2) The CPU processes instructions it receives in the process of decoding data.

In processing this data, the

CPU performs four basic steps:

Fetch: Each instruction is stored in memory and has its own address. The processor takes this address
number from the program counter, which is responsible for tracking which instructions the CPU should
execute next.

Decode: All programs to be executed are translated to into Assembly instructions. Assembly code must
be decoded into binary instructions, which are understandable to your CPU. This step is called decoding.

Execute: While executing instructions the CPU can do one of three things: Do calculations with its ALU,
move data from one memory location to another, or jump to a different address.

Store: The CPU must give feedback after executing an instruction, and the output data is written to the
memory.

3) An arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital circuit used to perform arithmetic and logic operations. It
represents the fundamental building block of the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer. Modern
CPUs contain very powerful and complex ALUs. In addition to ALUs, modern CPUs contain a control unit
(CU).

Most of the operations of a CPU are performed by one or more ALUs, which load data from input
registers. A register is a small amount of storage available as part of a CPU. The control unit tells the ALU
what operation to perform on that data and the ALU stores the result in an output register. The control
unit moves the data between these registers, the ALU, and memory.

4) The control unit of the central processing unit regulates and integrates the operations of the
computer. It selects and retrieves instructions from the main memory in proper sequence and interprets
them so as to activate the other functional elements of the system at the appropriate moment…

5) The central processing unit (CPU) consists of six main components:

control unit (CU)

arithmetic logic unit (ALU)

registers

cache

buses

clock
All components work together to allow processing and system control.

8)

9) The main difference between address bus and data bus is that the address bus helps to transfer
memory addresses while the data bus helps to send and receive data. That is, the address bus is used to
specify a physical address in the memory while the data bus is used to transmit data among components
in both directions.

10) Direct memory access (DMA) is the process of transferring data without the involvement of the
processor itself. It is often used for transferring data to/from input/output devices. A separate DMA
controller is required to handle the transfer. The controller notifies the DSP processor that it is ready for
a transfer. Then the processor relinquishes control of its external memory bus and grants the control of
the bus to the DMA controller. The DMA controller then transfers the specified amount of data and
signals the processor upon completion of the transfer.

11) In computing, a parallel port is a type of interface found on computers (personal and otherwise) for
connecting peripherals. The name refers to the way the data is sent; parallel ports send multiple bits of
data at once (parallel communication), as opposed to serial communication, in which bits are sent one at
a time.

12) Server computers may use a serial port as a control console for diagnostics, while networking
hardware (such as routers and switches) commonly use serial console ports for configuration,
diagnostics, and emergency maintenance access.

13) An interrupt is a signal sent to the processor that interrupts the current process. It may be generated
by a hardware device or a software program

15) Complex instruction, hence complex instruction decoding.

Instruction are larger than one word size.

Instruction may take more than single clock cycle to get executed.

Less number of general purpose register as operation get performed in memory itself.

Complex Addressing Modes.

More Data types.

16) Simpler instruction, hence simple instruction decoding.

Instruction come under size of one word.

Instruction take single clock cycle to get executed.

More number of general purpose register.

Simple Addressing Modes.

Less Data types.

Pipeline can be achieved.

17) In a Von-Neumann architecture, the same memory and bus are used to store both data and
instructions that run the program. Since you cannot access program memory and data memory
simultaneously, the Von Neumann architecture is susceptible to bottlenecks and system performance is
affected.

The Harvard architecture stores machine instructions and data in separate memory units that are
connected by different busses. In this case, there are at least two memory address spaces to work with,
so there is a memory register for machine instructions and another memory register for data.

18)

19) fetch instruction (aka pre-fetch)

decode instruction.

evaluate address (address generation)

fetch operands (read memory data)

execute (ALU access)

store result (writeback memory data)

20) The fetch execute cycle is the basic operation (instruction) cycle of a computer (also known as the
fetch decode execute cycle). During the fetch execute cycle, the computer retrieves a program
instruction from its memory. It then establishes and carries out the actions that are required for that
instruction.

23) A 64-bit processor is a microprocessor with a word size of 64 bits, a requirement for memory and
data intensive applications such as computer-aided design (CAD) applications, database management
systems, technical and scientific applications, and high-performance servers.

24) The most common types of interfaces provided nowadays by disk controllers are PATA (IDE) and
Serial ATA for home use. High-end disks use Parallel SCSI, Fibre Channel or Serial Attached SCSI.

25) Futurebus.

InfiniBand.

PCI Express External Cabling.

QuickRing.
Scalable Coherent Interface (SCI)

SCSI Small Computer System Interface, disk/tape peripheral attachment bus.

Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) and other serial SCSI buses.

Thunderbolt.

26) RS-232, 1-Wire and PCI Express

27) USB hubs can extend a USB network to a maximum of 127 ports.

30) FireWire, also called IEEE 1394 or i. LINK, high-speed computer data-transfer interface used to
connect personal computers, audio and video devices, and other professional and consumer electronics.

31) HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface) is a proprietary audio/video interface for transmitting
uncompressed video data and compressed or uncompressed digital audio data from an HDMI-compliant
source device, such as a display controller, to a compatible computer monitor, video projector, digital
television. Etc.