861 Fig 335 Flow mate o 7949, Fig. 336 simultaneous demand of the system is then arrived at by graphically summing up the two. The power supply to the system is sized to meet these demands. The power supply may be from—1) a constant delivery pump 2) a constant delivery pump with an accumulator 3) multi pumps or 4) a pressure compensated pump, depending upon the economy of power and minimisation of wasted energy. Demand graphs typical for these power supplies are shown in Fig. 336 . The control valves and filters included in the circuit are to be consistent with the maximum pressure and flow rates in the system. The pressure drop across the valves and filters while passing the maximum system flow should be as low as possible. Flow vs pressure drop characteristics of these elements are generally supplied by the manufactures. The connecting lines and passages are sized on the basis of the permissible flow rates. Flow velocities of 0.8m/sec. in suction lines, 5 to 6 misec. in other lines and velocities as high as 25 to 20 misec. in short passages of manifold blocks are admissible. The number of bends in a system is to be kept to 4 minimum. Pressure losses in pipelines and bends can be evaluated as detailed in Table 345. Hydrostatic transmission A hydrostatic transmission is essentially a pump-motor combination to enable torque transmission utilizing the advantages “of hydraulic drive and control. The units may be integral or remotely connected to each other. Pumps and motors in these can862 HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS be of fixed or variable displacement type depending upon the desired output characteristics (Fig. 337 ). The system with both pump and motor of fixed displacement is a constant torque system. Bypass of flow to control the output speed results in inefficiency. The system is suitable for low power applications such as the valve controlled feed drive systems. Speed control with a variable displacement pump gives constant torque over the entire operating speed range. The output can be reversed or braked either by pump control (reversal of pump rotation or displacement setting) in case ofclose circuits or by using a direction control valve in open circuits. Under ideal conditions, the system has 100% efficiency, but the full prime mover capacity is utilised only at the maximum pump flow condition. In case of a system with motor control, the displacement setting of motor is governed by limitations on its maximum speed. The output reversal is possible only by the use of a direction control valve both in open and close circuits. The constant horsepower characteristics forthcoming from the arrangement is ideal for spindle drives of machine tools. The maximum torque capacity of the motor does limit the minimum output speed (Fig. 337b). Lower speeds can be obtained by resorting to pump control in the lower range, with the torque value remaining constant at the maximum rated value. The constant power characteristics at very low speeds has not much of a practical significance, since the maximum torque requirements are limited by the spindle design. If however the feature is essential, it can be accomplished by suitable gearing. Gearing would incidentally obviate any limitations on the lowspeed pertormance of the hydromotor. The pumps and motors in a hydrostatic transmission system can be linked in open or close circuit. In case of the open circuit (Fig. 338 ) the pump sucks oil from the sump or draws from a booster pump and delivers at the motor. The fluid returns to the tank after passing through the system. The open circuit has the following disadvantages: i) the booster pump, when used, needs to be of adischarge capacity matching the system pump, i) self sucking pumps limit the maximum speed of the pump and hence of.the transmission and iii) _ torque reversal and braking are possible only by use of a direction control valve between the pump and motor In the closed circuit (Fig. 339 ), the return flow from the system is connected back to the pump inlet, the leakage losses onlyHYDRAULIC SYSTEMS 863 being made up by a booster pump operating at 2 to 3 kgficm?. The system has the disadvantage of locking up the fluid within the closed circuit, without venting, filtration and cooling. These systems are therefore required to have a suitable bleed-off into the reservoir. The reversal and braking of output shaft can be effected by pump control. Under high intertia conditions, reversal and braking of motors lead to high pressure surges and cavitation in the’lines connecting the motor. It would be appropriate to mention here that the inertia effects are far more critical in motor drives than in cylinder applications because of the low trapped volume in case of the former. It is therefore normal to include cross port relief in hydrostatic transmissions, co) £ Oe