Chapter_2

Fourier series and Fourier transform

 Signal Representation:
1) Time domain representation
2) Frequency domain representation
a) Fourier Series for periodic signal
b) Fourier Transform for aperiodic signal
 Why frequency domain representation?
o Generally, the signal is represented in time domain, however, the analysis of such signal is not
sufficient. Hence, we should represent it in frequency domain, so we need to use Fourier
transformation.
o Therefore, we have to use frequency domain representation in order to perform sufficient
analysis, this analysis provides and evaluates the followings:
Amplitude, Frequency content, Power and Energy density and Periodicity.
A) Fourier Series:
Fourier series is applied to only periodic signal, it provides a sum of infinite number of sine and
cosine terms.
o Why does use Fourier series? To know
1) How many frequency components are present in the signal?
2) Their amplitude
3) Their relative phase difference between these frequency components
o Type of Fourier series:
1) Trigonometric FS 2) Polar FS 3) Exponential FS
1) Trigonometric/Quadrature FS
A periodic signal x(t) with period To, may be represented by:
 
x (t )  ao  an cos(not )  bn sin(not )
n 1 n 1
Where ao is the dc value, and an and bn are the Fourier coefficients
Fourier coefficients
t To T /2
1 1 o
ao 
To t x (t )dt OR ao 
T o To /2
x (t )dt
T /2 T /2
2 o 2 o
T o To /2 T o To /2
an  x (t )cos(not )dt and bn  x (t )sin(not )dt

Therefore, x(t) can be written as

x (t )  ao  a1 cos(ot )  a2 cos(2ot )  ..............  b1 sin(ot )  b2 sin(2ot )  ..........
2) Polar FS
A periodic signal x(t) with period To, may be represented by:

x (t )  co  c n cos(not  n )
n 1
Where co is the dc value, and cn is the Fourier coefficients
 Fourier coefficients
T /2
o
 
1 n  tan 1 bn 
T o T /2
co  ao  x (t )dt c n  (an )2  (bn )2 and
o
 an 
Therefore, x(t) can be written as
x (t )  co  c1 cos(ot  1 )  c 2 cos(2ot  1 )  ..............
3) Exponential FS
A periodic signal x(t) with period To, may be represented by:

x (t )  
n 
c ne jn t o

Where cn is the Fourier coefficient

o T /2
1 x (t )e  jnot dt
cn  
T o T /2
o

Amplitude Spectrum: C n  (Re(c n ))2  (Im(c n ))2

 
Phase Spectrum: n  arg(c n )  tan 1  Im(c n ) 
 Re(c n ) 
 DIRICHELT Conditions:
Dirichelt conditions for existing Fourier series
1- x(t) must periodic with Finite integral
2- x(t) must have finite number of discontinuities in given time interval
3- x(t) should have finite number of maxima and minima in given time interval
T o /2
4- x(t) is absolutely integrable

T /2
x (t ) dt  
o
Example: A train of rectangular pulses making excursion from 0 to A volt has a duration of τ
sec and separated by intervals of To sec. Assuming that the center of a pulse is located at t=0,
Obtain the Fourier series of the above signal. Find the fundamental and second harmonic.
Calculate the average power and the rms. Then, Plot the amplitude and phase spectra of the
signal.
Solution:

x (t )  
n 
c ne jn t
o

The Fourier coefficient

T /2
o
1 x (t )e  jnot dt
cn  
T o T /2
o
 /2
A  1   e  jn 2 f o /2  e jn 2 f o /2 
A  1   jnot
 
1  /2
 jnot
T o /2
cn  Ae dt   e    
T o   jno   /2 T o  n f o  
  2 j 

 n 
sin  
 n  A n  T o   A  n 
sin  n f o  =
A A
 sin    sinc  
n n  T o  n T o
n To  To 
To
  
A  n 
x (t )   c ne jnot   n 0 T o
sinc  e jnot
n   To 
 A A   A  2  A  3  
  sinc  e j ot  sinc  e j 2ot  sinc  e j 3ot  ........
 T o To T o  To  To  To T o  
The average power:
   n 
2
 A 
P   
2
cn  sinc2  
n   To  n  T
 o 
A   n 
The RMS value: RMS  P 
To
 sinc2 
T

n   o 

C n  A sinc  n 
 
Amplitude Spectrum:
To  To 
   n 0
Phase Spectrum: n  tan 1  Im(c n )  = tan 1 0 = 
 Re(c n )   n 0

Homework: consider again the example of the rectangular pulse train and let To=1, pulse width
τ = 0.25 and pulse Amplitude A=1.
Assignment 1: A train of rectangular pulses making excursion from 0 to 10 volts has a
width duration of 50 msec and repeated every 500 msec. Assuming that the centre of a pulse
is located at t=0, Obtain the Fourier series of the above signal. Then, Plot the amplitude and
phase spectra of the signal.
Example 3: Plot the spectrum of sawtooth
waveform in figure below.
Solution:
A
x (t )  t 0  t T and T o T
T
The Fourier coefficient
 jn 2 t
o T /2 T T
1  jnot 1 A  jnot A
cn  
T o T /2
x (t )e dt   t .e
T 0T
dt  2  t .e T dt
T 0
o
 jn 2 t
u t dv  e T dt
 jn 2 t
Partial integration:
T
du  dt v  e T
j 2n 
 T 
A  T  jn 2 t   jn 2 t
T
T
c n  2   t .e T    e T dt 
T  j 2n
 
0 j 2n 0
 
 T 
A T 2  jn 2T T T T   jn 2 t 
 2   e  ( ) e T  
T j 2n  j 2n j 2n  
0
 
 2 
A  T 2  j 2 n
 2 
T  j 2n
e

 

T   j 2 n

j 2n 
e 
 1    
A  T2 
 
 T 2  j 2n 
 
 
A
j 2n
 j
A
2n
 
T o /2 T T
1 1 A t 2  A
T o T /2
co  x (t )dt   tdt = 2   =
A
T 0T T  2 0 2
o

Amplitude Spectrum: Cn  A
2 n
 A 
     / 2 n 0
Phase Spectrum: n  tan 1  Im(c n )  = tan 1  2 n =
 Re(c n )   0   / 2 n 0
 
 Assignment 2: let us find the fundamental
period T, the fundamental frequency ωo, and
the Fourier series coefficients ak of the periodic
sawtooth signal x(t) shown in the figure. then,
we will express x(t) as a Fourier series.
Solution:
o The fundamental period T= 1 s, hence the fundamental frequency ωo=2π rad/s.
o First, the average value over one period (the DC value of the signal) is 0, so ao=0.
o For k ≠ 0, x (t ) 1  2t 0  t 1 and T o 1
To 1
ak  1 0 x (t )e
 jk ot
dt  0 (1 2t )e
 j 2k  t
dt
To
u  1  2t dv  e  j 2k t dt
Partial integration: 1
du  2dt v  e  j 2k t
j 2k 
1 1
ak   1 (1  2t )e  j 2k t   1 e  j 2k t dt
j 2k    0 jk 
0

 1 (1  2)e  j 2k  1  0  1   j

j 2k    jk  k
The Fourier series representation is:
 
j
x (t )  
k 
ak e jk ot
  
k  k 
e j 2k  t
k 0

Amplitude Spectrum: ak  1
k
 1 
     / 2 k0
 = tan 1   k
Im(ak )
Phase Spectrum: k  tan 1  =
 Re(ak )   0   / 2 k0
 
 Assignment 2: Find the quadrature
(Trigonometric) FS for the full wave
rectified sine wave shown in figure below.
Then obtain the exponential FS and its
spectrum.

Solution:
x (t )  A sin(t ) 0  t   and T o   , o  2
 
1) Trigonometric FS: x (t )  ao  an cos(not )  bn sin(not )
n 1 n 1
To 
1 1 A 2A
 x (t )dt   A sin(t )dt    cos(t )0

ao  
To 0
 0
 
T o /2 
2 2
an 
To 
T /2
x (t )cos(not )dt   sin(t )cos(2nt )dt
0
o

 
1 1  cos((1  2n )t ) cos((1  2n )t ) 
  sin((1  2n )t )  sin((1  2n )t )  dt   
0  (1  2n ) (1  2n )  0
1  (1  1) (1  1)  1  2 2  4
      
  (1  2n ) (1  2n )    (1  2n ) (1  2n )   (1  4n 2 )
T o /2 
2 2
bn 
To 
T /2
x (t )sin(not )dt   sin(t )sin(2nt )dt
0
o

 
1 1  sin((1  2n )t ) sin((1  2n )t ) 
  cos(t  2nt )  cos(t  2nt )  dt    0
0   (1  2n ) (1  2n )  0

2A 4 2A 4  1 1 
Then, x (t )   2 cos(2nt )    cos(2t )  cos(4t )  .....
 n 1  (1  4n )   3 15 

x (t )  
n 
c ne jn t o

2) Exponential FS:
T /2  
1 o  jnot 1 A
  
 j 2nt
cn  x (t )e dt = A sin(t )e dt = (e jt  e  jt )e  j 2nt dt
T o To /2 0 2 j 0
 
A A  e j (12n )t e  j (12n )t 
2 j  0
j (12 n )t  j (12 n )t
 (e  e )dt    
2 j  j (1  2n )  j (1  2n ) 
0

A e j (12n )  1 e  j (12n )  1 A  2 2 
      
2 j  j (1  2n ) j (1  2n )  2 j   j (1  2n ) j (1  2n ) 
A  4 j  2A
   
2 j  (1  4n )   (1  4n )
2 2
 2A
co 

Where, at n=0,

2A
Then x (t )  
n   (1  4n )
2
e j 2nt

2A
Amplitude Spectrum: cn 
 (1  4n 2 )
   n0
Phase Spectrum: n  tan 1  Im(c n )  = tan 1 0 = 
 Re(c n )  0 n=0

Assignment 3: Obtain the Fourier

series of the unit impulse response train
shown below. Then, Plot the amplitude
and phase spectrums of the signal.

Solution:

2
g (t )  
n 
c ne jnot where, o 
To
The Fourier coefficient
T /2
o T /2
o
1  jnot 1   jnot 1 e0  1
T o T /2 T o T /2
cn  g (t )e dt  (t )e dt 
To To
o o
 2 n
1 j To t

1
Then g (t )  e
To T
n  o
1
Amplitude Spectrum: cn 
To
 
Phase Spectrum: n  tan 1  Im(c n )  = tan 1 0 =0
 Re(c n ) 
 Parseval’s power Theorem:
This theorem relates to the average power P of a periodic signal to its Fourier series coefficient.
The Parseval’s Power theory states that the total average power of a periodic signal x(t) is equal
to the sum of the average power of the individual Fourier coefficients, i.e. Cn.
 Thus, the average power of x(t) = (power of C1)+ (power of C2)+……


 Cn
2
Or the total average power: P
n 
Prove:
To /2
1
The average power of signal x(t) is given by, P  
2
x (t ) dt
To To /2

x (t )  x (t )x  (t )
2
Let us substitute
Where x * (t) is the complex conjugate of x (t )
To /2
1
Therefore, P
To 
To /2
x (t )x  (t )dt

We define x (t ) by its exponential Fourier series as,


x (t )  
n 
c ne jnot

Hence, the complex conjugate x * (t) is given as,


x (t ) 


n 
c n e  jnot
To /2 

1
Thus, P  x (t ) c n e  jnot dt
To To /2 n 
 1 To /2

Rearrange it as, P  cn
n 

 x
T o
To /2
(t )e  jno t
dt 

 1 To /2 

 jno t
Since, cn   x (t )e dt 
 To /2
T o 
 
 

2
Therefore, P cn c n  cn
n  n 
B) Fourier Transform(FT)
Fourier series is applied to only periodic signal, while non-periodic time limited signals
can be represented by Fourier transform. As well as it is possible to find FT for periodic
signal.
 What does a Fourier Transform do?
Any signal is built up by addition of elementary signals which are at different frequencies,
have different amplitudes and relative phases. Using the FT, we can plot the amplitude
and phase spectrums which provides us all the information about amplitudes and relative
phases of such elementary signals. Thus FT can be used for the analysis of a signal. It is used
for transformation from the time domain to frequency domain.
 Definition of Fourier Transform
 

 x (t )e  x (t )e
 j t  j 2 ft
X ( )  F x (t )   dt OR X (f )  F x (t )   dt

 Definition of Inverse Fourier Transform

 
1
 X ()e  X (f )e
j t j 2 ft
x (t )  F X ( )  
1
d OR x (t )  F X (f )  
1
df
2
F .T
x (t ) I .F .T
X (f )
 Examples for “F.T”:
1) Find the FT of the rectangular pulse with T duration and A
amplitude shown in Fig.
t  t 
Solution: g (t )  A rect    A   
T  T 
The Fourier transform of the rectangular pulse is given by,
 T /2
T /2
 e  j 2 ft 
 g (t )e 
 j 2 ft  j 2 ft
G (f )  F  g (t )   dt  Ae dt  A  
T /2   j 2 f  T /2
e  j  fT  e j  fT  A e j  fT  e  j  fT 
A    
  j 2 f   f  j2 
A  sin( fT ) 
 sin( fT )   AT    AT sinc(fT )
f   fT 
Then, we may write,

A rect  
t
AT sinc(fT )
T 
2) Find the FT of the exponential pulse shown. Also,
determine the amplitude and phase spectrum.

Solution: g (t )  e tu (t )

  0

 dt   e u (t )e dt   e t e  j 2 ft dt
 j 2 ft t  j 2 ft
G (f )  F  g (t )   g (t )e
  
 0 0
 e (  j 2 f )t  1
e
(  j 2 f )t
G (f )  dt    
   j 2 f     j 2 f
Amplitude and phase spectrum
1   j 2 f   j 2 f
G (f )   2
  j 2 f   j 2 f   (2 f )2
 2 f
= 2  j
 2  (2 f )  2  (2 f )2
1
=
 2  (2 f ) 2

 2 f 
 (f )  tan 1 
 a 

 Dirac Delta function

Specifically, satisfies the pair of relations

 (t )  0, t 0 and  (t )dt  1
i) Shifting property of delta function:


 f (t ) (t  t d )dt  f (t d )

ii) Fourier Transform of delta function: x(t) = δ(t)


X (f )  F x (t )    (t )e  j 2 ft dt  e 0  1

iii) Applications of Delta function:
1) DC signal
 (t ) 1
1  (f )
A A (f )
2) Complex exponential function:
( j 2 f ct )
e  (f  f c )
3) Sinusoidal functions:
1 1  ( j 2 f ct ) (  j 2 f ct ) 
cos(2 f ct )  e ( j 2 f ct )  e (  j 2 f ct )  , sin(2 f ct )  e e
2 2j  
1
cos(2 f ct )  (f  f c )   (f  f c ) 
2
 1
sin(2 f ct )  (f  f c )   (f  f c )
2j 

Examples for “F.T”:

3- Find the FT of the exponential signal shown. Also,
determine the amplitude and phase spectrum.
Solution:
a t e at t 0
g (t )  e   at
e t 0
  0

 dt   e e  e dt
 j 2 ft at  j 2 ft at  j 2 ft
G (f )  F  g (t )   g (t )e dt  e
 0 
 0  0
 e  ( a  j 2  f )t   e (a  j 2 f )t 
0 e
 (a  j 2 f )t (a  j 2 f )t
= e dt  dt   
 (a  j 2 f )  0  (a  j 2 f )  
 1   1  2a
=     2
 (a  j 2 f )   (a  j 2 f )  a  (2 f ) 2
Amplitude and phase spectrum
2a
G (f ) 
a  (2 f )2
2

 (f )  tan 1 0  0

at 2a
Then, e
a 2  (2 f )2
 Properties of FT:
1) Duality or Symmetry Property:
If g (t ) G(f )
Then, G (t ) g(f )
 Example: consider a signal g(t) in the form of a sinc function, as shown by
g(t) = A sinc(2Wt)
Evaluate the Fourier transform of this function.
Solution: using the FT of rectangular pulse and duality property
t  A f 
A rect   AT sinc(fT ) A sinc(tT ) rect  
T  T T 
T  2W
 f  A  f 
AT sinc(tT ) A rect    A sinc(2wt ) rect  
 T  2w  2w 

2) Time Shifting property:

If g (t ) G(f )
Then, g (t  t o ) G(f )e (  j 2 fto )
3) Frequency Shifting property
If g (t ) G(f )
Then, g (t )e ( j 2 f ct ) G(f  f c )
Example 1: Obtain FT of the following pulses.

Solution:
 T   T   T   T 
t  2  t  2  t  2  t  2 
x 1 (t )  rect      x 2 (t )  rect     
 T   T   T   T 
       
Using the FT of rectangular pulse and time shifting property:
( j  fT )
X 1(f ) T sinc(fT )e X 2 (f ) T sinc(fT )e ( j  fT )
Example 2: determine the Fourier transform of the signal.
3 0 t  4
x (t )  
0 otherwise
 Solution: it is noted that the signal is a time shifted rectangular pulse as:
t  2  t  2 
x (t )  3rect    3  
 4   4 
Using the FT of rectangular pulse and time shifting property:
X (f ) 12 sinc(4f )e ( j 4 f )
Example 3: obtain the FT of the following signal shown below,
Solution: the signal x(t) can be written as:
 t T / 2   t T / 2 
x (t )  A     A  
 T   T 
Using the FT of rectangular pulse and time shifting property:

X (f )  AT sinc(Tf )e ( j  fT )  AT sinc(Tf )e ( j  fT )
 AT sinc(Tf ) e ( j  fT )  e ( j  fT )   j 2AT sin(Tf ) sinc(Tf )
4) Time-Scaling property:
If g (t ) G(f )
1 f
Then, for any real constant a g (at ) G( )
a a
5) Multiplication in time domain
If x 1 (t ) X 1 (f ) and x 2 (t ) X 2 (f )
Then, x 1 (t )  x 2 (t ) X 1 (f )  X 2 (f )
6) Convolution in time domain
If x 1 (t ) X 1 (f ) and x 2 (t ) X 2 (f )
Then, x 1 (t )  x 2 (t ) X 1 (f )  X 2 (f )
7) Conjugation Rule
If g (t ) G(f )
Then, for a complex-valued time function we have g*(t)
g  (t ) G (f ) OR g  (t ) G (f )
o Real and Imaginary Parts of a Time Function
g (t )  Re  g (t )  j Im  g (t )   g  (t )  Re  g (t )   j Im  g (t ) 
1
The Real Part, Re  g (t )   g (t )  g  (t ) 
2
1
The Imaginary Part, Im  g (t )   g (t )  g  (t ) 
2
By applying the conjugation rule
1  1 
Re  g (t ) G (f )  G (f ) and Im  g (t ) G (f )  G (f )
2 2
8) Modulation Property:
If g (t ) G(f )

G (f  f c )  G (f  f c )
1
Then g (t )cos(2 f ct )
2
1
And g (t )sin(2 f ct ) G (f  f c ) G (f  f c )
2j
 t 
Example: if f (t )     and F ()  2d sinc(2d )
 2d 
Then f (t )cos(ot ) d sinc(2d (  o ))  sinc(2d (  o )) 

Example 1: find and sketch Fourier transform of the modulated

signal g(t)cos(2πfct) in which g(t) is a rectangular pulse Π(t/T) as
shown in figure.
Solution: we find G(f), the Fourier transform of the pulse g(t) as,
t 
  T sinc(fT )
T 
Using Modulation property,
1
g (t )cos(2 f ot ) G (f  f o )  G (f  f o ) 
2
T
= sinc(T (f  f o ))  sinc(T (f  f o )) 
2

9) Area under curve

If x (t ) X(f )
 
Then  x (t )dt  X(0)

OR  X(f

)df  x (0)
Example: Show that the total area under curve of sinc function is equal to 1.
Solution: using the Fourier transform pair
 t  sinc(f )
Using duality property:
sinc(t )   f     f 


Thus, the area under curve is  sinc(t )dt  (0)  rect  0   1



10) Differentiation in time domain

If x (t ) X(f )
d
Then x (t ) j 2 fX (f )
dt
dn
And n
x (t ) (j 2 f )n X (f )
dt
11) Integration in Time domain
If x (t ) X(f )
t
1
Then  x (u )du

j 2 f
X (f )
Example 1: using the time differentiation property, Find and
sketch the Fourier transform of the triangle pulse Δ(t/τ), as
shown.
Solution: we differentiate the triangle pulse twice
d g (t ) = 1 rect  t + τ/2  - rect  t - τ/2  
dt τ  τ/2 
 
 τ/2  
 
 
d g (t ) = 1  (t  )  2 (t )   (t  )
2

dt 2 τ  
From the time differentiation property
d2
g (t ) (j 2 f )2G (f )
dt 2
From the time shift property
 (t  t o ) e ( j 2 fto )
Taking the F.T. and using these results

(j 2 f )2G (f )  e ( j 2 f  )  2  e ( j 2 f  ) 
1
 
1 4
  2cos(2 f  )  2   sin 2 ( f  )
 
4 
G (f )   sin 2 ( f  )  sin 2 ( f  )
 (j 2 f ) 2
( f  ) 2

sin 2 ( f  )
   si nc2 (f  )  si nc 2 ( f  ) 
( f  ) 2
 t
( ) T sinc2 (fT ) T sinc2 ( fT ) 
Then T
Example 2: Find the Fourier transform of the doublet pulse shown in Fig.
Solution: By integrating this pulse with respect to time, we obtain
the triangular pulse in Fig below:
t
t
g 2 (t )   g 1(u )du  AT ( )

T
Using the Fourier transform of triangular pulse
t
( ) T si nc2 (fT )
T
From the time integration property
t
1
 g (u )du

j 2 f
G (f )

Taking the F.T. and using these results

1
G 2 (f )  G1 (f )  A T 2 si nc2 (fT )
j 2 f
Thus,
sin( fT )
G1 (f )  j 2 f A T 2sinc2 (fT )  j 2 f A T 2sinc(fT )  2 jA T sinc(fT )sin( fT )
 fT
 t T / 2   t T / 2 
Other Solution: g 1 (t )  A     A  
 T   T 
Using the FT of rectangular pulse and time shifting property:
G1 (f )  AT sinc(Tf )e ( j  fT )  AT sinc(Tf )e ( j  fT )
 
 AT sinc(Tf ) e ( j  fT )  e ( j  fT )  j 2AT sin(Tf ) sinc(Tf )
Example 3: Obtain the FT of the anti-symmetrical
pulse shown in Fig.
Solution:
e at t 0

g (t )  1 t 0
 at
e t 0
  0

 g (t )e dt   e e dt   e at e  j 2 ft dt
 j 2 ft at  j 2 ft
G (f )  F  g (t )  
0 
 0  0
 e  ( a  j 2  f )t   e (a  j 2 f )t 
0 e
 (a  j 2 f )t (a  j 2 f )t
= e dt  dt   
 (a  j 2 f )  0  (a  j 2 f )  
 1   1  4 j  f
= 
   
 (a  j 2 f )   (a  j 2 f )  a  (2 f )
2 2
 Example 4: Obtain the FT of the signum function shown in Fig.
Solution:
1 t 0
sgn(t )  
1 t 0
Let, sgn(t )  lim e at u (t )  e at u ( t ) 
a0  
 

 lim  e

 j 2 ft
F sgn(t )   e at
u (t )  e u (t )  e
at
dt  lim at
u (t )  e atu (t ) e  j 2 ft dt
a 0  a 0

  (a  j 2 f )t 0    e  (a  j 2 f )t 
  e (a  j 2 f )t  
0

 
(a  j 2 f )t
= lim  e dt  e dt   lim    
a 0 
0
 a 0   (a  j 2 f
 )  0  (a  j 2 f )   
  
 1   1  1 1 1
= lim       
a 0
  (a  j 2 f )   (a  j 2 f )   ( j 2 f ) (  j 2 f ) j  f
1
Then, sgn(t )
jf
Example 5: Obtain the FT of the unit step function shown in Fig.
Solution:
1 t 0
u (t )  
0 t 0
1
Since, sgn(t )  2u (t ) 1, so, u (t )  sgn(t )  1
2
1 1 1 
Thus, F u (t )  F sgn(t )  1     (f ) 
2 2  jf 
1 1
Then u (t )   (f )
2 jf 2

Assignment 1: Evaluate the Fourier transform of the damped sinusoidal wage

g (t )  e t sin(2 f ct )u (t )
Where u(t) is the unit step function.
Solution: g (t )  e tu (t )sin(2 f ct )
Using the F.T. of the exponential function:
1
e at u (t )
a  2 jf
1
And Modulation property, g (t )sin(2 f ct ) G (f  f c )  G (f  f c )
2j
1  1 1 
Then, e t u (t )sin(2 f ct )   
2j 1  2 j  (f  f c ) 1  2 j  (f  f c ) 
2 f c
G (f ) 
(1  2 j  f )2  4 2f c 2
Assignment 2: determine the inverse
Fourier transform of frequency function
G(f) defined by the amplitude and phase
spectrum shown in the figure.
Solution:
 f 
G (f )    
 2W 
 
 2 f 0
 f   jto f
arg G (f )   Then G (f )    e
 f 0  2W 
 2
Usinf the F.T. of rectangular pulse and time shifting property
t  1 f   jto f
A   AT sinc(fT ) sinc(T (t  t o ))  e
T  T T 
T  2W
 f  1  f   jto f
AT sinc(tT ) A    sinc(2w (t  t o ))  e
 T  2w  2w 
Then, F 1 G (f )  2w sinc(2w (t  t o ))
12) Convolution Theorem
If g 1 (t ) G1 (f ) and g 2 (t ) G2 (f )


Then,  g ( )g

1 2 (t   )d  G1 (f ) G 2 (f )
13) Correlation Theorem
If g 1 (t ) G1 (f ) and g 2 (t ) G2 (f )
Then, assuming that g1(t) and g2(t) are complex valued


 g (t )g
1 2

(t   )dt G1 (f ) G 2 (f )
