ARUSHA TECHNICAL COLLEGE

(ATC)

ICT DEPARTMENT
Module Name: COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS
Module Code: ITT 04101
Instructors: Simalike, P and Lathima, J
 What is a Computer?
• A computer is a programmable electronic device that accepts raw data as input
and processes it with a set of instructions (a program) to produce the result as
output.
• It renders output just after performing mathematical and logical operations and
can save the output for future use.
• It can process numerical as well as non-numerical calculations. The term
"computer" is derived from the Latin word "computare" which means to
calculate.
• A computer is designed to execute applications and provides a variety of
solutions through integrated hardware and software components.
• It works with the help of programs and represents the decimal numbers through
a string of binary digits.
• It also has a memory that stores the data, programs, and result of processing.
The components of a computer such as machinery that includes wires,
transistors, circuits, hard disk are called hardware.
• Whereas, the programs and data are called software.
 The basic parts of a computer
• Processor: It executes instructions from software and hardware.
• Memory: It is the primary memory for data transfer between the CPU and
storage.
• Motherboard: It is the part that connects all other parts or components of
a computer.
• Storage Device: It permanently stores the data, e.g., hard drive.
• Input Device: It allows you to communicate with the computer or to input
data, e.g., a keyboard.
• Output Device: It enables you to see the output, e.g., monitor, projector,
printer
Basic Parts of a Computer
Computer Computer Components
CPU (Central Processing Unit)
•CPU is considered as the brain of the computer. CPU performs all
types of data processing operations.
•It stores data, intermediate results, and instructions (program). It
controls the operation of all parts of the computer.
•The task of performing operations like arithmetic and logical
operations is called processing.
•The Central Processing Unit (CPU) takes data and instructions from the
storage unit and makes all sorts of calculations based on the
instructions given and the type of data provided.
•It is then send back to the storage unit.
CPU
CPU
• CPU itself has the following three components −
• ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
• Memory Unit
• Control Unit
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
• This unit consists of two subsections namely,
i. Arithmetic Section
ii. Logic Section
• Arithmetic Section
• Function of arithmetic section is to perform arithmetic operations like
addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. All complex operations
are done by making repetitive use of the above operations.
• Logic Section
• Function of logic section is to perform logic operations such as comparing,
selecting, matching, and merging of data.
Memory or Storage Unit
• This unit can store instructions, data, and intermediate results. This unit
supplies information to other units of the computer when needed.
• It is also known as internal storage unit or the main memory or the
primary storage or Random Access Memory (RAM).
• Its size affects speed, power, and capability. Primary memory and
secondary memory are two types of memories in the computer.
• Functions of the memory unit are −
• It stores all the data and the instructions required for processing.
• It stores intermediate results of processing.
• It stores the final results of processing before these results are released to an output
device.
• All inputs and outputs are transmitted through the main memory.
 Control Unit
• This unit controls the operations of all parts of the computer but does
not carry out any actual data processing operations.
• Functions of this unit are −
• It is responsible for controlling the transfer of data and instructions among
other units of a computer.
• It manages and coordinates all the units of the computer.
• It obtains the instructions from the memory, interprets them, and directs the
operation of the computer.
• It also acts as a switch board operator when several users access the
computer simultaneously.
• It communicates with Input/output devices for transfer of data or results
from storage.
• It does not process or store data.
• The control unit determines the sequence in which computer programs and
instructions are executed
 Input Unit
• This unit contains devices with the help of which we enter data into the
computer. This unit creates a link between the user and the computer. The
input devices translate the information into a form understandable by the
computer.

Storage Unit
• The process of saving data and instructions permanently is known as storage.
Data has to be fed into the system before the actual processing starts.
• It is because the processing speed of Central Processing Unit (CPU) is so fast
that the data has to be provided to CPU with the same speed.
• Therefore the data is first stored in the storage unit for faster access and
processing.
• This storage unit or the primary storage of the computer system is designed to
do the above functionality. It provides space for storing data and instructions.
 Storage Unit
• The storage unit performs the following major functions:
• All data and instructions are stored here before and after processing.
• Intermediate results of processing are also stored here
 Output Unit
• Output: This is the process of producing results from the data for getting
useful information.
• Similarly the output produced by the computer after processing must also
be kept somewhere inside the computer before being given to you in
human readable form.
• Again the output is also stored inside the computer for further processing.