Republic of the Philippines

           CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES 

           Nabua, Camarines Sur

Noel Andrew Maniscan

Bachelor of Science in Information technology 2B
Platform Technology

Learning Task:
1. What is the CPU? What is its role in a computer?

Central Process Unit

The computer's central processing unit (CPU) is the portion of a computer that retrieves and
executes instructions. The CPU is essentially the brain of a CAD system. It consists of an arithmetic and
logic unit (ALU), a control unit, and various registers. The CPU is often simply referred to as the
processor. The ALU performs arithmetic operations, logic operations, and related operations, according
to the program instructions. The central processing unit (CPU) guides the computer through the various
steps of solving a problem. Data enters the computer through an input unit, is processed by the central
processing unit, and is then made available to the user through an output unit. A logical view of a
computer shows what functions the computer performs.

2. What is a bus?

Alternatively known as an address bus, data bus, control bus, or local bus, a bus is a link between
components or devices connected to a computer. For example, a bus carries data between a CPU and
the system memory via the motherboard.

3. What is bus arbitration? Identify its four categories.

Bus Arbitration refers to the process by which the current bus master accesses and then leaves the
control of the bus and passes it to another bus requesting processor unit. The controller that has access
to a bus at an instance is known as a Bus master.

There are four main categories of bus arbitration:

 Centralized arbitration: A single device, such as the CPU or a dedicated arbiter, controls access
to the bus and decides which device gets to use the bus next. This method is commonly used in
older computer systems and is relatively slow.

 Distributed arbitration: Each device has its own arbitration logic and competes for access to the
bus using a priority or contention-based system. This method is faster than centralized
arbitration, but it can be more complex and prone to errors.
 Republic of the Philippines
           CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES 
           Nabua, Camarines Sur

 Demand priority arbitration: A device that needs to use the bus sends a request to the other
devices on the bus, which then respond with their own requests. The device with the highest
priority is granted access to the bus. This method is widely used in modern computer systems,
such as Ethernet networks.

 Hybrid arbitration: A combination of centralized and distributed arbitration methods, which can
offer the advantages of both approaches. For example, a central arbiter may control access to
the bus, but individual devices may have their own arbitration logic to resolve conflicts. This
method is commonly used in computer systems that require high performance and reliability,
such as servers and supercomputers.

4. What is the I/O subsystem?

Input/Output Subsystem The I/O subsystem of a computer provides an efficient mode of

communication between the central system and the outside environment. It handles all the inputoutput
operations of the computer system

5. Differentiate memory-mapped I/O from I/O-mapped I/O.

The main difference between memory mapped IO and IO mapped IO is that the memory
mapped IO uses the same address space for both memory and IO device while the IO mapped
IO uses two separate address spaces for memory and IO device.

REFFERENCES:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/central-processing-unit#:~:text=The%20computer's
%20central%20processing%20unit,referred%20to%20as%20the%20processor .

https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/b/bus.htm

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/bus-arbitration-in-computer-organization/

https://www.lkouniv.ac.in/site/writereaddata/siteContent/
202004171019385287rohit_sriv_enggInput_organization.pdf

https://pediaa.com/what-is-the-difference-between-memory-mapped-io-and-io-mapped-io/
#:~:text=The%20main%20difference%20between%20memory,for%20memory%20and%20IO%20device.