10/11/2021

M 317:
Operating Systems
Chapter 1: Introduction

Dr. Rashad A. A. Ragb

rabelkhafaar@su.edu.sa

Chapter 1

Class outline

Introduction, concepts, review & historical perspective

Processes
 Synchronization

 Scheduling

 Deadlock

Memory management

I/O management

File systems

Security & protection

Distributed systems (as time permits)

Chapter 1 2

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Contents

Today's Topic: Introduction to Operating Systems

We will learn
1. What is Operating System?
2. What OS does?
3. Structure of OS
4. Evolution of OS

Batch Processing, Multiprogramming, Time
sharing systems
5. Operating System Functions Main Functions of OS
6. Types of OS

Single User, Multi User systems
7. Operating System concepts

References

Textbook
 W. Stallings, Operating Systems Internals and Design
Principles, 6th edition, 2009.

Reference
 A. Silberschatz, P. B. Galvin, G. Gagne, Operating
Systems Principles, 7th edition, 2006.
 Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008
Prentice-Hall.

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Grading (subject to adjustment)

10% Homework and practical = 20

10% project and attendance = 20

10% Mid exam1 = 20

70% Final Exam = 140

The landscape of operating

systems (as of 2014)

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The OS wars (in 2006)

Operating System

A program that controls and supports the
usage of computer systems

Main objectives of an OS:

• Convenience
• Efficiency
• Ability to evolve

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Control
The operating system controls the usage of the
computer resources - hardware devices and
software utilities.
 Processors

 Main memory

 Secondary Memory

 Peripheral devices

 Information

Support
Services to assist the users of the computer system:
 For the programmers:

Utilities - debuggers, editors, file management, etc.

 For the end users - interface to the application programs

 For programs - loads instructions and data into memory,

prepares I/O devises for usage, handles interrupts and
error conditions.

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What is OS?

Operating System is a software, which makes a
computer to actually work.

It is the software the enables all the programs we use.

The OS organizes and controls the hardware.

OS acts as an interface between the application

programs and the machine hardware.

Examples: Windows, Linux, Unix and Mac OS, etc.,

What is OS?

Resource allocator – manages and
allocates resources. (CPU time,
memory space, file-storage space, I/O
devices…)
Since there maybe many –
possibly conflicting – requests for
resources, the OS must decide which
requests are allocated resources so
that it can operate the computer
system efficiently and fairly.

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What is OS?

Control program – controls the
execution of user programs to prevent
errors and improper use of the
computer.
It is especially concerned with the
operation and control of I/O devices .

Kernel – the one program running at all
times (all else being application
programs).

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What OS does?

An operating system performs basic tasks such as,

controlling and allocating memory,

prioritizing system requests,

controlling input and output devices,

facilitating networking and

managing file systems.

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Structure of Operating System:

Application Programs

System Programs

Software (Operating System)

HARDWARE

(Contd…)

Structure of Operating System

(Contd…):

The structure of OS consists of 4 layers:
1. Hardware
Hardware consists of CPU, Main memory, I/O
Devices, etc,

2. Software (Operating System)

Software includes process management
routines, memory management routines, I/O
control routines, file management routines.

(Contd…)

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Structure of Operating System

(Contd…):

3. System programs
This layer consists of compilers, Assemblers,
linker etc.

4. Application programs
This is dependent on users need. Ex. Railway
reservation system, Bank database
management etc.,

Evolution of OS:

The evolution of operating systems went through seven

major phases.

Six of them significantly changed the ways in which

users accessed computers through the open shop, batch
processing, multiprogramming, timesharing, personal
computing, and distributed systems.

In the seventh phase the foundations of concurrent

programming were developed and demonstrated in
model operating systems.
(Contd…)

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Evolution of OS (contd..):
Major Technical Operating
Phases Innovations Systems
The idea of OS IBM 701 open shop
Open Shop (1954)

Tape batching, BKS system (1961)

Batch
First-in, first-out
Processing scheduling.
Processor multiplexing, Atlas supervisor
Multi- Indivisible operations, (1961),
programming Demand paging, Exec II system (1966)
Input/output spooling,
Priority scheduling,
Remote job entry
(Contd…)

Evolution of OS (contd..):
Simultaneous user Multics file system
Timesharing interaction, (1965),
On-line file systems Unix (1974)
Hierarchical systems, RC 4000 system (1969),
Concurrent Extensible kernels, 13 Venus system
Programming Parallel programming (1972),
concepts, Secure parallel 14 Boss 2 system
languages (1975).
Graphic user interfaces OS 6 (1972)
Personal
Pilot system (1980)
Computing
Remote servers WFS file server (1979)
Distributed Unix United RPC (1982)
Systems 24 Amoeba system
(1990)

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Batch Processing:

In Batch processing same type of jobs batch (BATCH- a
set of jobs with similar needs) together and execute at a
time.

The OS was simple, its major task was to transfer control
from one job to the next.

The job was submitted to the computer operator in form
of punch cards. At some later time the output appeared.

The OS was always resident in memory. (Ref. Fig. next
slide)

Common Input devices were card readers and tape
drives.

Batch Processing (Contd…):

Common output devices were line printers, tape drives,
and card punches.

Users did not interact directly with the computer
systems, but he prepared a job (comprising of the
program, the data, & some control information).
OS

User
program
area

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Batch Processing (Contd…):

Spooling

Later batch systems used disks for buffering

Disks enabled simultaneous peripheral
operation on-line (spooling)
 Computer overlapped I/O of one job with
execution of another
 Better utilization of the expensive CPU
 Still only one job active at any given time

CS 1550, cs.pitt.edu (originaly

modified by Ethan L. Miller and
Chapter 1 23 Scott A. Brandt)

Multiprogramming:

Multiprogramming is a technique to execute number of

programs simultaneously by a single processor.

In Multiprogramming, number of processes reside in
main memory at a time.

The OS picks and begins to executes one of the jobs in
the main memory.

If any I/O wait happened in a process, then CPU
switches from that job to another job.

Hence CPU in not idle at any time.

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Multiprogramming (Contd…):
OS • Figuredipicts the layout of
multiprogramming system.
Job 1
• The main memory consists of 5
Job 2 jobs at a time, the CPU executes
one by one.
Job 3
Advantages:
Job 4 •Efficient memory utilization

Job 5 •Throughput increases

•CPU is never idle, so
performance increases.

Time Sharing Systems:

Time sharing, or multitasking, is a logical extension of

multiprogramming.

Multiple jobs are executed by switching the CPU
between them.

In this, the CPU time is shared by different processes, so
it is called as “Time sharing Systems”.

Time slice is defined by the OS, for sharing CPU time
between processes.

Examples: Multics, Unix, etc.,

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Operating Systems functions:

The main functions of operating systems are:

1. Program creation
2. Program execution
3. Input/Output operations
4. Error detection
5. Resource allocation
6. Accounting
7. protection

Types of OS:

Operating System can also be classified as,-

Single User Systems

Multi User Systems

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Single User Systems:

Provides a platform for only one user at a

time.

They are popularly associated with Desk Top

operating system which run on standalone
systems where no user accounts are
required.

Example: DOS

Multi-User Systems:

Provides regulated access for a number of users by

maintaining a database of known users.

Refers to computer systems that support two or more

simultaneous users.

Another term for multi-user is time sharing.

Ex: All mainframes and are multi-user systems.

Example: Unix

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Types of modern operating systems

Mainframe operating systems: MVS

Server operating systems: FreeBSD, Solaris

Multiprocessor operating systems: Cellular

IRIX

Personal computer operating systems:
Windows, Unix

Real-time operating systems: VxWorks

Embedded operating systems

Smart card operating systems

⇒Some operating systems can fit into more CS 1550, cs.pitt.edu (originaly
modified by Ethan L. Miller and
than one category
Chapter 1 31 Scott A. Brandt)

Operating Systems concepts

Components of a simple PC
Outside
world

Video Hard drive USB Network

controller controller controller controller

CPU Computer internals

(inside the “box”)
Memory
CS 1550, cs.pitt.edu (originaly
modified by Ethan L. Miller and
Chapter 1 32 Scott A. Brandt)

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CPU internals

Execute
Fetch Decode unit
unit unit

Fetch Decode Execute Execute

Buffer unit
unit unit unit

Fetch Decode
unit unit Execute
unit

Pipelined CPU Superscalar CPU

CS 1550, cs.pitt.edu (originaly

modified by Ethan L. Miller and
Chapter 1 33 Scott A. Brandt)

Storage pyramid
Capacity Access latency
< 1 KB Registers 1 ns Better

1 MB Cache (SRAM) 2–5 ns

256 MB Main memory (DRAM) 50 ns
40 GB Magnetic disk 5 ms
Better > 1 TB Magnetic tape 50 sec

Goal: really large memory with very low latency

 Latencies are smaller at the top of the hierarchy
 Capacities are larger at the bottom of the hierarchy

Solution: move data between levels to create illusion of
large memory with low latency
CS 1550, cs.pitt.edu (originaly
modified by Ethan L. Miller and
Scott A. Brandt) Chapter 1 34

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Disk drive structure

head

Data stored on surfaces
sector
 Up to two surfaces per
platter
 One or more platters per
disk platter

Data in concentric tracks track

 Tracks broken into sectors cylinder

256B-1KB per sector
 Cylinder: corresponding
tracks on all surfaces surfaces

Data read and written by
heads
spindle actuato
 Actuator moves heads
CS 1550, cs.pitt.edu (originaly r
modified by  Heads move in unison
Ethan L. Miller and
Scott A. Brandt) Chapter 1 35

Memory
Address Address
0x2ffff 0x2ffff
User program User data
0x2d000
and data
0x2b000 0x2bfff Limit2
User data
0x27fff Limit 0x29000 Base2
User program
0x24fff Limit1
and data User program
0x23000 Base 0x23000 Base1
0x1dfff 0x1dfff
Operating Operating
system system
0 0

Single base/limit pair: set for each process

Two base/limit registers: one for program, one for data
CS 1550, cs.pitt.edu (originaly
modified by Ethan L. Miller and
Scott A. Brandt) Chapter 1 36

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Anatomy of a device request

Instructionn
3 2 Instructionn+1
1: Interrupt
5 Interrupt Disk
CPU
controller controller
1 6 4
Operating
system 3: Return
Interrupt handler

Left: sequence as seen by hardware2: Process interrupt
 Request sent to controller, then to disk
 Disk responds, signals disk controller which tells interrupt
controller
 Interrupt controller notifies CPU
Right: interrupt handling (software point of view)

cs.pitt.edu (originaly
CS 1550,
modified by Ethan L. Miller and
Scott A. Brandt) Chapter 1 37

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