Jkssb special

Topic -
Computer
Architecture
Computer Architecture refers to the structure
and behaviour of the computer.

A computer consists of three main

components
• Input/Output unit
• CPU
 • Memory unit

Input unit-
• Accept instructions
• Convert instructions
• Supplies the instructions to the computer
system.

Output unit-
• Accepts the results
• Convert these results to human
readable form.
• Supplies the converted results to the
user.

Central processing Unit(CPU) –

• Brain of computer
• Consist of ALU, CU and Registers.
• CPU executes the stored program
instructions.
▪ CPU gets instructions from the memory.
▪ It interprets the program instructions and
perform the required ALU operations for
the processing of data.
▪ Then it sends the processed data or result
into the memory.
▪ The CPU is fabricated as a single integrated
Circuit and is also known as
microprocessor.
▪ CPU performance is measured in MIPS or
in BIPS.

Arithmetic Logic Unit(ALU)

• Consist of two units – Arithmetic unit
and Logic Unit.
• AU performs arithmetic operations on
the data.
• Logic unit performs logic operations like
comparison operations, greater than and
less than operations.
• Uses register to hold data that is being
processed.

REGISTERS-
• High speed storage areas within the CPU.
• It stores data, instructions, addresses
and intermediate results of processing.
• Often referred as CPU working memory.
• The number of registers and the size of
each register helps to determine the
power and speed of CPU.
• The size of Register also called word size.

Types of Register. –
 • Accumulator- Stores the result of ALU.
• Instruction Register- contains the
current instruction most recently
fetched.
• Program counter-contains the address
of the next instruction to be processed.
• Memory buffer register-temporarily
stores data from memory or the data
to be sent to memory.
• Data Register- stores the operands and
any other data.

Control Unit (CU) –

• Organises the processing of data and
instructions.
• It acts as a supervisor and control and
coordinates the activity of the other units
of computer.
 • CU tells when to fetch the data and
instructions, what to do and where to
store the results.

Memory unit.
Consist of cache memory and primary
memory.

Instruction Cycle:-

Consist of four steps:-

• Fetching:- fetch instruction from memory.
• Decoding:- fetched instruction is broken
down into parts or decoded. The
instruction is translated into commands.
• Executing:-Decoded instruction or
command is executed.
 • Storing:- results are stored in computer
memory.

Performance of computer:-

• Registers size. (Word size).

• RAM
• Clock speed : the frequency with which a
processor executes instructions.
• Bus. Depends upon width of bus.
• Cache memory.

Motherboard:-
• Most important component on a PC.
• It is a large Printed circuit board(PCB),
having many chips, connectors and other
electronics mounted upon it.
• The motherboard contains the processor,
memory chips, interfaces and sockets.
• The Basic input output system(BIOS) and
Complementary Metal – oxide
semiconductor(CMOS) are present on
the motherboard.
• Known as Main board, Logic board,
planar board and system board.

Interconnection of Units

Bus:- set of wires used for

interconnection of components of
computer.

Address bus:-
• Carries address only
• Unidirectional
• Connects CPU and RAM.
 Data bus
• Carries data only
• Bidirectional
• Tranfer data between CPU and memory.

Control bus:- used to generate control

signals.

Internal Bus:- connects internal componsnts of

computer. It is quick
Memory bus/ Local bus/ system bus.

External Bus:- connects external devices of the

computer.
Slower than internal bus.
Thanks for watching
By Gourav sarswat.