Measurement &

Verification Pte Ltd

Energy Measurement & Analysis

EMA of Chilled Water Systems

The Education and Research arm of the Building and Construction Authority

23 Mar 2018

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The Education and Research am of the Building and Construction Authority
The contents of this document are protected by copyright and other forms of proprietary rights. All
rights, title and interest in the contents are owned by, licensed to or controlled by Measurement &
Verification and Steven Kang and shall not be reproduced, modified, republished, uploaded,
posted, transmitted or otherwise distributed in any way, without the prior written permission of by
Measurement & Verification and Steven Kang.

The reference herein to any specific commercial products, process, or service by trade name,
trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not constitute or imply endorsement,
recommendation, or favoring by Measurement & Verification and Steven Kang.

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Lecturer’s Profile

• Steven Kang
• Measurement & verification Pte Ltd
• Business Development Director
• Email: steven.kang@mnv.com.sg
• Email: steven.kang.bl@gmail.com

Measurement &
Verification Pte Ltd

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Agenda

1. Level I, II and II Scope of Work

2. Types of Instruments and Uncertainties
3. Data Collection
4. Data Analysis
5. Benching Marking
6. Case Studies

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Typical Commercial Building Energy Consumption Breakdown

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Level 1 Audit

General Scope of Work

1. Gather facility-wide energy use on a monthly and/or annual basis;
2. Derive performance indicators;
3. Propose broad conclusions and recommendations, with estimated energy
savings and payback; and
4. Submit written report.

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Level 2 Audit

General Scope of Work

1. Follow-up from level I assessment and report where available;
2. Facility investigation;
3. Detailed facility and systems energy input and energy use;
4. Reconciliation of energy accounts with loads;
5. Variation on energy use on a month-to-month basis;
6. Energy performance indicators;
7. Recommended improvement work with indicative costs and savings;
8. Implementation priority and plan;
9. Alignment of recommendations with client’s energy program; and
10. Written report and presentation.

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Level 3 Audit

General Scope of Work

1. Follow-up from level II assessment and report where available;
2. Define facility/process audited;
3. Facility/process investigation and detailed measurements;
4. Detailed metering down to half-hourly time interval where required;
5. Derive target energy use and develop baseline model where relevant;
6. Detailed recommendations including costs, savings and accuracy of estimates;
7. Detailed investment plan;
8. Suggest refinement to energy policy and energy program; and
9. Written report and presentation.

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 Checklist for Assessment of Chilled Water System (Level 1 Audit)
Chillers CHW & CW Pumps Cooling Towers

1. What is the refrigerant type? 1. What is the age of the pump? 1. Layout arrangement
2. What is the age of the chiller? 2. What is pump design efficiency? 2. Capacity control (Run all CTs at low speed)
3. What is the chiller design efficiency? (i.e. 3. What is pump motor efficiency? 3. In-fill conditions
kW/RT at new condition) 4. What is the pump head? 4. Fan and motor condition
4. Reliability of the existing chiller? 5. Are there secondary pumps? 5. Fan belting system
5. Are more chillers operating than necessary? 6. What is the pump rated motor power? 6. Water distribution evenly distributed?
6. High condenser water supply/ return 7. What is the chilled water and condenser 7. Water level control and float assembly
temperature? water differential temperature? 8. Water cleanliness
7. High condenser saturated temperature 8. Are there any balancing valves?
and/or approach temperature? 9. Are there throttling of valves?
8. Low evaporator saturated temperature or 10. Are there high pressure loss fittings?
high approach temperature? 11. Is there any unnecessary by-pass of water?
12. Are the pump sets operated with variable
speed drive (VSD) and what is the pump
operating speed?
13. What is the control logic and set point?
14. Are there poor pump inlet and outlet
connections?
15. Are there abnormal noise and vibration? Is
shaft seal leaking?

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Agenda

1. Level I, II and II Scope of Work

2. Types of Instruments and Uncertainties
3. Data Collection
4. Data Analysis
5. Benching Marking
6. Case Studies

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 Types of Instruments and Uncertainties
Measurement Point Description Type of Instruments Instrument Measurement
Parameter Uncertainties
• Main incoming power to chilled water system • Current transformer ± 0.5% - 1.0%
• Chiller power • Power meter
Power • Chilled water pump (CHWP) power
• Condenser water pump (CDWP) power
• Cooling tower power
• Chilled water supply (CHWS) header temperature • Resistance Temperature ± 0.01 – 1.0oC
• Chilled water return (CHWR) header temperature Detector (RTD)
• Condenser water supply (CDWS) temperature
• Condenser water return (CDWR) temperature • NTC Thermistor ± 0.01 – 1.0oC
Temperature • Chiller CHWS temperature
• Chiller CHWR temperature
• Chiller CDWS temperature
• Chiller CDWR temperature
• Ambient dry & wet bulb temperature
• Chilled water header flow rate • Electromagnetic (Preferred) ± 0.2% - 1.0%
• Condenser water header flow rate
Flow rate • Chiller chilled water flow rate • Ultrasonic ± 1% - 2%
• Chiller condenser water flow rate
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Agenda

1. Level I, II and II Scope of Work

2. Types of Instruments and Uncertainties
3. Data Collection
4. Data Analysis
5. Benching Marking
6. Case Studies

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 SS591: Types of Data To Be Collected

All measured data of chilled water system are to be logged at 1 minute sampling time interval and recorded to the 3rd
decimal digit. The measured data must be trended over the entire chilled water system operating period

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 SS591- Required Metrics

Minimum Requirements Recommended Requirements

System cooling load Individual chiller energy efficiency (kW/RT)
Supply chilled water temperature

Temperature difference between chilled water supply

and return

Total heat rejected

Heat balance substantiating test

Chilled water system energy efficiency (kW/RT)

Equipment energy efficiency (kW/RT) for chillers,

chilled water pumps, condenser water pumps and
cooling towers

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Agenda

1. Level I, II and II Scope of Work

2. Types of Instruments and Uncertainties
3. Data Collection
4. Data Analysis
5. Benching Marking
6. Case Studies

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Data Analysis

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 KW (Ʃ CH+CHWP+CWP+CT)

1.19 x Flowrate (l/s) x (CHWRT – CHWST)

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Heat Balance

• Under BCA Green Mark for New Non-Residential Buildings (Version 4 onwards) and Existing Non-
Residential Buildings (Version 3 onwards), heat balance shall be computed over the entire building’s
normal operating hours, over a one-week period, with more than 80% of the computed heat balance
to be within ±5%.

• For large chiller plant systems, on top of a heat balance test for chilled water system, it is good practice
to install additional temperature sensors and flow meters at individual chillers as recommended in
SS591:2013. The additional sensors can be used to cross check the accuracy of the sensors and it can
be used for troubleshooting if the performance of the chiller plant deteriorates.

• Additional benefits for the installation of sensors at individual chillers:

• Installation of flow meters for each chiller will allow control of individual CHWP and CDWP flow rate.
• Installation of flow meters for each chiller will allow measurement of kW/RT for individual chiller, CHWP, CDWP and CT.

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Agenda

1. Level I, II and II Scope of Work

2. Types of Instruments and Uncertainties
3. Data Collection
4. Data Analysis
5. Benching Marking
6. Case Studies

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Importance of Measurement and Benchmarking

This article was published in ASHRAE Journal, November 2016. Copyright 2016 ASHRAE. Posted at www.ashrae.org
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BCA Green Mark for Existing Non-Residential Buildings (Version 3)

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BCA Green Mark 2015 criteria (GM NRB:2015)

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Agenda

1. Level I, II and II Scope of Work

2. Types of Instruments and Uncertainties
3. Data Collection
4. Data Analysis
5. Benching Marking
6. Case Studies

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Common Pitfalls for Temperature Measurement

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Common Pitfalls for Heat Balance
1. Temperature sensor accuracy has drifted. This may be caused by RTD/Thermistors drift
due to vibration or data logger electronics drift.
2. Flow meter installed at turbulent flow location.
3. Unstable operation of CHW control valves resulting in unstable CHW flow and CHW
return temp.
4. Unstable operation of chiller resulting in unstable CHW supply temp.
5. Unstable operation of pump / VSD resulting in unstable CHW and CW flow & temp.
6. Unstable operation of CT / VSD resulting in unstable CWS temp.
7. Time difference in capturing of temperature, flow or KW.
8. Small CHW DT during off-peak period increases the error of temp measurement.
9. CHW or CW flow velocity at the header during off-peak may decrease below the flow
meter manufacturer's recommendation.

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Thank you for your
attention

Discussion and Q&A

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