GALGOTIAS UNIVERSITY

Greater Noida, Gautam buddh Nagar, Utter Pradesh, India

Department of Computer Science

Session. 2021-22
Project on. Peripheral of computer, CPU and
it’s function… … .

Submit to… . Submitted by… ..

Mr. Mohd Harish Yadav
Anas B. Tech(1SEM)
(Computer workshop) 21SCSE1011088
 *CPU*
* What is the CPU?...........
A central processing unit (CPU), also called a central processor, main processor or just
processor, is the electronic circuitry that executes instructions comprising a computer program.
The CPU performs basic arithmetic, logic, controlling, and input/output (I/O) operations
specified by the instructions in the program. This contrasts with external components such as
main memory and I/O circuitry,[1] and specialized processors such as graphics processing units
(GPUs).

Common CPU components

The central processing unit (CPU) consists of six main components:

• control unit (CU)

• arithmetic logic unit (ALU)

• registers

• cache

• buses

• clock

All components work together to allow processing and system control.

*Control unit… …
The CU provides several functions:

• it fetches, decodes and executes instructions

• it issues control signals that control hardware
• it moves data around the system
*Arithmetic Logic Unit… ..
The ALU has two main functions:

• It performs arithmetic and logical operations (decisions). The ALU is where calculations
are done and where decisions are made.
• It acts as a gateway between primary memory and secondary storage . Data transferred
between them passes through the ALU.

*Register… …
Registers are small amounts of high-speed memory contained within the CPU. They are used
by the processor to store small amounts of data that are needed during processing, such as:

• the address of the next instruction to be executed

• the current instruction being decoded
• the results of calculations
Different processors have different numbers of registers for different purposes, but most have
some, or all, of the following:

• program counter
• memory address register (MAR)
• memory data register (MDR)
 • current instruction register (CIR)
• accumulator (ACC)

*Cache… … …
Cache is a small amount of high-speed random access memory (RAM) built directly within the
processor. It is used to temporarily hold data and instructions that the processor is likely to
reuse. This allows for faster processing as the processor does not have to wait for the data and
instructions to be fetched from the RAM.

*Buses… … . ..
A bus is a high-speed internal connection. Buses are used to send control signals and data
between the processor and other components.

Three types of bus are used:

• Address bus - carries memory addresses from the processor to other components such
as primary memory and input/output devices.
• Data bus - carries the actual data between the processor and other components.
• Control bus - carries control signals from the processor to other components. The control
bus also carries the clock's pulses.

*Clock… .. … ..
The CPU contains a clock which is used to coordinate all of the computer's components. The
clock sends out a regular electrical pulse which synchronises (keeps in time) all the
components.

The frequency of the pulses is known as the clock speed. Clock speed is measured in hertz.
The higher the frequency, the more instructions can be performed in any given moment o In the
1980s, processors commonly ran at a rate of between 3 megahertz (MHz) to 5 MHz, which is 3
million to 5 million pulses or cycles per second. Today, processors commonly run at a rate of
3 gigahertz (GHz) to 5 GHz, which is 3 billion to 5 billion pulses or cycles per second.
*Factor affecting the CPU
performance… … …
Even though today's processors are tremendously fast, their performance can be affected by a
number of factors:

• clock speed
• cache size
• number of cores

*Clock speed… … …
Clock speed is the number of pulses the central processing unit's (CPU) clock generates per
second. It is measured in hertz.

CPU clocks can sometimes be sped up slightly by the user. This process is known as
overclocking. The more pulses per second, the more fetch-decode-execute cycles that can be
performed and the more instructions that are processed in a given space of time. Overclocking
can cause long term damage to the CPU as it is working harder and producing more heat.

*Catch size… … .. .
Cache is a small amount of high-speed random access memory (RAM) built directly within the
processor. It is used to temporarily hold data and instructions that the processor is likely to
reuse.

The bigger its cache, the less time a processor has to wait for instructions to be fetched.

*Number of cores… … …
A processing unit within a CPU is known as a core. Each core is capable of fetching, decoding
and executing its own instructions.
The more cores a CPU has, the greater the number of instructions it can process in a given
space of time. Many modern CPUs are dual (two) or quad (four) core processors. This provides
vastly superior processing power compared to CPUs with a single core.

*Component of CPU*
*Power supply… …
A power supply unit (PSU) converts mains AC to low-voltage regulated DC power for

the internal components of a computer. Modern personal computers universally use

switched-mode power supplies. Some power supplies have a manual switch for
selecting input voltage, while others automatically adapt to the mains voltage.

*Power cable… …
*Case fan… … …

*CPU fan… … …

*RAM… … …
RAM; /ræm/) is a form of computer memory that can be read and changed in any order,
typically used to store working data and machine code.[1][2] A random-access memory device
allows data items to be read or written in almost the same amount of time irrespective of the
physical location of data inside the memory, in contrast with other direct-access data storage
media (such as hard disks, CD-RWs, DVD-RWs and the older magnetic tapes and drum
memory), where the time required to read and write data items varies significantly depending
on their physical locations on the recording medium, due to mechanical limitations such as
media rotation speeds and arm movement.

*Daughter board… …
A daughterboard (or daughter board, daughter card, or daughtercard) is a circuit board that plugs into and
extends the circuitry of another circuit board.

*CD ROM… … … …
A CD-ROM (/ˌsiːdiːˈrɒm/, compact disc read-only memory) is a pre-pressed optical compact
disc that contains data. Computers can read—but not write or erase—CD-ROMs, i.e. it is a type
of read-only memory.

*Hard disk drive… … .. .

A hard disk drive (HDD), hard disk, hard drive, or fixed disk[b] is an electro-mechanical data
storage device that stores and retrieves digital data using magnetic storage and one or more
rigid rapidly rotating platters coated with magnetic material.
*Floppy disk drive… .. ..

A floppy disk drive (FDD), or floppy drive, is a hardware device that reads data
storage information. It was invented in 1967 by a team at IBM and was one of the
first types of hardware storage that could read/write a portable device. FDDs are
used for reading and writing on removable floppy discs. Floppy disks are now
outdated, and have been replaced by other storage devices such as USB and
network file transfer.

*Mother board… … …

A motherboard (also called mainboard, main circuit board,[1] or mobo) is

the main printed circuit board (PCB) in general-purpose computers and other
expandable systems.