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M 317:
Operating Systems
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 1
Class outline
Introduction, concepts, review & historical perspective
Processes
Synchronization
Scheduling
Deadlock
Memory management
I/O management
File systems
Security & protection
Distributed systems (as time permits)
Chapter 1 2
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Contents
Today's Topic: Introduction to Operating Systems
We will learn
1. What is Operating System?
2. What OS does?
3. Structure of OS
4. Evolution of OS
Batch Processing, Multiprogramming, Time
sharing systems
5. Operating System Functions Main Functions of OS
6. Types of OS
Single User, Multi User systems
7. Operating System concepts
References
Textbook
W. Stallings, Operating Systems Internals and Design
Principles, 6th edition, 2009.
Reference
A. Silberschatz, P. B. Galvin, G. Gagne, Operating
Systems Principles, 7th edition, 2006.
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008
Prentice-Hall.
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Operating System
A program that controls and supports the
usage of computer systems
• Convenience
• Efficiency
• Ability to evolve
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Control
The operating system controls the usage of the
computer resources - hardware devices and
software utilities.
Processors
Main memory
Secondary Memory
Peripheral devices
Information
Support
Services to assist the users of the computer system:
For the programmers:
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What is OS?
Operating System is a software, which makes a
computer to actually work.
What is OS?
Resource allocator – manages and
allocates resources. (CPU time,
memory space, file-storage space, I/O
devices…)
Since there maybe many –
possibly conflicting – requests for
resources, the OS must decide which
requests are allocated resources so
that it can operate the computer
system efficiently and fairly.
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What is OS?
Control program – controls the
execution of user programs to prevent
errors and improper use of the
computer.
It is especially concerned with the
operation and control of I/O devices .
Kernel – the one program running at all
times (all else being application
programs).
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What OS does?
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System Programs
HARDWARE
(Contd…)
(Contd…)
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3. System programs
This layer consists of compilers, Assemblers,
linker etc.
4. Application programs
This is dependent on users need. Ex. Railway
reservation system, Bank database
management etc.,
Evolution of OS:
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Evolution of OS (contd..):
Major Technical Operating
Phases Innovations Systems
The idea of OS IBM 701 open shop
Open Shop (1954)
Evolution of OS (contd..):
Simultaneous user Multics file system
Timesharing interaction, (1965),
On-line file systems Unix (1974)
Hierarchical systems, RC 4000 system (1969),
Concurrent Extensible kernels, 13 Venus system
Programming Parallel programming (1972),
concepts, Secure parallel 14 Boss 2 system
languages (1975).
Graphic user interfaces OS 6 (1972)
Personal
Pilot system (1980)
Computing
Remote servers WFS file server (1979)
Distributed Unix United RPC (1982)
Systems 24 Amoeba system
(1990)
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Batch Processing:
In Batch processing same type of jobs batch (BATCH- a
set of jobs with similar needs) together and execute at a
time.
The OS was simple, its major task was to transfer control
from one job to the next.
The job was submitted to the computer operator in form
of punch cards. At some later time the output appeared.
The OS was always resident in memory. (Ref. Fig. next
slide)
Common Input devices were card readers and tape
drives.
User
program
area
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Multiprogramming:
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Multiprogramming (Contd…):
OS • Figuredipicts the layout of
multiprogramming system.
Job 1
• The main memory consists of 5
Job 2 jobs at a time, the CPU executes
one by one.
Job 3
Advantages:
Job 4 •Efficient memory utilization
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1. Program creation
2. Program execution
3. Input/Output operations
4. Error detection
5. Resource allocation
6. Accounting
7. protection
Types of OS:
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Multi-User Systems:
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⇒Some operating systems can fit into more CS 1550, cs.pitt.edu (originaly
modified by Ethan L. Miller and
than one category
Chapter 1 31 Scott A. Brandt)
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CPU internals
Execute
Fetch Decode unit
unit unit
Fetch Decode
unit unit Execute
unit
Storage pyramid
Capacity Access latency
< 1 KB Registers 1 ns Better
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Memory
Address Address
0x2ffff 0x2ffff
User program User data
0x2d000
and data
0x2b000 0x2bfff Limit2
User data
0x27fff Limit 0x29000 Base2
User program
0x24fff Limit1
and data User program
0x23000 Base 0x23000 Base1
0x1dfff 0x1dfff
Operating Operating
system system
0 0
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