Group 5 “Fox Fables” - One work of fiction which was

written in Hebrew. Hebrew fables which resemble

World’s Notable Writers and Their Famous Literary Aesop’s fable.  
Works 
18th Century Hebrew Literature  
HEBREW “La-Yesharim Tehillah” - it is an allegorical
Hebrew comes from Middle English word drama - 1st product of modern Hebrew Literature.
"EBREU" which comes from the Old French derived - it was written by Moses Hayyim Luzatto  
from the Latin word "HEBRAEUS"   19th Century Hebrew Literature  
Joseph Perl - writer and educator in 1819,
Hebrews - are members of an ancient northern he published Revealer of Secrets, the 1st Hebrew
Semitic people that were the ancestors of the Jews. novel.  
20th Century Hebrew Literature  
Hebrew Literature   Leah Goldberg - prolific writer and pioneer of Israel
 It consists of ancient, medieval and modern
Children’s Literature.
writings in the Hebrew language. 
 It is one of the primary forms of Jewish Literature.  -is well known as the author of hundreds of works
 It was produced in many different parts of the of poetry and prose for children, which include
world throughout the medieval and modern eras.  Yedidai mi-Rehov Arnon (My Friends from Arnon
Ancient Hebrew Literature Street, 1943)
The most important work of Ancient Hebrew is the Contemporary Hebrew Literature 
Hebrew Bible named Tanakh.
Etgar Keret- born in Ramat Gan, Israel in
 T:   Torah, the Teaching of Moses, the first five
1967. His second book, Missing Kissinger, a
books.  
collection of fifty very short stories, caught the
 N:   Nevi’im, the books of the prophets.  
attention of the general public.  
 Kh: Ketuvim, for the Writings, which include the
psalms and wisdom literature.
EGYPTIAN
Mishna - primary rabbinic codification of laws as Egyptian Literature 
derived from the torah comprises a wide array of narrative and poetic
forms including inscriptions on tombs, stele,
six major sections, or orders (sedarim)
obelisks, and temples; myths, stories, and legends;
 Zeraʿim (Seeds), the first order of the Mishna, has
Top 3 notable writers and their famous literary
11 tractates.  
works. 
 Moʿed (Festival), consists of 12 tractates.  
 Nashim (Women), discusses married life in seven - Naguib Mahfouz
tractates.   - One of the first contemporary writers in
 Neziqin (Damages), has 10 tractates.   the arabic literature. An egyptian novelist and a
 Qodashim (Holy Things)   screenplay writer 
 Ṭohorot (“Purifications”), divided into 12 - son of a civil servant and grew up in
tractates.   Cairo’s Al-Jamāliyyah district. He worked in the
  Egyptian civil service in a variety of positions from
Medieval Hebrew Literature   1934 until his retirement in 1971. 
Many works of medieval philosophical literature
were written in Judeo-Arabic. One of it is the - children of the alley
Maimonides Guide by Moses ben Maimon.   - the cairo trilogy
- Rādūbīs - “Radobis”
- Al-Thulāthiyyah
- Yusuf Idris 
- Egyptian playwright and novelist who
broke with traditional Arabic literature by mixing
colloquial dialect with conventional classical Arabic
narration in the writing of realistic stories about
ordinary villagers.
- Al-Farafir 1964
- The Farfoors, or The Fliplap ")  Inanna: The Queen of Heaven and Earth
- Idrīs’ other major works included the novels
- Al-Haram (1959; The Forbidden)
- Al-ʿAyb (1962; The Sin).
- Tawfiq al-Hakim 
- one of the major pioneer figures in
modern Arabic literature.  He is one of the pioneers
of the Arabic novel and drama.
-The People of the Cave
MESOPOTAMIAN 
 - known as the oldest civilization in the world,
comes from the Greek word ‘mesos’ which means
middle and ‘potamos’ for river which literally
means “a country between two rivers” also known
as Iraq and Kuwait in the present time is a historic
region of West Asia within the Tigris-Euphrates
River,
Sumer  - Ethics and Wisdom. The subject of morality is one
- earliest known civilization in the historical region
of southern Mesopotamia, living along the valleys
of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers
Sumerian  - Abū ‘Abdallāh Rūdakī (858–ca. 941)
- created a great civilization. Beginning around
5,500 years ago, the Sumerians built cities along
the rivers in Lower Mesopotamia, specialized,
cooperated, and made many advances in
technology.  - Abolqasem Ferdowsi (l. c. 940-1020 CE, also given
Cuneiform   as Abul-Qasem Ferdowsi Tusi, Firdawsi, Firdausi)
- Cuneiform means “wedge-shaped”, It is one of
the oldest forms of writing known, formed from
the reed stylus is a writing system or script
NOTABLE WRITERS AND THEIR LITERARY WORKS
 
Enheduanna 
- celebrated as the earliest known named author in
world history, as a number of works in Sumerian
literature
Epic of Gilgamesh  
Enuma Elish 
King Hammurabi of Babylon 
- An Amorite ruler and a shrewd administrator
who honored the traditions of Sumer, Akkad, and
other lands he brought under his authority. Best
remembered for the Code of Hammurabi which
was inscribed on human-sized stone pillars
- The Code of Hammurabi 
The Hammurabi code of laws, a collection of 282
rules, established standards for commercial
interactions and set fines and punishments to meet
the requirements of justice.
PERSIAN
Persian Literature 
- jewel in the crown of Persian culture 
of the oldest themes in Persian literature. 
- Persia is now the country of Iran 
TOP 3 Most Notable Artist 
1. Rūdakī 
 
- Known as the Father of Modern Persian Poetry 
- Kalilah wa Dimnah is one of his most imporrant
contribution in Persian Literature 
2. Ferowsi 
 
- Considered as the most important writing poets 
- The Shahnameh (“Book of Kings”, composed 977-
1010 CE) is his most famous work in Persian 
literature. 
3. Rumi 
- Jalal ad-did Muhammad Balkhi, best known as
Rumi, l. 1207-1273 CE 
- Became famous as a mystical poet  Latin was the main language used for writing
- Mas̄navī-yi Maʿnavī (“Spiritual Couplets”) is his during Ancient Rome. Greek was also a popular
famous work  language because it was used by so many people in
the eastern portion of the Roman empire.
GREEK Important documents were written on papyrus
The name Greece comes from the Latin “Gracia” scrolls (made from the papyrus plant in Egypt) or
which in turn comes from the Greek word “Grakoi”, on parchment (pages made from animal skin). They
the original name of the people living in Dodona. wrote with a metal pin that they dipped in ink.
 The original Greek name was s, and still is Short History of Roman Literature 
Hella – the land of the Helens.  First Period - This makes up the history of
- Authors  drama, early epos and satires, and the beginning of
Homer the prose actions. It’s marked by its adolescence of
- Homer is the best known for the two epic poems art and language.  
the Iliad and the Odyssey.  Second Period - The Golden Age, from
- The Greek blind poet.  Cicero to Ovid (80 B.C. – 14 A.D.) Has the highest
The Iliad and the Odyssey are primary examples of improvements in prose and poetry. The prose era
the epic narrative, which in antiquity was a long came first, and is marked by Cicero, Sallust, and
narrative poem, in an elevated style, celebrating Caesar.  
heroic achievement.   Third Period.  Around the decline of Rome,
Plato  from the accession, or rise to power, of Tiberius to
Philosopher, writer, and founder of the first the death of Marcus Aurelius
institution of higher learning, Plato’s legacy has
ROME’S NOTABLE WRITERS AND THEIR FAMOUS
lived for more than a millennia. Taught by Socrates
LITERARY WORKS 
and the teacher of Aristotle
Literature Works  Virgil: The-Best Known Roman Poet 
- Symposium - highlights two common Publius Vergilius Maro – better known as Virgil
characteristics of classical Greek culture— was born on October 15, BCE in Andes, near
homoeroticism Mantua. was an ancient Roman poet during the
Sophocles  Augustan period.
Tragedian Sophocles is one of the few playwrights
He famously wrote the legendary poem The
from Ancient Greece whose work has survived in its Aeneid, which is now considered ancient Rome’s
entirety today. national epic. His fame rests chiefly upon
Literature Works  the Aeneid, which tells the story
- Oedipus, in Greek mythology, the king of Thebes of Rome’s legendary founder and proclaims the
who unwittingly killed his father and married his Roman mission to civilize the world under divine
guidance.  
mother.
Other famous works of Virgil are Bucolics
ROMAN and The Georgics.  

Roman Literature traversed a journey from Horace: Poet, Songwriter and Lyricist 
imitating Greek Literature for relevance to finally Horace, whose full name as Quintus Horatius
discovering a voice of its own. Roman Literature’s Flaccus, was another ancient Roman poet whose
foundation was established with Greek Literature
voice has reverberated throughout history.
translated into Latin by the learned Roman
individuals. 
Horace’s most renowned poetic work was
his Odes, a series of four books featuring poems
which explore a variety of themes, including love,
courage, and hymns to the gods.
Ovid: The Man who Inspired the Renaissance   Maharshi Vyasa
Publius Ovidius Naso, known today as Ovid, is
another of ancient Rome’s finest poetic writers.
Ovid was a Roman poet who lived during the reign
of Augustus.
His most celebrated contribution to the literary arts
was his Metamorphoses,  Kurukshetra War, battle for the throne of
- a long verse poetic text which retold ancient
Greek and Roman legends as one long continuous
narrative sequence
Lucretius: A Man of Rationalism and Reasoning  religion of Hinduism (also known as Sanatan
Titus Lucretius Carus (died mid to late 50s BCE) was
an Epicurean poet and philosopher of the late
Roman republican era. He is only associated with
one major body of work, a lengthy series of didactic
poems titled De Rerum Natura (On the Nature of
Things).
INDIA
Indian literature - one of the most ancient of
literature has been exemplary for rest of the world.
The term refers to the literary work that had been
produced in various Indian languages, since ages. In
ancient times, the literary work used to be
imparted orally.
Indian Notable Artist and their Works  an object of national pride, and a principal focus for
Maharishi Valmiki 
Valmiki is celebrated as the harbinger-poet
in Sanskrit literature. The epic Ramayana, dated
variously from the 5th century BCE to first century
BCE, is attributed to him, based on the attribution
in the text itself. He is revered as Ādi Kavi, the first
poet, author of Ramayana, the first epic poem. 
The Ramayana 
The Ramayana is an all-popular epic in South and
Southeast Asia. It is the story of King Rama who
must save his kidnapped wife, Sita.
 
While Rishi Vyasa is believed to be the creator of
the Mahabharata, he is also a character in the epic.
The Mahabharata 
The Mahabharata is an ancient Indian epic where
the main story revolves around two branches of a
family - the Pandavas and Kauravas - who, in the
Hastinapura.
The Vedas 
The Vedas are the religious texts which inform the
Dharma meaning “Eternal Order” or “Eternal
Path”). The term veda means “knowledge”
Rabindranath Tagore 
Rabindranath Tagore FRAS was a Bengali polymath
who worked as a poet, writer, playwright,
composer, philosopher, social reformer and
painter.
Gitanjali (Song Offerings)
It was inspired by medieval Indian lyrics of
devotion in which the principal subject is love,
through some poems detail the internal conflict
between spiritual longings and earthly desires, and
others depict images drawn from nature. 
FRENCH
- is one of the world’s most brilliant, has been for
centuries an impressive facet of French civilization,
feelings of national identity. 
- The 11th century witnessed the emergence of a
literature in the French language in the form of
numerous epic poems called CHANSONS DE
GESTE. 
Medieval French Literature 
 written in early middle and old
French. It was the literary works carried
 out between the 11th century and the can be seen through the language. English
15th century. This period saw different literature Timeline 
genres of creative work carried out by
poets, clercs, jongleurs and writers.   Old English literature 
French Renaissance Literature  -Anglo-Saxon literature.  
-Beowulf  
The literal meaning of Renaissance in English is
Rebirth.  
Middle English literature 
Seventeenth Century 
-In this period religious literature continued to
The period was also significant for France as it led
enjoy popularity. 
Europe in cultural and political development. -The Life of Saint Audrey, a Hagiography
Eighteenth Century   
The eighteenth century in French literary work was
between 1715 and 1798. This was the period when English Renaissance 
the modern period of French history began -The English Renaissance was a cultural and artistic
Nineteenth Century  movement in England dating from the late 15th to
The nineteenth century French history centered the 17th century. 
between 1799 and 1940. The period saw the end of
Empire and monarchy as well as the development Restoration Age 
-Restoration literature includes Paradise Lost by
of democracy in France.
John Milton 
FAMOUS FRENCH WRITERS AND THEIR GREATEST
WORKS  18th century 
-During the 18th century literature reflected the
1. Victor Hugo (1802- 1885)  worldview of the Age of Enlightenment (or Age of
One of France’s most famous writers has to be Reason) 
Victor Hugo. With a career spanning over 60 years,
he wrote everything from poetry to satire, critical Romanticism 
essays and historical odysseys -Was an artistic, literary, and intellectual
movement that originated in Europe toward the
- Les Miserables and Hunchback of the Notre end of the 18th century.  
Dame (which was not intended to be a children’s
tale).  Victorian literature 
1. Alexandre Dumas (1802- 1870)  -Sage writing developed as a new literary genre in
            From the Comte of Monte Cristo to the which the author sought "to express notions about
Three Muskateers, he is one of the most well- the world, man's situation in it, and how he should
known authors in France. live." 

2. George Sand (1804- 1876)

 One of the most popular female writers in 20th century 
France in her lifetime is Amantine Lucile Aurore -Modernism 
Dupin, better known as George Sand. Choosing to -is both a philosophical and arts movement that
wear male attire in public, she was a huge advocate arose from broad transformations in Western
for women’s rights and the working class. society during the late 19th and early 20th
centuries 
ENGLISH  
History of English Literature   English Writers 
-The English language has evolved over the period William Shakespeare 
of time. As time has progressed several changes
  He was the author of great English plays
and poems. He wrote 37 plays, 154 sonnets
and many narrative poems. 

Literature Work/s  American Literature is divided into 5 major

Romeo and Juliet  periods 
 Romeo and Juliet are about a young  The colonial and early national period 
hero and heroine whose families, the  Romantic Period 
Montagues and the Capulets,  Realism and Naturalism 
respectively, are ferocious enemies.  Modernist Period 
Romeo and Juliet’s passionate star-  Contemporary Period 
crossed love leads to their demise,
which ultimately serves to pacify the NOTABLE LITERATURE ARTIST AND THEIR
relationship between their families.  WORKS 
Geoffrey Chaucer  John Smith  
 Considered as the Father of English  John Smith was an adventurer, soldier,
Literature.  explorer, and author.  
 He spent his early life in London. He Founder of Jamestown, the first
began his career humbly as a translator. permanent English settlement in North
Many of his poems were taken from America. 
French literature. He was considered  President of Jamestown colony on
the greatest English poet of the Middle September 10,1608. 
Ages.  JOHN SMITH WORKS 
Literature Work/s   A Description of New England (1616) 
The Canterbury Tales   Map of Virginia with a Description of the
 Was enormously popular in Country (1612)  
medieval England, with over 90 copies  The Generall Historie of Virginia, New
in existence from the 1400s  England, and the Summer Isles (1624) 
 The True Travels, Adventures, and
John Milton  Observations of Captain John Smith in Europe,
 Milton is best known for Paradise Asia, Africa, and America (1630). 
Lost, widely regarded as the greatest The Mayflower colonists of 1620 brought his
epic poem in English.  books and maps with them to Massachusetts.
Milton promoted religious freedom and Smith focuses heavily on Indians in all his
republicanism for England after the Restoration, works concerning the New World.  
putting himself in danger in the process. Edgar Allan Poe 
Literature Work/s   Boston, Massachusetts U.S  
Paradise Lost   American short-story writer, poet, critic,
The biblical story of the Fall of Mankind is told and editor who is famous for his cultivation of
in the epic poem Paradise Lost, which spans 12 mystery and the macabre. 
books and more than 10,500 lines. EDGAR ALLAN POE’S WORKS 
 Tamerlane and Other Peoms (1827) 
AMERICAN
 Al Aaraaf (1829) 
American Literature 
 Ms. Found in a Bottle (1833) 
American literature, the body of written works
 The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym (1838) 
produced in the English language in the United
 The Fall of the House of Usher (1839) 
State. It is the production of literary work written in
 The Murders in the Rue Morgue (1841) 
the context of America portraying American culture
 The Raven (1845) 
and themes.
 Mark Twain (Samuel Clemens)  Nordic Literature 
November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910  Traditionally consists of works in modern Swedish,
 Florida, Missouri, U.S.  Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish, and Faroese, all
 Sixth child of John and Jane Clemens.  members of the North Germanic group of
MARK TWAIN’S WOKS  languages.
 The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876)  Poets and Authors of Nordic Literature 
 The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885)   Snorri Sturluson was an Icelandic historian,
 The Innocents Abroad (1869)  poet, and politician. He was elected twice as
 Life on the Mississippi (1883)  law-speaker of the Icelandic parliament, the
 A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court Althing
(1889)  o The Prose Edda 
 The Tragedy of Pudd'nhead Wilson (1894)  o Heimskringla: or, The Lives of the
 Joan of Arc  Norse Kings 
 The Chronicle of Young Satan  o King Harald’s Saga 
Ernest Miller Hemingway  o Gylfaginning 
o Sagas of the Icelanders 
 The first son of Clarence Edmonds
Hemingway, a doctor, and Grace Hall
 Olav Aukrust - regional poet whose verse
Hemingway. 
contributed to the development of Nynorsk
 He was rejected into military service due to a
(New Norwegian; an amalgam of rural
defect in his eyes but managed to enter World
Norwegian dialects) as a literary language. 
War I as an ambulance driver. 
 Himmelvarden 
ERNEST HEMINGWAY’S WORKS 
 Dikt i utval 
 In Our Time (1924) 
 The Sun Also Rises (1926) 
 Kjartan Fløgstad, pseudonym K. Villum,
 A Farewell to Arms (1929) 
(born June 7, 1944, Sauda, Norway),
 For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940) 
o Dalen Portland 
 The Old Man and the Sea (1952) 
o Rasmus 
 Men Without Women (1927) 
o Fyr og flame 
 The Fifth Column and the First Forty-Nine
o Kniven på strupen 
Stories (1938) 
o Loven vest for Pecos  
Toni Morrison (Chloe Anthony Wofford) 
o Tyrannosaurus text 
 Toni Morrison was born into a working-class
family in Lorain, Ohio in the United States. She
read a lot as a child and her father's stories, AFRO-ASIAN
taken from the African American tradition,
Africa  
later became an element in her own writing. 
- Is the second largest continent after Asia,
TONI MORRISON’S WORKS 
covering about one-fifth of the total land surface.  
 The Bluest Eye (1970) 
The name Africa came into Western use through
 Sula (1973) 
the Romans, who used the name Africa terra - land
 Song of Solomon (1977) 
of the “ Afri “ -for the Northern Part of continent.  
 Beloved (1987) 
 Asia 
 Jazz (1992) 
- Is bounded by the Artic Ocean to the north, the
 Paradise (1998) 
Pacific Ocean to the east, the Indian OCean to the
 A Mercy (2008) 
south, and the Red Sea 
 Home (2012) 
Afro-Asian Literature 
 God Help the Child (2015) 

NORSE
- It is a term of writing written by people from Things Fall Apart 
mixed African-Arab ethnicity, or African-Afsian - Achebe wrote this book to inform his
ethnicity  readers on the significance of African
- It mirrors not only traditions and customs of culture. 
African and Asian countries but also their 4. Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o 
philosophy of life   He is a Kenyan author and academic who
Egyptian Book of Dead  writes primarily in Kikuyu (Bantu ethnic group
- It is considered as the earliest recordings of native to Central Kenya) and who formerly
literature written down in papyrus  wrote in English.  
- It is a collection of mortuary texts made up of  He was "considered East Africa’s leading
spells or magic formulas, place on the tombs and novelist" 
believe to protect the deceased in the hereafter   Literature Work/s: 
Afro-Asian Writers 
 Weep not, child 
1. Rabindranath Tagore FRAS  - It is moving novel about the effects
 He is a Bengali polymath. He is good at of the Mau Mau uprising on the lives of
solving specific problems by different means of ordinary men and women, and on one
literature. family in particular
Literature Work/s: 
Gitanjanli 
 Is a book of offerings and made Tagore won
his Noble Prize of Literature on November 4,
1913 
 This book is part of UNESCO Collection of
Representative Works 
 It contains the special poem known as the
“mind is without fear “ 

2. Suzanna Arundhati Roy 

 An Indian author who was born on
November 24, 1961, is best known for her
1997 book The God of Small Things, which won
the Man Booker Prize for Fiction and quickly
rose to the top of the bestseller list among
non-expatriate Indian authors. 
Literature Work/s: 
The God of Small Things 
 It is a family drama novel, and its story is
about the childhood experiences of fraternal
twins whose lives are destroyed by the "Love
Laws" prevalent in the 1960s Kerala, India 
3. Chinua Achebe 
 He was a novelist, poet, and critic from
Nigeria and is recognized as the key figure in
contemporary African literature. 
 He was known as the “Father of African
Literature “as the author of contemporary
classics 
Literature Work/s: 
GROUP 6
. Bible
● Background:
The Bible (from Koine Greek word tà biblía, 'the books')
is a collection of religious text or scriptures sacred in
Christianity, Judaism, Samaritanism, and many other
religions
The Bible is an anthology – a compilation of texts of a
variety of forms – originally written in Hebrew, Aramaic,
and Koine Greek.
● The earliest contained the first five books of the
Bible. It is called the Torah in Hebrew and the
Pentateuch (meaning five books) Country: Israel
● Author: the most known author was believed
to be Moses, the Hebrew prophet who led the
Israelites out of captivity in Egypt and guided
them across the Red Sea toward the Promised
Land.
Aside from moses there are also:
● Summary:
-The Old Testament is a collection of thirty-nine books
about the history and religion of the people of Israel.
The authors of these books are unknown, and each
book possesses a unique tone, style, and message.
Individually, they include stories, laws, and sayings that
are intended to function as models of religious and
ethical conduct.
The New Testament is a collection of twenty-seven
books centered on the figure of Jesus of Nazareth. Each
of these books has its own author, context, theme, and
persuasive purpose.
2. Quran
Brief History of the Quran
The first Quranic revelation came to Muhammad c. 610
AD. Muhammad delivered many more verses to his
scribes and companions for memorization and recording
over the next two decades. Characters:
Prophets Mentioned in the Quran. The names of 26
Prophets are mentioned in the Qur’an. Prophet Musa
(pbuh) is mentioned most in the Quran. He is
mentioned 135 times. Prophet Ibrahim (pbuh) is
mentioned 67 times in the Qur’an. Prophet Muhammad
(pbuh) is mentioned 5 times in the Qur’an.
Mosques Mentioned in the Qur’an five mosques are
mentioned in the Qur’an. They are:
1. Masjid-e-Haram in Mecca
2. Masjid-e-Aqsa in Baitul Muqaddas, Palestine
3. Masjid-e-Quba in Madina
4. Masjid-e-Nabawwi in Madina
5. Masjid-e-Zarar in Madina ordered in the Qur’an to
destroy (demolish) Masjid-e-Zarar in Madina. This
mosque was built by the hypocrites (Munafeqeen) the
enemies of Muslims
Summary:
In the name of Allah most Gracious most Merciful. The
word “Qur'an” literally means ''The Book being read
repeatedly”. The revelation of the Qur’an started
through Wahi (inspiration) from Allah. The first
revelation came to the Prophet (pbuh) in Ghare Hera
(cave Hera).
3. The Book of the Dead
● Background:
“Book of the Dead” is a modern term to
describe a series of ancient Egyptian
funerary spells that helped the
deceased find their way to the afterlife
in order to become united with the god
of the dead, Osiris. It is a manuscript
filled with spells, prayers, and
incantations that are written on papyrus
with black and red ink made from
organic material. These books were
believed to guide the dead into the
afterlife and help them fight off demons
and other monsters.
● Pyramid Texts
First used in the Pyramid of King
Unas of the 5th Dynasty,
around 2400 BCE. These texts
were written on the walls of the
burial chambers within
pyramids, and were exclusively
for the use of the pharaoh.
Coffin Texts
Used a newer version of the
 language , new spells, and
included illustrations for the
first time. It is most commonly
written on the inner surfaces of
coffins.
Four Sections:
Chapter 1-16 The deceased enters the
tomb and descends to the underworld,
and the body regains its powers of
movement and speech.
Chapter 17-63 Explanation of the
mythic origin of the gods and places.
The deceased is made to live again so
that he may arise, reborn, with the
morning sun.
Chapter 64-129 The deceased travels
across the sky in the sun ark as one of
the blessed dead. In the evening, the
deceased travels to the underworld to
appear before Osiris.
Chapter 130-189 Having been
Vindicated, the deceased assumes
power in the universe as one of the
gods. This section also includes assorted
chapters on protective amulets,
provision of food and important places.
● Country:
Egypt
● Summary:
There are nearly 200 known spells, but
they weren’t collected into books in our current
sense of the word. Rather, spells were inscribed
on objects from mummy wrappings to coffins to
figurines meant to accompany the dead in the
tomb. They provided instructions for the various
challenges the deceased would face on their
journey. Spell 125 (a vignette from which is
illustrated below), for example, lists a number
of sins they must deny having committed in life
when they appear before Osiris.
4. Iliad & Odyssey
● Country:
○ Ancient Greece, 8th century BC
● Author:
○ Homer - Homer is the presumed author
of the Iliad and the Odyssey, two hugely
influential epic poems of ancient
Greece. If Homer did in fact compose
the works, he is one of the greatest
literary artists in the world, and,
through these poems, he affected
Western standards and ideas.
● Summary:
-The story of the Iliad follows the great
Greek warrior Achilles, as well as his rage and
the destruction it causes. Parallel to this, the
story also follows the Trojan warrior Hector and
his efforts to fight to protect his family and his
people.
-The Odyssey is about Odysseus's
return to his homeland of Ithaca, where he will
defeat the rude suitors camped in his palace
and reunite with his loyal wife, Penelope.
● . MahabharataAuthor: Its authorship is
traditionally ascribed to the sage Vyasa, who
appears in the work as the grandfather of the
Kauravas and the Pandavas.
● Country: India
● Summary: The epic poem is about the issues of
succession and lead up to the Kurushetra war
itself and the aftermath. The main story
revolves around the two families, the Pandavas
and the Kauravas who battled in the Kurushetra
war for the throne of Hastinapura. The sons of
Dhitarashrtra were called the Kauravas, and the
sons of Pandu were known as the Panavas.
The war for the throne lasted for 18
days and both sides lost a lot of lives, in the end
the Pandavas won and their reign lasted for 36
years. They dedicated their last days climbing
towards heaven.
6. The Divine Comedy
Background: The Divine Comedy is a narrative
poem written by an Italian poet, Dante Alighieri.
He was a philosopher and theologist involved
with religion and political issues in medieval
Florence, his hometown.
● Country: Italy
● Author: The Divine Comedy is an Italian
narrative poem by Dante Alighieri, begun c.
1308 and completed in 1320, a year before his
death in 1321.
● Summary: The plot of The Divine Comedy is
simple: a man, generally assumed to be Dante
himself, is miraculously enabled to undertake
an ultramundane journey, which leads him to
visit the souls in Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise.
. The Song of Roland
● Background:

La Chanson de Roland, English The Song of
Roland, Old French epic poem that is probably
the earliest (c. 1100) chanson de geste
(medieval historical romance) and is considered
the masterpiece of the genre.
● Country: France (1100)
● Author: The poem’s probable author was a
Norman poet, Turold, whose name is
introduced in its last line.
● Summary:
The poem opens as Charlemagne, having
conquered all of Spain except Saragossa,
receives overtures from the Saracen king and
sends the knight Ganelon, Roland’s stepfather,
to negotiate peace terms. Angry because
Roland proposed him for the dangerous task,
Ganelon plots with the Saracens to achieve his
stepson’s destruction and, on his return,
ensures that Roland will command the rear
guard of the army when it withdraws from
Spain. As the army crosses the Pyrenees, the
rear guard is surrounded at the pass of
Roncesvalles by an overwhelming Saracen
force. Trapped against crushing odds, the
headstrong hero Roland is the paragon of the
unyielding warrior victorious in defeat.
● One Thousand & One NightsCountry: Saudi
Arabia
● Author: The stories changed over the years as
they were translated and rewritten to
accommodate the current society. It circulated
throughout the Middle East before being
introduced to Europe in the 18th century. It was
first translated into French by Antoine Golland.
Golland also added the stories of Aladdin and
Ali Baba to the work, which were told to him by
a friend's Arabic friend. The first English version
appeared in the 19th century, translated by Sir
Richard Burton. In 1814, the first Arabic printed
edition was published. Since then, there have
been a series of new translations and editions.
● Summary: The primary story is about Shahryar
and Shahrazad. When Shahryar discovers that
his queen at the beginning of the tale is being
unfaithful, he declares that all women are the
same and vows to take a new bride each night
and have her killed the next morning. The
people shocked by the brutality of this law and
watches in horror as their king murders their
daughters. Shahrazad, daughter of the vizier,
convinces her father to offer her to Shahryar.
She asks her sister, Dinazad, to wake her before
sunrise and ask for a story. Dinazad wakes her
as commanded and, with the king's permission,
Shahrazad begins to tell her a story. But she
halts her story at a suspenseful moment and
tells Dinazad that she will finish the tale the
following night, if the king permits her to live so
long. Shahryar wishes to hear the rest of the
story, so he agrees. This continues for 1,001
nights (although it has actually been counted to
be 280 nights). Shahrazad tells stories about
romances, tragedies, and epic adventures.
Often, one of her characters will tell his own
story, creating an embedded narrative.
Eventually, Shahryar falls in love with her and
renounces his law.
● 9. El Cid
● Country: Spain
● Author: The author of the poem 'El Cid' is
unknown. It is believed to have been first
performed orally by traveling storytellers before
being written down.
● Characters: El Cid/Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar, King
Alfonso VI, The Infantes of Carion, El Cid's
Daughters
● Summary: El Cid tells the epic story of a man
who fights to restore his honor after being
banished. El Cid is banished from Spain and
forced to abandon all of his belongings.
Determined to restore his name, he and his
vassals conquer a series of Moorish settlements.
This pleases the king, who eventually pardons El
Cid. El Cid, now wealthy and powerful, becomes
the lord of Valencia, and his daughters marry
princes. The cowardly princes mistreat El Cid's
daughters and El Cid enacts revenge against
them. The daughters then marry kings. El Cid
lives the rest of his life wealthy, happy, and
respected.
10. The Canterbury Tales
Author: Geoffrey Chaucer
Overview:
Canterbury Tales begins with the famous words
"when april comes with his sweet fragrant showers
which pierce the dry ground of march and bathe every
root of every plant in sweet liquid, then people desire to
go on pilgrimages' '. The narrator who is meant to be a
version of Chaucer himself is staying at the Tabbard Inn
in Southwark when the company of 29 pilgrims
descends. The Inn's owner and the host Harry Bailey set
up a challenge. Each pilgrim should tell 4 tales on their
journey. Two were on their way to the shrine of Martyr
Saint Thomas Albeckett at Canterbury Cathedral, and
two on their way to London. The host will accompany
them so he can judge the best story and the other
pilgrims will pay for the winner's supper upon their
return.
Uncle Tom’s CabinCountry: USA
Author: Harriet Beecher Stowe
Summary:

● Despite the fact that Tom is meek and obedient,

his enslaver sells him.
● Tom meets a young girl named Eva St. Clare,
whose father buys Tom. Eva makes her father
agree to free all the people he has enslaved
when he dies.
● St. Clare dies before he can free Tom and the
other enslaved people. Tom is then sold to a
Southern plantation owner who beats Tom to
death when Tom refuses to reveal the
whereabouts of two other enslaved people who
have escaped.