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 CHT 205
Chemical Engineering
Thermodynamics

Lecture 1: Introduction and Basic Concepts

Spring 2023

Instructor: Azzam Kamzoul

Outline

▪ General Overview

▪ First Law of Thermodynamics

▪ Second Law of Thermodynamics

▪ Exercise

▪ Summary

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 General Overview
Thermodynamics

Thermo = Heat

Thermodynamics

Dynamics = Motion of the Heat

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 General Overview
Applications

Human Body Air conditioning Airplanes

Refrigeration
Car radiators Power plants
systems

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First Law

Definition: The sum of the amount of work W and heat Q exchanged between the system and
the surrounding is equal to the variation of the internal energy Δ𝐔 of the system .

Δ𝐔 = 𝐐 + 𝐖

Heat is transferred into the system → Q (+) Heat is transferred out of the system → Q (-)

Work is done on the system → W (+) U = Q-W

Work is done by the system → W (-)

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 First law
Type of Processes

Isochoric • Volume = constant

Isobaric • Pressure = constant

Isothermal • Temperature = constant

Adiabatic • No heat transfer with surrounding

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 First law
Type of Processes

o If heat is added → pressure and

temperature increase

o If heat is removed → pressure

and temperature decrease

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 First law
Type of Processes

o If heat is added → volume and

temperature increase

o If heat is removed → volume

and temperature decrease

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 First law
Type of Processes

o If heat is added → volume increase

o If heat is removed → volume

decrease

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 First law
Type of Processes

o No heat change

o Internal energy change → work

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 First law
Work Calculation

𝑉
𝑑𝑓 = p. 𝑛. dS 𝛿𝑊 = 𝑑𝑓.𝑑𝑙 dV = - 𝑛.dS.𝑑𝑙 𝛿𝑊 = -p.dV W =- ‫ 𝑉׬‬2 𝑝𝑑𝑉
1

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 First law
Work Calculation

𝑉
𝑑𝑓 = p.𝑛. dS 𝛿𝑊 = 𝑑𝑓.𝑑𝑙 dV = - 𝑛.dS.𝑑𝑙 𝛿𝑊 = -p.dV W =- ‫ 𝑉׬‬2 𝑝𝑑𝑉
1

For Isochoric Processes:

V = cst → 𝐖 = 𝟎

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 First law
Work Calculation

𝑉
𝑑𝑓 = p.𝑛. dS 𝛿𝑊 = 𝑑𝑓.𝑑𝑙 dV = - 𝑛.dS.𝑑𝑙 𝛿𝑊 = -p.dV W =- ‫ 𝑉׬‬2 𝑝𝑑𝑉
1

For Isobaric Processes:

by integration → 𝐖 = −𝐏(𝐕𝟐 − 𝐕𝟏 )

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 First law
Work Calculation

𝑉
𝑑𝑓 = p.𝑛. dS 𝛿𝑊 = 𝑑𝑓.𝑑𝑙 dV = - 𝑛.dS.𝑑𝑙 𝛿𝑊 = -p.dV W =- ‫ 𝑉׬‬2 𝑝𝑑𝑉
1

For Isothermal Processes:

PV = nRT (Ideal Gas Law)

𝐕𝟐
Replacing it in the integral → 𝐖 = −𝐧𝐑𝐓 𝐥𝐨𝐠
𝐕𝟏

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 First law
Work Calculation

𝑉
𝑑𝑓 = p.𝑛. dS 𝛿𝑊 = 𝑑𝑓.𝑑𝑙 dV = - 𝑛.dS.𝑑𝑙 𝛿𝑊 = -p.dV W =- ‫ 𝑉׬‬2 𝑝𝑑𝑉
1

For Adiabatic Processes:

Q = 0 → ΔU = W
dU = CV dt → ΔU = CV T2 − T1

CP − CV = R
R
Molar heat capacities CP and CV CP → CV =
γ= γ−1
Cv
𝐑
𝐖= 𝐓 − 𝐓𝟏
𝛄−𝟏 𝟐
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Second Law

• Definition: The entropy S of a closed system is always increasing.

• The entropy is the inherent disorder of a system.

𝛅𝐐
𝐝𝐒 =
𝐓

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Exercise

The following transformations are imposed on one mole of perfect gas forming a cycle:
Isochoric AB, isothermal BC, isochoric CD, isothermal DA.

Calculate:
1. The pressure P1 in state A
2. The work for transformations AB, BC, CD, DA
3. The work and the heat Q of the cycle

Given: V1 = 1 m3 ; T1 = 273 K
V2 = 0.1 m3 ; T2 = 293 K

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Solution
RT1 8.314 ×273
1. P1 = = = 2269.7 N/m2
V1 1

2. WAB = 0 isochoric
VB V1 1
WBC = RT2 log = RT2 log = 8.314 × 293 × log = 5690 J
VC V2 0.1

WCD = 0

VD V2 0.1
WDA = RT1 log = RT1 log = 8.314 × 273 × log = −5226 J
VA V1 1

3. Wcycle = WAB + WBC + WCD + WDA = 0 + 5690 + 0 − 5226 = 383 J

Δ U = 0 cycle → Q c = − Wc = −383 J

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Summary

Today you learned about:

➢ First law of thermodynamics

➢ How it applies to isochoric, isothermal, isobaric and adiabatic processes

➢ Second law of thermodynamics and entropy

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Thank You

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