
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
tailed) acquiring wives’ personal data that include wives'
Note. occupational information. Further studies can also employ
J1 : Vocational Stress M5 : Financial Management additional interview and observational techniques to better
J2 : Psychological Stress M6 : Leisure Activities
J3 : Physical Stress M7 : Sexual Relationship
explore personal factors that may affect the relationship
J4 : Interpersonal Stress M8 : Children and Parenting between job stress and marital satisfaction. Lastly, in the
M1 : Personality Issues M9 : Family and Friends future, it may be interesting to try to identify the extent to
M2 : Equalitarian Roles M10 : Religious Orientation which job stress contributes to marital satisfaction.
M3 : Communication M11 : Idealistic Distortion
M4 : Conflict Resolution.¬
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