CRITICAL

READING
APPROACHES
QUARTER IV
ADDITIONAL
I N T R O D U C T O RY LECTURES
LESSON
P R E PA R E D B Y:
(MIDTERM)
ROSALIA J. GADDI
OPENING PRAYER
Formalist Criticism
•It highlights the “form of a literary work to
identify its meaning.” What makes a work of art
depends highly on how “all of its elements
(style, structure, imagery, tone, genre) work
together to offer to the reader’s experience
(thought, feeling, reactions, etc), not by any
context such as the era, social setting, and
author’s background.
 Biographical Criticism

Biographical Criticism puts premium on

• 2.
the importance of the author’s life, and
background when reading a text.
 Deconstructionist Criticism

4. Deconstructionist Criticism defends the

premise that since there is no single
meaning of any given word, there is no
single meaning of any given text.
 Psychological Criticism

5. PsychologicalCriticism is grounded on
Sigmund Freud’s paradigm. Each text is
considered as a “reflection of the author’s
mind and personality, including his/her
ulterior motives.
Historical Criticism

3. HistoricalCriticism proves that every literary

piece is a by-product of its time/ period and its
world.
 Reader-response Criticism

• 6. Reader-responseCriticism describes the

“internal workings of the reader’s mental
processes, affirming that reading is indeed a
creative act and process.
Sociological Criticism
• 7. Sociological Criticism interprets literature grounded
on its cultural, economic, and political context. It shows
how the author relates with his or her society at that time
when the work was created, or how his or her socio-
economic, and political played in shaping the literary
work.
• Two of influential types are Marxist Criticism, and
Feminist Criticism
 Sociological Criticism
• . a. Marxist Criticism, based in the political ideology of
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, focuses on the economic
and political elements of the literary piece. It always
features the disparity between the rich, powerful and the
poor and oppressed. Marxism points out the effects of a
government or political change taking place in a certain area.
Artikulo Uno production’ Heneral Luna can be analyzed using Marxist
Criticism.
• b. Feminist Criticism examines on how women and their
roles, and positions are explored in the literary text.
Gender Criticism and the Queer Theory
8. Gender Criticism and the Queer Theory
explore the literary work as influenced by
the gender and gender roles, mainly queer
sexualities. Since gender roles were highly
patriarchal, the queer sexualities are often
considered ‘rebellious.
Jun Robles Lana’s “Die Beautiful” can be examined by using the
Queer Theory.
 Postcolonial Criticism
• 9. Postcolonial Criticism is relatively new and an
emerging type of criticism that explores on literary
pieces written in areas that used to be colonized by
the Europeans (white). It intends to present the
violent and destructive effects of colonization and
how this led the non-Western, colonized cultures to
thrive and develop their own literature.
 ADDITIONAL LECTURES MIDTERMS

• Persona refers to the voice a writer creates to tell a story or to

define the speaker in a poem. Sometimes the writer may
share real-life experience or feelings in autobiographical
writing. Or he may write as a detached observer, keeping a
distance from events in the poem, or an imaginary character
 LESSON 1

•Rawitdawit is a poem from the Bicol

Region.

• Bugtong or riddle. uses talinghaga or

metaphor that helps convey the answer
to the riddle.
 THIRD WORLD GEOGRAPHY

•The poem Third World Geography is full of

allegory. The allegorical elements in the
poem include the man who watches over
hope, the feathers, and the burden of
government.
LESSON 4
• The following strategies a reader may use to understand a
text through the linguistic context.
i. Analyze the diction or choice of words in the text.
ii. Examine the texts’ syntax or use of sentences, clauses,
phrases, line cuts.
iii.Observe the use of figurative language.
LESSON 5
• TEXT is an element in multimedia can be employed
in order to add interest and emotion to a
presentation.
•

• Animation refers to moving graphics images. The happening

of somebody giving CPR makes it much easier to learn
internal organ revitalization, rather than just
• screening a static picture.
 Sociocultural context
• Literary reading through a sociocultural context requires the reader to answer
questions like:
• 1.What is the relationship between the characters or the speakers in the text
and their society?
• ii What is the prevailing social order ? Does the story or poem accept or
challenge it?
• iv. Who has the power ? Who does not? What is the reason for this setup?
LESSON 6
• A group member has the ability to communicate if he:
• always listen to the suggestions of other members
• Provides effective feedback;
• Relays a great deal of information that all relates to the topic of discussion.
•
• Collaborative team members spend time discussing what they hope to
accomplish as a team and set team and individual goals for reaching that
vision. Group members try to keep people working together and almost always
do not cause problems in the group.
LITERARY ANALYSIS
Figure of speech (METAPHOR, SIMILE, HYPERBOLE)
IMAGERY: Imagery using touch/tactile: After the long run,
he collapsed in the grass with tired and burning
muscles. The grass tickled his skin and sweat cooled on his
brow.
.
Olfactory imagery

•Olfactory imagery is description that

stimulates the nose. By describing the
peculiarities of a scent—its richness,
pungence, weight, distinctness, or physical
effect—the author transports the reader
through the use of olfactory imagery.
•Gustatory imagery refers to words or
pictures that make someone think of food or
taste. It is a type of imagery that aims at a
reader's sense of taste and is commonly used
to describe food as a character eats it..
Visual imagery
Visual imagery is imagery that you can see
in your mind’s eye. It is the colors,
brightness, shape, and movement of
something. Visual imagery is the most
common form of imagery in writing because
it is the best way for a writer to describe
settings and characters.
Auditory imagery

•Auditory imagery is used to explain things,

ideas and actions using sounds that
appeal to our sense of hearing.
• Here are some examples of imagery from each of the five
senses:
• Taste/Gustatory: The familiar tang of his grandmother’s
cranberry sauce reminded him of his youth.
• Sound/Auditory: The concert was so loud that her ears rang
for days afterward.
• Sight/Visual: The sunset was the most gorgeous they’d ever
seen; the clouds were edged with pink and gold.
• Smell/Olfactory: After eating the curry, his breath reeked of
garlic.
• Touch/Tactile: The tree bark was rough against her skin.
SOUND DEVICE
sound device ( rhyme, repetition, alliteration)

Example of rhyme (The word “rhyme” refers to the pattern of similar

sounding words used in writing. E.g. An example of a rhyme is: "The cat
and the hat, sat on a mat".

Example of repetition (The old man walked down the street, down the
street, down the street)
Alliteration

• Alliteration is the occurrence of the same letter or sound at

the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words.
EXAMPLE:
•Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.
• Sally sells seashells by the sea shore.
•How much wood could a woodchuck chuck if a
woodchuck could chuck wood?
THEME

•Theme (LOVE, HATE, WAR)

SYNTAX

Syntax refers to the arrangement of words and phrases. Syntax

covers topics like word order and grammar rules, such as
subject-verb agreement or the correct placement of direct and
indirect objects and choice of words.

For example: The author wrote lengthy sentences, separated by

multiple commas and/or semicolons;
• In literature, writers utilize syntax and diction to
achieve certain artistic effects, like mood, and
tone. Like diction, syntax aims to affect the
readers as well as express the writer’s attitude.
• Diction has two meanings. It means: a style of
speaking or writing as dependent upon choice of
words.