Chapter_2

Signal Transmission in Systems

1- System: is an entity that deal with one or more input signals to perform a function, which
results in a new output signal.

In communication transmitter system:

In Electrocardiograph system:

2- Properties of System
Based on the properties, the systems can be classified as:
o Continuous-time and discrete-time system
o Stable and Unstable system
o Memory and memoryless system
o Invertible and noninvertible system
o Time variant and time invariant system
o Linear and nonlinear
o Casual and Non causal
1) Continuous-time and Discrete-time-system:
o Continuous-time system: if the input and output of the system are continuous-time
signal.

o Discrete-time system: if the input and output of the system are discrete-time signal.

2) Stable and Unstable System:

o In stable system, system is said to be stable if and only if every bounded input produces a
bounded output. stable system is also called BIBO (bound input bound output).
Continuous-time system Discrete-time system
If x (t )  M x <  for all t If x (n )  M x <  for all n
then y (t )  M y < for all t then y (n )  M y < for all n
Where Mx and My are bounded values for the input and output.
o A bounded input always has a finite value at infinity.
 o Unbounded signals

o In Discrete-time system:
For stability the response of system h(n) must be
absolutely summable
o In unstable System: it has unbounded output as t →
infinity.

Example 1: The input-output relation is given by h(n)=an u(n) Determine whether the system
is stable or not.

Solution: for stability,  h (n ) < 

 
1
 a u(n)   a

n

0
n
 1  a  a 2  ..... 
1 a
< a 1

The given system is stable if and if only |a|<1

Example 2: Test whether the following continuous time system is stable or not.
1. h1 (t )  e a t 2. h2 (t )  e 2t u (t  4)

Solution: the general condition for stability is,  h (t ) dt  

 0 
a t 1 0 1  1 1
a ( t )
e dt   e dt   e a (t )dt  e at  e at  e 0  e    e   e 0 
  0
a  a 0 a a
1.
1 1 2
 1  0  0  1    if (a  0)
a a a
The given system is stable if (a ≠ 0).
 
1   8 
 e u (t  4) dt   e 2t dt  e e   
2t
2.
 4
2
The given system is astable.
3) Invertible and noninvertible system:
o Invertible system: the system is said to be an invertible if the input signal can be
recovered from the output signal of the system.

o Noninvertible system: the system is said to be an noninvertible if the input signal

given to the system cannot be recovered from the output signal of the system.
o Example: square law system is generally Noninvertible system.
4) Memory and Memoryless System:
o Memory system (Dynamic System): the system is called memory when the output of the
system depends on past and future values.

or
o Memoryless system (Static System): the system is called memoryless when the output of
the system depends solely on the present value.

or
5) Time variant and time invariant system:
o Time invariant system: if the input signal is delayed or advanced by any factor that leads
to some delay or advancement in the time scale of the output by the same factor.

Example: y (t )  sin(x (t ))
o Time variant system: if the output signal is delayed or advanced with respect to input signal.

Example: y (t )  x (t )sin(t )
Example 1: The input-output relation is given by y (t )  sin(x (t )) . Determine whether the
system is time invariant or not.
Solution: Let us assume that the signal of the form
y 1 (t )  sin(x 1 (t )) → (1)
Let us introduce time delay td in the input signal in (1), then
x 2 (t )  x 1 (t  t d )
The delay input therefore result in the output
y 2 (t )  sin(x 2 (t ))  sin(x 1 (t  t d ))
→ (2)
Let us introduce the same time delay td in the output of the equation (1), then
y 1 (t  t d )  sin(x 1 (t  t d )) → (3)
Comparing Eqs.(2) and (3), it is clear that,
y 2 (t )  y 1 (t  t d )
Therefore, the system is time-invariant.
Example 2: The input-output relation is given by y (t )  x (t )sin(t ) . Determine whether the
system is time invariant or not.
Solution: Let us assume that the signal of the form
y 1 (t )  x 1 (t )sin(t ) → (1)
Let us introduce time delay td in the input signal in (1), then
 x 2 (t )  x 1 (t  t d )
The delay input therefore result in the output
y 2 (t )  x 2 (t )sin(t )  x 1 (t  t d )sin(t )
→ (2)
Let us introduce the same time delay td in the output of the equation (1), then
y 1 (t  t d )  x 1 (t  t d )sin((t  t d )) → (3)
Comparing Eqs.(2) and (3), it is clear that,
y 2 (t )  y 1 (t  t d )
Therefore, the system is time-variant.
6) Linear and Nonlinear System:
o Linear System: the system is said to be linear if
x 1 (t )  x 2 (t )  y 1 (t )  y 2 (t )
ax 1 (t )  bx 2 (t )  ay 1 (t )  by 2 (t )
Where, a and b are complex constants.
Example 1: The input-output relation is given by y (t )  tx (t ) . Determine whether the system
is linear or not.
Solution: Let us define the input signal x1(t) whose response y1(t) is given as
y 1 (t )  tx 1 (t )
Let us define the input signal x2(t) whose response y2(t) is given as
y 2 (t )  tx 2 (t )
Let x 3 (t )  ax 1 (t )  bx 2 (t )
Then the output y3(t) is defined as
y 3 (t )  tx 3 (t )  t [ax 1 (t )  bx 2 (t )]  atx 1 (t )  btx 2 (t )  ay 1(t )  by 2 (t )
Therefore, the system is linear.
7) Casual and Non causal System:
o In casual system: the output response at any time depends only on the present input
and/or the past input but not on the future inputs.
Example: y (t )  tx (t )
o In noncasual system: the output response at any time depends on the present input and the
past input as well as on the future inputs.
Example: check whether the following systems are casual or not
1) y (t )  tx (t ) 2) y (t )  x (t 2 )
Solution: 1) Let t=0, then y (0)  0
Let t=1, then y (1)  x (1)
Let t=-1, then y (1)  x (1)
For values of t the output depends on the present and the past values of the input hence the
system is causal
2) Let t=0, then y (0)  x (0)
Let t=1, then y (1)  x (1)
Let t=-1, then y (1)  x (1)
 Let t=2, then y (2)  x (4)
As we can see, the last two cases, the output depends on the future of the input. Hence the system
is noncausal.
Example: Consider the system shown in Figure Determine
whether it is (a) memoryless, (b) causal, (c) linear, (d) time-
invariant, or (e) stable.
Solution:
(a) From the figure,
y (t ) T x (t )  x (t )cos(ct )
Since the output y(t), depends only on the present values
of the input x(t), the system is memoryless.
(b) Let t=0, then y (0)  x (0)cos(0)
Let t=5, then y (5)  x (5) cos(5c )
Since the output y(t), doesn't depend on the future values of the input x(t), the system is
casual.
(c) Let x 3 (t )  ax 1 (t )  bx 2 (t )
Then the output y3(t), is defined as
y 3 (t )  x 3 (t ) cos(ct )  [ax 1 (t )  bx 2 (t )] cos(ct )
 ax 1 (t ) cos(ct )  bx 2 (t ) cos(ct )  ay 1 (t )  by 2 (t )
Thus, the system is linear.
(d) Let y1(t) is the output produced by the shifted input signal x1(t)=x(t-td), then
y 1 (t )  T x (t  t d )  x (t  t d ) cos(ct )
Let us introduce the same time delay td in the output of the equation, then
y (t  t d )  x (t  t d ) cos(c (t  t d ))  y 1(t )
Thus, the system is not time-invariant.
(e) Since cos(ct )  1, we have
y (t )  x (t )cos(ct )  x (t )
Thus, if the input x(t), is bounded, then the output y(t), is also bounded and the system is stable.
 Assignment
A) Check whether the following systems are casual or not
1) y (t )  x 2 (t ) 2) y (n )  x (n ).x (n  1) 3) y (n )  x ( n )
B) Check whether the following systems are casual or not
1) y (n )  x (n )  x (n  1) 2) y (n )  ln[x (n )] 3) y (t )  sin(x (t ))
C) Check whether the following systems are i) linear time variant or invariant, ii) causal
or noncausal
1) y (t )  x (t )sin(t ) 2) y (t )  t 2x (t )
3- Signal transmission in linear System:
o Linear time-invariant (LTI) system can be characterized in the time domain or frequency
domain.
o The LTI system model can be used to characterize communication channels.
o A stable LTI system can be characterized in the time domain by its impulse response h(t).
o Impulse response is the system response to a unit impulse input

o The system response to a bounded signal x(t)

follows:
y(t) = h(t)*x(t)
 
Convolution: y (t )  h t  * x t    x ( )h (t   )d  or y (t )   h ( )x (t   )d 
 

o Taking Fourier transform y (t ) Y (f ) x t   X (f ), h(t )  H (f )

Y(f )=X(f ).H(f ) (Convolution theorem)
H(f) is the frequency response of the system.
Example: In the illustration system whose response is h(t) is a rect pluse and the input signal
is cos(2πfct). Sketch the amplitude spectrum of the output signal.
Solution:
o The output is
y (t )  h t  * x t 
Using convolution theory,
Y(f )=X(f ) . H(f )
Using Fourier transform:
1
cos  2 f ct    (f  f c )   (f  f c )  and
2
t 
rect    Tsinc(fT )
T 
o Then, The Amplitude Spectrum of the output is
T
Y(f )  sinc(T (f  f c ))  sinc(T (f  f c )) 
2

 Additive White Gaussian Noise:

o The thermal noise is described by a zero-mean Gaussian random process, n(t) the adds on to the
signal (Additive).
o Its PSD is flat, hence it is called white noise.
Autocorrelation is a spike at 0: uncorrelated at any non-zero lag.

o Example: RC-low pass filtered White Noise

Consider a white noise process W(t) of zero mean and power spectral density No/2 applied to
the low-pass RC filter, shown in the figure. The transfer function of the filter is

 We find that the power spectral density of the noise N(t)

appearing at the low-pass RC filter is therefore,

2a
exp(a t ) 
a  (2 f )2
2

 We have the Fourier-transform pair 2

No RC No t
 exp( )
4RC ( 1 ) 2  (2 f ) 2 4RC RC
RC
 Therefore, using the dilation property of the Fourier-
transform, we find that the autocorrelation of the filtered noise process N(t) is

o Example: Suppose that a random signal is a white noise

signal. This means that all frequencies are present in the
signal and its power spectral density will be a straight line as
shown in Figure below. The level of the power spectral
density is given as 25 Watts/Hertz. This signal is passed
though a low-pass filter whose frequency response
magnitude is shown in Figure (b). Calculate the total signal
power of the signal coming out of the low-pass filter.
Solution:
o The power spectral density of the output signal is:
o The total power of the filter output signal is the integration of this function from 0 to ∞

signal power = 25,000  1,250  26,250 Watts

o Example: Arectangular pulse of unit amplitude and

unit duration is passed through an ideal low-pass filter
of bandwidth B, as illustrated in figure. Evaluate the
energy spectral density ψy(f) of the filter output y(t).

Solution:
o The input signal x (t )  rect (t )
X (f )  sinc(f )
o The energy spectral density of the filter input x(t) is
 x (f )  X (f )  sinc2 (f )
2

o Thus, the energy spectral density ψy(f) of the filter

output y(t) is

 (f ) B f B
 y ( f )  H (f )  x (f )   x
2

0 otherwise

 Assignment
o Q1: We are given that X(t) is a stationary random process with RX(τ)= e-α|t| where α > 0. It is the
input to an LIT system with impulse response h(t) = e-βt u(t), where β > 0 and β≠α. Determine
the output power spectral density.
o Q2:A zero-mean white Gaussian noise with power-spectral density No/2 passes through an ideal
low pass filter with bandwidth B.
a. Find the autocorrelation function of the output process Y(t).
b. Mean power of the noise at the output.