Roll No.

2K19/ME/247 Name: Subhash Sharma

Roll No. 2K19/ME/276 Name: Yash Kumar

Electromagnetic Coil Gun

Innovative Project
PE-315 : (Mechatronics)
 Objective
In this project, we aim to make a CAD model of an electromagnetic Coil gun.
The gun would be designed in such a way that it would not work on the
basis of gunpowder. It will be completely electrical. Firing of bullet will take
place using the Electromagnetic propulsion (EMP). We also aim to study
the application of the Electromagnetic propulsion and its applications.

Ideology
The most common weapon being used in wars are guns. All types of bullets
used in guns make use of gunpowder which is used to propel the bullet, but
gunpowder-based blast propulsion has a lot of disadvantages.
Here we propose an electromagnetic coil-based gun that is capable of
propelling bullets without any gunpowder.
The coil-based gun provides following advantages:
• No Air Pollution
• No Noise on firing
• Very Less Recoil
• Low Production cost of Bullets
So basically, the electromagnetic coil gun will be based on the
electromagnetic propulsion system which will be used to propel the bullet.

THEORY
Wars and proxy wars were are and will keep on being razed across the world.
However, the most common weapon being used in conflicts are guns. All types
of bullets used in guns make use of gunpowder which is used to propel the
bullet, but gunpowder-based blast propulsion has a lot of disadvantages.
• Gunpowder consists of toxic components that are bad for health.
• Gunpowder smoke is also toxic and also helps create harmful smog.
• Gunpowder based propulsion is a very noisy process.
• This propulsion recoil also gives a heavy kickback making targeting
difficult.
Wel, if we cannot stop wars, the least we can do is to make them noise and
pollution free. Here we propose a electromagnetic coil based gun that is
capable of propelling bullets without any gunpowder.
Electromagnetic propulsion (EMP)
Electromagnetic propulsion (EMP) is the principle of accelerating an object
by the utilization of a flowing electrical current and magnetic fields.
The electrical current is used to either create an opposing magnetic field, or
to charge a field, which can then be repelled. When a current flows through
a conductor in a magnetic field, an electromagnetic force known as
a Lorentz force, pushes the conductor in a direction perpendicular to the
conductor and the magnetic field. This repulsing force is what causes
propulsion in a system designed to take advantage of the phenomenon.
The electromagnetic coil gun makes use of a modern propulsion system
that makes use of electromagnetic coils synchronized to launch a projectile
at very high speeds. We make use of copper coils, electronic circuitry,
capacitors, high strength metal framing to achieve this mechanism.

COIL GUN PRINCIPLES

Coil guns use a strong magnetic field
to accelerate ferromagnetic
projectiles. The projectiles used in
coil and rail guns are often referred
to as armatures. A large electric
current is switched from a fast
discharge storage device (usually a
capacitor bank) into a coil of wire
wrapped around a barrel to produce
the strong magnetic field required for
the rapid acceleration of the metallic
projectile.

The projectile is situated at one end of the coil and is pulled to its center
by magnetic induction. When the current is switched off, the projectile
travels forward down the barrel, exits the gun and moves towards the
intended target. The force applied to the armature is proportional to the
change in inductance of the coil with respect to the change in position of
the armature and the current flowing through the coil.

The force applied to the armature will always move it in a direction that
increases the coil inductance. These systems are very quiet when
projectiles are fired at velocities lower than the speed of sound, are
clean, and require little maintenance. More advanced coil gun designs
incorporate a number of accelerator coils switched in sequence as the
projectile moves down the barrel.

The multiple coil design is intended to maximize projectile velocity. The

major problem with electromagnetic weapons at the moment is the huge
amount of energy lost when converting the electrical energy into kinetic
energy.

Components of the electromagnetic coil gun

1. Atmega 328 Controller
• ATMega Microcontrollers belong to the AVR family of
microcontrollers and is manufactured by Atmel Corporation. An
ATMega Microcontroller is an 8-bit microcontroller with Reduced
Instruction Set (RISC) based Harvard Architecture.
• It has standard features like on-chip ROM (Read Only Memory), Data
RAM (Random Access Memory), data EEPROM (Electrical Erasable
Programmable Read Only Memory), Timers and Input / Output Ports,
along with extra peripherals like Analog to Digital Converters (ADC),
Serial Interface Ports etc. They have 120 and more instruction set
and program memory ranges from 4K to 256K Bytes.
• ATMega microcontrollers support both immediate as well as indirect
addressing modes. The I/O registers can be accessed through their
respective locations in the memory space.
• Operands refer to the arguments operated on by the instruction. For
ATMega microcontrollers, the operands are the general purpose
registers or the I/O registers. Generally programming is done using C
language owing to the simplicity.
2. IR Sensor
• An infrared (IR) sensor is an electronic device that measures and
detects infrared radiation in its surrounding environment.
• When an object comes close to the sensor, the infrared light from the
LED reflects off of the object and is detected by the receiver.

3. Power Port & DC power Adapter

• An AC-DC power supply or adapter is an electrical device that obtains
electricity from a grid-based power supply and converts it into a
different current, frequency, and voltage.
• AC-DC power supplies are necessary to provide the right power that
an electrical component needs.

4. Stepper Motor
• The stepper motor is used for precise positioning with a motor, such
as hard disk drives, robotics, antennas, telescopes, and some toys.
• Stepper motors cannot run at high speeds, but have a high holding
torque.
Some other components
• Dummy Rollers
• DC Motor
• Belt Pulley
• LCD Display
• Resistors Capacitors
• Diodes & transistors
• Buttons & Switches
• Electrical & Wirings
• PCB Board
• Base frame
• Supporting Rods
• Connectors
• Screws and Fittings

Components and their role in the assembly

• The coiling plays a very important role in the gun propulsion. We
here use a 3-stage coil mechanism to create this gun. This includes 3
coils mounted on a single pipe.
 • The coiling wire gauge, turns and length calculations are tweaked a
lot to ensure the maximum strength at desired voltage and current
strength needed for desired propulsion.
• The propulsion coils need to be charged and discharged in a fraction
of a second in order to achieve the desired propulsion and not pull
back the bullet. For this purpose, we use high voltage capacitors to
discharge high voltage and current in the least time to power and
discharge the coil in an instant.
• The bullet is just a piece of mild steel with no butt that is propelled
using electromagnetic strength. An LCD display and knob is used to
adjust the system parameters in order to achieve desired propulsion.
Thus, the electromagnetic coil gun showcases a new propulsion mechanism
for gunpowder less guns.

PISTOL GRIP AND TRIGGER SWITCH

The trigger switch used is a microswitch type but any momentary contact switch can
be used. The pistol grip can be configured however you like, just as long as you can
mount a fire switch. A general pistol grip construction template is shown in Figure
and can be fabricated out of plastic or aluminium.

Cut two identical pieces of plastic or aluminium and add support pieces of one inch
square aluminium tube. Solder a length of two-strand wire to the common and
normally open contacts on the microswitch. If you use a momentary contact switch,
make sure that it is normally open.

Another alternative is to cut the pistol grip and trigger from one of the many
inexpensive toys that are available on the market and rewire the switch.
 CIRCUIT THEORY

The inverter section of the circuit produces a high frequency, high

voltage using an oscillator configuration consisting of transformer T1
being switched on and off by transistor Q1. When power is applied to the
circuit by switch S1, resistor R2 initiates transistor Q1 to turn on and
conduct a current of 12 volts DC through the primary winding (10 turns)
of the transformer. The current passing through the primary winding
induces a magnetic field in the iron core causing it to produce a current
in the secondary (500 turns) and feedback (eight turns) windings. The
feedback voltage holds transistor Q1 on as the current flows through
resistor R1 and capacitor C2. Resistor R1 and capacitor C2 control the
base current and operating frequency of the oscillator.

When the core of the transformer saturates, the induced base voltage
goes to zero and turns the transistor off. The magnetic field in the ferrite
core then collapses and produces 600 VAC in the secondary windings of
the transformer. At this point, the transistor turns on again and the cycle
repeats.

The 741 operational amplifier (IC1) is configured as a voltage

comparator and is used to set the amount of voltage charge on the
capacitor bank. The reference voltage for the comparator is taken
directly from the 12 volt DC source through resistor R10. The voltage
charge accumulating on the capacitor bank is dropped down to a value
of approximately 1:20 through a voltage divider made up of resistors R3,
R4, and 100K potentiometer R11, and is then connected to the
comparator. The potentiometer is used to set the exact voltage level on
the capacitor bank when calibrating and using the rifle. Note that the
capacitor bank is charged through the accelerator coil.

When the desired voltage has been reached Q2 is switched on, then
base of Q1 is pulled to ground which stops oscillation of the
transformer, turning the charging action off. If the gun is not fired
immediately after fully charging, the voltage level on the capacitor bank
will slowly start to decrease due to leakage and the comparator will turn
the charging circuit back on to keep the capacitor bank voltage level
topped off.

Once the capacitor bank has charged to the set level, a ferrous projectile
is inserted into the breech loading device and positioned partially into
the coil by the bolt. The bolt of the loading device has a small magnet in
the end with enough force to hold the projectile in place if the gun is
tilted forward, but not enough to interfere with the operation of it. When
fire switch S3 is closed, voltage is applied to the gate of the SCR,
switching it on and dumping the charge across the capacitor bank into
the accelerator coil L1. The accelerator coil creates an electromagnetic
pulse that launches the projectile down the barrel. Diode D9 is required
to prevent the voltage from reversing

Steps for the CAD of the ELECTROMAGNETIC COIL GUN

The CAD of the the gun is designed using the software ‘SOLIDWORKS’.
important features used while the ELECTROMAGNETIC COIL GUN are
following:
• Boss extrude: Extrude tool is used to extend a sketched profile in
one or two directions as either a thin feature or a solid feature. An
extrude operation can either add material to a part (in a base or
boss) or remove material from a part. Mostly whole the frame of the
gun is made using the extrude boss.
• extrude cut: Extruded cut feature removes material from the part.\
• Swept Boss
• swept cut
The assembly of the gun has been made using following mates:
1. distance mate
2. concentric mate
3. coincident mate

Front View (external)

Front view(internal)
Side View(external)

Side view( internal)

Applications:
• Assault Rifles
• Sniper Rifles
• Artillery Systems
• Battle Tanks
• Anti-Aircraft Guns
• Battleships
 Advantages:
• No Air Pollution
• No Noise on firing
• Very Less Recoil
• Low Production cost of Bullets

Disadvantages:
• Gunpowder consists of toxic components that are bad for health.
• Gunpowder smoke is also toxic and also helps create harmful smog.
• Gunpowder based propulsion is a very noisy process.
• This propulsion recoil also gives a heavy kickback making targeting
difficult.