Customer Application Brief ROR asec) Cryptosporidium Protection with LifeASSURE™ BLA Series Filters Introduction Cryptosporidium sa protozoan parasite that causes ‘isease (eryprosporidiosis) in humans, Because it can forma protective ey, it is very resistant to standard ‘water treatment methods and ean remain in drinking ‘water afler conventional processing, Outbreaks of eryprosporidiasis and other diseases related to pathogenic protozoa, have increased the scrutiny of bottled water quality and the quality of other beverages. The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) have ‘issued guidelines recommending processes to control Cryptosporidium, including the use of filters that carry @ 1.0 ym absolute retention rating However, a filter stamped 1,0 um is not necessarily deste i stop Cryproporidian in betel water processes, since there is no industry standard by ‘which all filters are rated, Retention ratings are Figure 1 -Cryptosporidium parvum highly dependent on parameters such as particle size, distribution, flux, and differential pressure across the filer. Therefore, «1.0 pm rated fier from one supplier may net provide the same protection asa 1.0/um rated filter from another, Since no industry standard exis regarding a eenton ratingmethod among fier manufacturers, the CDC/EPA recognize ‘Standard 53 from NSF International as a qualifying standard. NSF International is a respected, independent third party certification laboratory specializing in issues related to the water industry. Standard 3, Cyst Reicton sa rigorous tet that cerifies a filter's ability to retain Cryptosporidium ‘This Customer Application Brief describes the benefits ofthe LifeASSURE™ BLA Series membrane filler erie in protecting beverage grade water from Cryptosporidium contamination. Those benefits include: + Certification of est reduction performance to NSF ANSIINSF Standard 53,to ensure reliable, consistent reduction of pathogsnic protozoan cyt, suchas Cryptosporidium snd Giardia. + ‘The membrane and cartridge design, which sults in ster low rte and longer service lif to reduce operating coss. + Reduetion of HPC (heterotrophic plate cout bacteria, elimi + No generation of disinfection by-products, suchas brome, Jing a cause of off taste and oder.Cryptosporidium (Cryptosporidium parvum, and a similar larger organism, Giardia lamblia, are enterie protozoa that can infect the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals. Qubreaks of ryptosporidiosis have led o seve illness in mas parts of the wodld (ww wede gowcrypto/) People infected with Cryprosporilm contract an illness that ranges rom mild gastroenteritis to vomiting, diathea, in the case of imnnino-compromised individuals. Cryptosporidium oocysts are typically between 4-6 um in size (Figure 1) and are very resistant 0 disinfection by standard methods employed by the beverage industry. C7pasporahum s dict o detect and survives for extended periods in the natural envirosment as a cyst. It can infect surface waterused asa municipal drinking water supply, and ground water unde the infuence of surface water both of which are common sources of beverage grade water. While the US. EPA is aking steps to decrease the likelihood of Cryprosporiciian contamination in public water soures,sourves not under thet jurisdiction are sill at sk Typical Process Beverage and bottled water systems can vary widely. The schematic (Figure 2) i intended to serve asa guide oly. Generally, bated sraer runt requires Urce nn womens uf iain ptlate reduction, equipment protection, and microbiological contol. Particulate reduction fiers eliminate turbidity causing particles fom the product water. Particles from the source water as well as particles generated rom trans piping, storage tanks, carbon and snd fiers al can rie turbidity oan unaeeplale level. Equipment protection ters are typically employed upstream of reverse osmosis (RO) membranes or distillation equipment to help protect them from premature fouling and addtional maintenance expenditures. Microbiological control filters are typically installed atthe end of the filtration scheme, just prior tothe filling machine. Additional contol steps such as ezonation and UV light may be employedas part f what the International Bottled Water Assocation (IBWA) terms a“muli-barrier approach’. In this approach the use of redundant securty steps help assure microbioloically safe produet water. The use ofa prefiltr prior to the final filter step is sometimes required ' improve process economics. A less costly, depth syle prefer provides high capacity protection against particles that would plug the final, Cryprosporiium-retentive filter. ee TiS, Mire pontoon a Caen MicoKlea's series lon change | Fier ‘20 um Fier Final Fl and Finish Betapure™ NTT Series Reverse Tank —Betapure™ NET Series LifeASSURE™ BLA Series ‘Sum Filter Osmosis 2 or6 pm Fitter Y0r0.2 ym Filter Figure 2— Typical Botted Water ProcessThe Solution ‘The Life SSURE™ BLA series BLA100 filter is an effective barrier against protozoan cysts Cryptosporidium and Giardia in water production forthe beverage industry. ‘The LifeASSURE BLA series filter incorporates’ advanced muit+zone microporous Nylon 6,6 membrane technology. As the SEM. photo ofthe LifeASSURE BLA series membrane cross scetion below demonstrates (Figure 3), the membrane is constructed with a single layer of membrane consisting of an “open” zone on the upstream side of the membrane and a “tighter” zone on the downstream side. In effect, the upstream zone acts as a prefilter, capturing larger particles and bacteria, while the tighler downstream zone provides retention of smaller particles and bacteria, This multi-zone structure results in greater contaminant capacity, while maintaining fast fow rates, The combination provides the end-user with the security and reliability of consistently high cyst and bacteria reduction along with the enhanced economies of longer lasting, ister lowing filter assemblies as compared to competitive alternatives. Figure 3 — Cross section of LifeASSURE* BLA Series mult-zone microporous Nylon 6 6 memiorane Four particular areas were investigated in relation to the suitability of Life SURE BLA series filters for Cryptosporidium protection ia the bottled water industry: 1. independent, third-party certifcatior of Cryptosporidium reduction, 2 filter cartridge service life, 3. filter cartridge flow rates and , 4. HPC (heterotrophic plate count) bacteria retention, Benefits of the LifeASSURE” BLA Series Filter NSF Certified Cryptosporidium Reduction “NFS International is an authority for evaluating and certifying Cryptosporidium reducing filters. Filters carrying the NSF Intemational mark (Figure 4) have been tested and certified by NSF International to Standard 53 for eystreduetion. LifeASSURE BLA series filters have been texted and certified to this standard at 3 gpm and carry this mark, Unlike many other filters that are certified by the filter manufacturer themselves, LifeASSURE BLA series filters earry the NSF logo and are supplied with a certificate of quality, assuring conformance to high quality standards Cat dye Ser vive Life A laboratory study was conducted to measure the relative service life of filters marketed as cyst reducing, The following filters were tested: LifeASSURE BLA series BLALOO, Pall Absolife, Osmonies Flotrex and Graver Technologies LLC. VTEC. Tested and corti by NSF Intematona against ANSINSE Stanvard 53 forthe reduction ‘of Cysts and materi requirements ony. igure 4 — NSF Intemationaltest rig was used so that al filters were tested simultaneously, each a 8 constant flow rate of 3 GPM. A model contaminant (kaolin clay and anhydrous sodium pyrophosphate) was added to the upstream Water ata concentration of 10 ppm to induce plugging, Al filters were run until a terminal differential pressure of 20 psd over their initial clean pressure drop was achieved. The data in Chart 1 are ‘normalized with the longest lasting filter, LifeASSURE™ BLA Series ler, set at 100%, As the data show, the LifeASSURE BLA series filters lasted 56% longer than the nearest competitor, and nearly four times longer than the competitor with the least throughput Cartridge Flow Rate Performance Chart 1—Cartridge Service Life Chart 2—Flow Rate Comparison Table 1 —Example Using a System Flow Rate of 80 GPM Perec eee) Option #1 LfeASSURE™ BLA Soros BLAIOO a 0 pion #2 Pal Absa 10 urn 2 a LifeASSURE BLA series cartridge filters are designed with Advanced Pleat Technology design providing up to 50% more filter media surface area than competitive filters while maintaining proper flow paths between media pleats, The result ofthis technology, combined \with the muli-zone microporous membrane design, isa filter cartridge with the ability to flow faster (Chart 2). ‘This leads to longer on. seam service life in existing filter housings, or, in a new installation, the ability to use smaller filter housings with fewer cartridges to achieve a given low rate. The example in Table | illustrate this benef ‘As data in Table I shows, a bottler designing a system with a demand ef 80 GPM would require four times ea many Pall AbsoLife filters compared to Life ASSURE BLA series filters to provide this flow at a I psid inital clean differential pressure, In addition tothe extra outlay for cartridges, the botler would also be required purchase a much lager filter housing, and would incur longer filter change-out times four times the numberof cartridges to change) and greater Isborcosts. HPC Bacteria Reduction Heterotrophic plate count (HPC) onganisms are an increasing concern tothe bottled water and beverage industries. The EPA has ‘an informal standard of 500 CFUiml as an indicator ofthe presence af coliforms. Considered as a group, heterotrophs are not pathogenic, although elevated levels can indicate improper sanitation procedures in a bottling plant High levels of microbial growth ccan affect the taste and odor of drinking water and may indicate the presence of nutrients and biofilms. Certain equipment, such as activated carbon beds, can actualy increase the level of HPC bacteria in the water ifnot cleaned and sanitized on a regular basis, Activated carbon, with an estimated 45,000 square meters of surface area per pound of media, offers a good‘environment for bacteria to grow. Installed as the final filter in @botling Line, membrane filters that reduce high concentrations of HPC. bacteria, without scrificing filter service life or flow, are desirable. x Reservoir Ti ) Pressure ea Cartridge Housing Assay and Sterility Housings 0.2 um Air Air Source Figure 5 — Bacteria Retention Test Assembly ‘Toevaluate the efficiency of various membrane filters, bacterial réention studies are often performed, Bacteria retention studies are not only extremely sensitive indieators of efficiency, they also add-ess an important need in the beverage industry, namely, bioburden ‘control. Bacteria retention studies were conducted using the test system shown in Figure 5. Bacteria retention testing of membrane filters has been well described, Essentially, a monodispersed solution ofa known bacteria i used to challenge the fest iter. This solution in passed through the tes filter and then the filtrate is ther passed throngh an analysis membrane filler dise. This die is stibsequently incubated for enumeration of bacterial colonies. A comparison of the number of influent bacteria to the numberof bacteria, ithe filtrate is made. The comparison i often expressed logarithmically aceording tothe formula: Log Reduction Valve (LRV) log. (umber of bacteria entering thefilterimumber of bacteria exiting the filter). The higher the LRV value, the greater the bacteria reaction. Additionally, since LRVs are expressed logarithmically, each unit of increase is equal to an order of magnitude (x10) increase in performance. As an example, filter that provides an LRV of 7isten times more retentive than a filter that provides an LRV of 6 100 times more retentive than a filter that provides an LRV ofS, and se on, In tesis conducted with P fluorescens, LifeASSURE™ BLA series BLA10O grade filters and compe reduction values depicted in Table 2 filters exhibited average log ‘The cartridges were challenged in accordance with he following testing parameters + Challenge onganism: P fluorescens (ATCC) # 49642. + Minimum challenge concentration: 73x10*CFUiem’ of filter media + Average flow rte: 2.7 GPM per 10" cartridge + All plotes were incubated at 26°C for seven days prior t evaluating final rests,Table 2—Bactoria Retonion Test Results Ped Lip tSSURE™ELA Seis BLATOOBOTFD (rerio ax ForOTieGs (Graver Tecnologie LGVTEC™ 6rai5t Palace WCPOTNBSTS As the data in Table 2 show LifeASSURE™ BLA series filters reduced P. fluorescens ata much higher rate than any filter tested, Further he Les coulis, pa calaly ihe allege level of 7.3810" CFU/em of filter media, are “worst case" conditions and are ‘ot expected to eccur in 2 bottling plant. This leaves a wide “safety zore” between the retentive capability of the LifeASSURE BLA series filter and actual bacteria levels in the product water ofa given faiiy. Disinfection By-products ‘The US. EPA and the US. Food & Drug Administration (FDA) have issued a regulation* limiting bromate, a disinfection by-product, in drinking ‘water. Bromate is generated when the naturally ‘occurring bromide ion is exposed to ozone, such as in the ease ofa bottled water plant employing azone for ‘microbiological contro ‘The Intemational Bottled Water Associ (IBWA) has also established a contro! limit of 10 ‘ug/L (10 ppb) of bromate for member bottlers. The IDWA has also recommended membranc filtration san option in providing microbiological contro, without the use of ozone, as part of a“multi-barrier approach to water safety. Membrane filers, such the LifASSURE BLA series filter, provide users with effective microbiological control without the need for ‘ozone, thereby eliminating the generation of disinfection by- products *{(b\4Mi (ED) in Section 165.110 of 21 CFR] Figure 6 Bacteria trapped on LiteASSURE™ BLA Series ‘membrane surface Conclusion and Summary Pathogenic eyst such as Cryptosporidium and Giardia can be present in surfice water as wellas ground water under the influence of surface water, These water sources are often used for bottles water and other beverage grade water. Oubreaks of eryplospridiosis and other diseases related to pathogenic protozoa, have inereased the seruny of botled water quality and the quay of her beverages. Membrane filtration has been shown to bean effective barrier against cyst contamination ® “To assure consistency of performance, membrane filer performance stould be validated by a \well respected independent party standard, such as NSF International Stnelard 53. Additional considerations forthe beverage processor, such as filter cartridge flow mate and service life, impact the cost of implementing this, filtration, Filters designed to flow faster and last longer offer an economic benefit in tha the beverage processor can employ smaller filer housings and change the filters less frequently, Lasly, filters that reduce igh levels of HPC bacteria provide additional protection against ‘organisms that ean potentially effect beverage tase, odor andl consisteney.‘This Customer Application Brief describes the benefits of LifASSURE™ BLA series membrane filter cartridges in protecting beverage ‘grade water from Cryptosporidium contamination, Those benefits include: + Contification of performance to NSF International Standard 53, cyst reduction, to ensure reliable, consistent reduction of pathogenie protozoan cysts. + Themembrane and cartridge design, result in faster flow mies and longer service life to reduce operating costs + Reduction of HPC (heterotrophic plate coun) bacteria, preventing a cause of off taste and odor + No disinfection by-products, such as bromote, are generate. References Standard Methods forthe Examination of Water and Wastewater, 19th Edition, Method #9215B “Heterotrophic Plate Count” Dena, eterotrophic Bacteria Debate Continues”, Water Technology, October, 1999 LeChevallier, MW, Norton WD, Lee RG., Giardia and Cryptosporidium ssp. In Filtered Drinking Water Supplies, Applied Environmental Microbiology, 1991; $79):2617-21 MacKenzie, WR, etal, A Massive Outbreak in Milwaukee of Cryprosporidium Infection Transmitted Through the Fikered Public Water Supply, New England Journal of Medicine, 1994, 331:161-, Reynolds, K.,Heterotrophie Plate Count Bacteria and Drinking Water”, Water Conditioning & Purification, January 1999, MacCormick A, “Cryptosporidium —Driving the Shift Towards Microfiltraion”; Filtration & Separation, anuary/February 1998 Literature References eee LUpASSURE™ BLA Seis Ft Cariges LTLABW 70020187857 Micro Kea Ses Fi Cartes LTCBKDO2 70-00-8689 Betapaet NTT Senos iter Caries LUTPNY 70020187202Important tice Te ioaatzn dsibedn Wie rao ¥ aaa hobo our roa Avaya, Powe can ace paraene he peau aac snlesn sone uhh ae rig whiny ree ancora. INFORMATIONS SUPPLIED UPON TE CONDITION THAT THE PERSONS RECEIVING THE SAME WILL MAKE THEM ON DETERMINATION AS TOI SUITABILITY FOR THER USE. INNO EVENT WILL 3M PUAFCATION INC. BE RESPONSIBLE FOR DAMAGES OF ANY NATURE WHATSOEVER ‘RESULTING FROM THE USE OF OR RELIANCE UPON MFORMATION, is yurtespereity detent itor eng roman oe anit pret tr apart procs an sian yer pu apse, M PURIFICATION Wc. MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, ETHER EXPRESS OR IMPUED, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION ANY WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FTINESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR OF ANY OTHER NATLRE HEREUNDER WITH RESPECT TO WIFORMATION OR THE PRODUCT TO WHICH ‘wronwearion cree, imitation of abi ‘SM Puch lobe ao oy of nage ag Ton bo so obePromaa hehe Gea. rae, pecs Pee corse aos te aa Heo sri res ara contact nose rst iy. Soe sas ee cas 0 9 alow tho exact oh or cueaqure ces, oho bow Ito ray rete. 3M Purification in. ‘400 Reeaarch Pay ‘Misa trademark of M Company Meriden, CT 06450, US.& LUeASSURE, Beta, Mico- Klean are trademarks of 2M Corpany used unde arse Te! 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