CHAPTER 13 RIZAL'S VISIT TO THE UNITED STATES (1888)

Rizal first saw America on April 28, 1888.

● His arrival in this great country was marred by racial prejudice, for he saw the discriminatory treatment of the Chinese and the
Negroes by the white Americans.

● He kept notes of what he observed during his trip from San Francisco to New York, where he took a ship for England.

● The steamer Belgic, with Rizal on board, docked at San Franciscò on Saturday morning, April 28, 1888.

● All passengers were not allowed to land because of the American Health Authorities.

● He joined the other passengers in protesting the unjustifiable action of the health authorities.

● He soon discovered that the placing of the ship under quarantine was motivated by politics

● The ship was carrying 643 Chinese coolies. At that time, public opinion on the Pacific coast was against cheap coolie labor.

● Rizal noticed that contrary to quarantine regulations 700 bales of valuable Chinese silk was landed without fumigation.

● After a week of quarantine, all first-class passengers, including Rizal, were permitted to land

RIZAL IN FRANSISCO

● May 4, 1888, the day he was permitted to go ashore.

● Rizal registered at the Palace Hotel, which was then considered a first-class hotel in the city.

● On this day, he wrote in his diary: I lodged in the Palace Hotel, $4 a day with a bath and everything included.

● Rizal mentioned in his diary the name of Leland Stanford, who was a millionaire senator representing California in the U.S.
Senate at that time.

● Rizal stayed in San Francisco for two days- May 4 to 6, 1888. The President of the United States at that time was Grover
Cleveland

ACROSS THE AMERICAN CONTINENT

● On May 6, 1888- Sunday, 4:30 P.M.- Rizal left San Francisco for Oakland, nine miles across San Francisco Bay, by ferry boat.

● In Oakland, he boarded the train for his trip across the continent. He took his supper at Sacramento for 75e and slept at his
coach.

● Early the following morning (May 7), he awoke and had a good breakfast at Reno, Nevada.

● Rizal' s diary recounts his travel observation as follows:

● Monday, May 7. I saw an Indian attired in a semi-Euro- pean suit, and semi-Indian suit, leaning against a wall.

● Tuesday, May 8. This is a beautiful morning. We stop from place to place.

We are near Ogden. I believe with a good system of irrigation this place

could be cultivated.

● In Utah, the women serve at the table. We changed trains at Ogden, and

we will not have any change until Denver.

● In Provo I ate much for 75e. We are passing between two mountains through a narrow channel.

● Wednesday, May 9. We are passing through the mountains and rocks along a river; the river is noisy and its noise gives life to the
lifeless territory.

●We woke up in Colorado, the 5th state we crossed over. At 10:30 we climb up a certain height, and this is why snow is seen along
the way. (There are many pines. We passed through tunnels made of wood to protect the road against the snow. Icicles in
these tunnels are very bright which gives a majestic effect.)

● The porter of the Pullman Car, an American, is a sort of thief. Colorado has more trees than the three states we passed over.

● Thursday, May 10. We woke up in Nebraska. The country is a plain. We reached Omaha, a big city - the biggest since we left
San Francisco.
● The Missouri River is twice as wide as the Pasig River in its widest part. It is marshy. The train passed over the Missouri bridge
for 2 and ½ minutes; the train goes slowly. We are now in Illinois

● May 11, friday - In Chicago the country is cultivated. It shows them nearness to Chicago.

● Left Chicago at 8:14 Friday night.

● "What I have observed in Chicago is that every Cigar Store has an Indian Figure, always different. 2775 Washington
street, Boston, miss C.G. Smith

● May 12, Saturday - A Good Wagner Car - we were proceeding in a fine day.

● Sunday, May 13. We woke up near Albany. This is a big city. The Hudson River which runs along carries many Boats. The
landscape is beautiful; and it is not inferior to the best in Europe.

RIZAL IN NEW YORK

● On Sunday morning, May 13, Rizal reached New York, thus ending his trip across the American continent.

● He stayed three days in this city, which he called the "big town ".

● He was awed and inspired by the memorial to George Washington.

● On May 16, 18S8, he left New York for Liverpool on board the City of Rome.

● According to Rizal, this steamer was "the second largest ship in the world, the largest being the Great Eastern ".

● He saw with thrilling sensation the colossal Statue of Liberty on Bedloe Island ashis ship steamed out of New York Harbor.

RIZAL IN AMERICA

Rizal' s Impression of America. Rizal had good and bad impressions of the United States.

● The good impressions were:

1. The material progress of the country as shown in the great cities, huge farms, flourishing industries, and busy factories:

2. The drive and energy of the American people;

3. The natural beauty the land:

4. The high standard of living; and

5. The opportunities for better life offered to poor immigrants

● One bad impression Rizal had of America was the lack of racial equality

- There existed racial prejudice which was inconsistent with the principles of democracy and freedom of which the
Americans talk so much but do not practise.

● In 1890, two years after Rizal' s visit to the United States, Jose Alejandro, who was then studying engineering in Belgium,
roomed with him on 38 Rue Philippe Champagne, Brussels.

● Alejandro had never been to America, so one day he asked Rizal: "What impressions do you have of America?" "America, "
answered Rizal, "is the land par excellence of freedom but only for the whites

CHAPTER 14

RIZAL IN LONDON (188-1889)

● Rizal lived in London from May, 1888 to March, 1889.

● He chose this English city to be his new home for three reasons:

1. To improve his knowledge of the English language,

2. To study and annotate Morga's Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, a rare copy of which he heard to be available in the British
Museum, and

3. London was a safe place for him to carry on his fight against Spanish tyranny.

● In London, he engaged in;

➔Filipiniana studies

➔Completed annotating Morga's book

➔Wrote many articles for La Solidaridad in defense of his people against Spanish critics

➔Penned a famous letter to the young women of Malolos

➔Carried on his voluminous correspondence with Blumentritt and relatives

➔Had a romance with Gertrude

TRIP ACROSS THE ATLANTIC

● The trans-Atlantic voyage of Rizal from New York to Liverpool was a pleasant one.

● He won many friends of different nationalities on board the palatial City of Rome because of his friendly nature and his ability as a
linguist.

● Rizal arrived at Liverpool, England, on May 24, 1888.

● He stayed one day in this port city, spending the night at the Adelphi Hotel.

LIFE IN LONDON

● On May 25, 1888. For a short time, he stayed as a guest at the home of Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor, an exile of 1872 and a
practicing lawyer in London.

● By the end of May, he found a modest boarding place at No. 37 Chalcot Crescent, Primrose Hill.

● He was a boarder of the Beckett family.

● Rizal came to know Dr. Reinhold Rost, the librarian of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and an authority on Malayan languages and
customs.

● Dr. Rost was impressed by Rizal's learning and character, and he gladly recommended him to the authorities of the British
Museum.

● He called Rizal "a pearl of a man" (una perla de hombre)

● Both good and bad news from home reached Rizal in London.

● Of the bad news, were the injustices committed by the Spanish authorities on the Filipino people and the Rizal family. Among
which were as follows:

1. Persecution of the Filipino patriots who signed the "Anti-Friar Petition of 1888" which was presented by Doroteo Cortes,
prominent Mason and lawyer, to Jose Centeno, Civil Governor of the Province of Manila, on

March 1, 1888.- This petition was signed by about 800 patriots and was actually written by M.H. del Pilar. It was addressed to the
Queen Regent of Spain requesting the expulsion of the friars, including Archbishop Pedro Payo (Dominican) of Manila.

2. Persecution of the Calamba tenants, including Rizal's family and relatives, for their courage to petition the government for
agrarian reforms.

3. Furious attacks on Rizal by Senators Salamanca and Vida in the Spanish Cortes and by Desengaños (Wenceslao E.
Retana) and Quioquiap (Pablo Feced) in Spanish newspapers.

4. Rizal's brother-in-law, Manuel T. Hidalgo, husband of Saturnina, was exiled by Governor General Weyler to Bohol without due
process of law

5. A friend of Rizal, Laureano Viado, a medical student at the University of Santo Tomas, was arrested and jailed in Bilibid Prison
because copies of the Noli were found in his house.

● One good news cheered Rizal, and that was Rev. Vicente Garcia's defense of the Noli against the attacks of the friars.

ANNOTATING MORGA’S BOOK

● The greatest achievement of Rizal in London was the annotating of Morga's book, Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (Historical Events
of the Philippine Islands) which was published in Mexico, 1609.
SHORT VISIT TO PARIS AND SPAIN

● Early in September, 1888, he visited Paris for a week, in order to search for more historical materials in the Bibliotheque
Nationale.

● He was entertained in this gay French metropolis by Juan Luna and his wife (Paz Pardo de Tavera), who proudly showed him
their little son Andres (nickname

Luling).

● On December 11, 1888, he went to Spain, visiting Madrid and Barcelona.

● He contacted his compatriots and surveyed the political situation with regards to the agitation for Philippine reforms.

● For the first time, he met Marcelo H. del Pilar and Mariano Ponce, two titans of the Propaganda Movement.

● Rizal Becomes leader of Filipinos in Europe.

● While busy in his historical studies in London, Rizal learned that the Filipinos in Barcelona was planning to establish a
patriotic society which would cooperate in the crusade for reforms.

● This society, called Asociación La Solidaridad (Solidaridad Association), was inaugurated on December 31, 1888, with the
following officers: Galicano Apacible, president; Graciano Lopez Jaena, vice-president; Manuel Santa Maria, secretary: Mariano
Ponce, treasurer, and Jose Ma. Panganiban, accountant.

● By unanimous vote of all the members, Rizal was chosen honorary president. This was a recognition of his leadership among all
Filipino patriots in Europe.

1. In young associations the spirit of tolerance ought to prevail when it concerns trifles that do not affect the essential part
of a thing; in the discussions, the conciliatory tendency ought to dominate before the tendency to oppose. No one should
resent defeat. When any opinion is rejected, its author, instead of despairing and withdrawing, should on the contrary wait
for another occasion in which justice may be done to him. The individual should give way to the welfare of the society

2. A great deal of integrity and much good will. No member should expect rewards or honors for what he does. He who
does his duty in the expectation of rewards, is usually disappointed, because almost no one believes himself sufficiently
rewarded. And so that there may not be discontented or i'll-rewarded members, it is advisable for each one to do his duty
just for its own sake and at best expect to be later treated unjustly, because in anomalous countries, injustice is the prize
for those who fulfill their duties. Thrift, thrift, thrift. Seriousness and equal justice for all.

RIZAL AND THE LA SOLIDARIDAD NEWSPAPER

● On February 15, 1889, Graciano Lopez Jaena founded the patriotic newspaper called La Solidaridad in Barcelona, where he was
then residing.

● Two days after the birth of La Solidaridad, M. H. del Pilar wrote to Rizal in London.

● Rizal congratulated Lopez Jaena and his associates in founding La Solidaridad. As evidence of his approval and cooperation, he
prepared articles for the periodical which was subsequently published.

● ●In his letter to Lopez Jaena, he advised him that great care should be taken in publishing only the truth in La Solidaridad

FIRST ARTICLE IN LA SOLIDARIDAD

● Rizal’s first article which appeared in La Solidaridad was entitled Los Agricultores Filipinos (The Filipino Farmers).

● It was published on March 2, 1889, six days after he left London for Paris

WRITINGS IN LONDON

● While busy in research studies at the British Museum, Rizal received news on Fray Rodriguez’ unabated attack on his
Noli.

● In defense, he wrote a pamphlet entitled La Vision del Fray Rodriguez (The vision of Fray Rodriguez) which was published in
Barcelona under his nom-de-plume Dimas Alang.

● In London, Rizal wrote the famous “Letter to the Young Women of Malolos” (February 22, 1889) in Tagalog.

● He penned it, upon the request of M. H. del Pilar to praise the young ladies of Malolos for their courage to establish a
school where they could learn Spanish, despite the opposition of Fr. Felipe Garcia, Spanish parish priest of Malolos.

● Dr. Rost, editor of trubner’s record, a journal devoted to Asian studies, requested Rizal to contribute some articles.
● In response to his request, the latter prepared two articles

1. “Specimens of Tagalog Folklore” which was published in the Journal in May, 1889: and

2. “Two Eastern Fables”, published in June, 1889.

ROMANCE WITH GERTRUDE BECKETT

● Rizal had a romantic interlude with the oldest of the three Beckett sisters - Gertrude.

● Gettie, as she was affectionately called, was a buxom English girl with brown hair, blue eyes, and rosy cheeks.

● She fell in love with Rizal.On cold winter mornings she had a sunny smile for him, chattering gaily like a hummingbird.

● During the family picnics, she was particularly very happy because Rizal was with them and she gave him all her attention.

● And on rainy days when Rizal stayed at home, she helped him by mixing his colors for painting or assisted in preparing the clay
for sculpting.

● Their friendship drifted towards romance, Rizal affectionately called her “Gettie,” in reciprocation she fondly called him “Pettie,”

● But as their flirtation was fast approaching the point of no return, Rizal suddenly realized that he could not marry Gettie for he had
a mission to fulfill in life. Adios, London. Suddenly on March 19, 1889, Rizal bade goodbye to the kind Beckett family (particularly
Gertrude) and left London for Paris.

CHAPTER 15

RIZAL'S SECOND SOJOURN IN PARIS AND THE UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION OF

1889

● Rizal, fresh from London, was caught in the whirl of gay Parisian life

● Paris in the spring of 1889 was bursting with gaiety and excitement because of the Universal Exposition.

● Despite the social parties and the glittering lights of the city, he continued his fruitful artistic, literary, and patriotic labors.

● He published his annotated edition of Morga’s Sucesos

● He founded three Filipino societies

➔the Kidlat Club ➔and the R.D.L.M.

➔the Indios Bravos

● He wrote Por Telefono, a satire against Fr. Salvador Font

DIFFICULTY OF FINDING QUARTERS

●In march 1889, it was extremely difficult for a visitor to find living quarters in Paris.

●The approaching Universal Exposition of 1889 which was scheduled to open on May 6 1889 attracted thousands of tourists so all
hotel accommodations were taken.

●To the great disgust of Rizal, the cause of living spiraled high because the French landlords, taking advantage of the great demand
for living quarters, raised the rents of their rooms.

● For a short time, Rizal lived in the house of his friend Valentin Ventura at No. 45 Rue Maubeuge, where he polished his
annotated edition of Morga’s book.

● He transferred his residence several times, moving from one hotel to another, from one boarding house to another.

● Finally, he lives in a little room, together with two other Filipinos Capitan Justo Trinidad, former gobernadorcillo of Santa Ana,
Manila, and a refugee from Spanish tyranny, and Jose albert, a young student from Manila.

LIFE IN PARIS

● Rizal continued to be busy in his serious pursuits despite the joyous social parties.

● He used most of his time in the reading room of the Bibliotheque Nationale (National Library), checking up on his historical
annotations on Morga’s book
● In his living quarters– writing letters to his family and friends

● In the gymnasium– for his daily physical exercises, and visiting his friends.

● In his spare hours, Rizal used to dine at the homes of his friends, such as the Pardo de Taveras, the Venturas, the Bousteads,
the Lunas, etc.

● He was a good friend of the three Pardo de Taveras Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo Tavera, physician by vocation and philologist by
avocation

● Dr.Felix Pardo de Tavera, also physician by vocation and an artist and sculptor by avocation, and Paz pardo de Tavera, wife of
Juan Luna.

● These Pardo de Taveras were the children of Don Joaquin Pardo de Tavera, an exile of 1872 who escaped from the marianas and
lived in France.

● On June 24, 1889, a baby girl was born to Juan Luna and Paz Pardo de Tavera.

● She was their second child, the first was a boy named Andres, whose pet name was Luling.

● Her baptismal godfather (ninong) was Rizal who chose her name “Maria delaPaz Blanca laureana Hermenegilda Juana Luna
Pardo de Tavera.”

● In his letter to his family in Calamba Rizal gave an interesting account of his life in Paris.

● In another letter of his family, written on September 21, 1889, he said: “We Filipinos gather four times a week and we sing
the kundiman, we eat sotanghon, adobo, etc. On Wednesdays in the house of Donya Tula, on Thursdays in the house of
Hidalgo, on Fridays in the house of Madam Boustead, on Saturdays in the house of Luna, on Sundays in the house of
Doña Juliana.”

RIZAL AND PARIS EXPOSITION OF 1889

● Rizal was fascinated by the Universal Exposition of Paris which opened on May 6, 1889.

● The greatest attraction of this exposition was the Eiffel Tower, 984 feet high, which was built by Alexander Eiffel, celebrated French
engineer.

● Rizal and his friends attended the opening ceremonies and so the cutting of the ribbon by President Sadi Carnot of the
Third French Republic.

● Paris was jammed with thousands of tourists coming from all parts of the world. Daily the Exposition drew a vast crowd
of 200,000 persons or more.

● One of the features of the Exposition was the international art competition, in which Felix R. Hidalgo, Juan Luna, Felix Pardo
de Tavera and Rizal participated.

● Hidalgo’s painting was awarded second prize, the paintings of Juan Luna and F. Pardo de Tavera each obtained the third
prize. This bust was quite good to qualify for the exhibition, but not good enough to win an international prize.

KIDLAT CLUB

● On March 19, 1889, the same day when he arrived in Paris from London

● Rizal organized his paisanos (compatriots) into a society called Kidlat Club.

● Among the members were:

➔Antonio ➔Lauro Dimayuga

➔Juan Luna ➔Julio Llorente

➔Gregorio Aguilera ➔Guillermo Puatu

➔Fernando Canon ➔Baldomero Roxas.

● The Kidlat Club was purely a social society of a temporary nature.

● It was founded by Rizal simply to bring together the young Filipinos in the French capital so that they could enjoy their sojourn in
the city during the duration of the Universal Exposition.

● In their sightseeing tour of the exposition grounds, Rizal and the members of the Kidlat Club were amazed to see the Buffalo Bull
show which featured the American Indians.
● Rizal was enchanted by the dignified and proud bering of the American Indians

● A new society of Filipino patriots in Paris, the Indios Bravos (Brave Indians) was born out of Rizal’s pride in being called
indio to make the Spanish enemies revise their conception of the term.

● It replaced the ephemeral Kidlat Club.

● Its members pledge to excel in intellectual and physical prowess in order to win the admiration of the foreigners particularly the
Spaniards.

● They practiced with great enthusiasm the use of the sword and pistol.

● Rizal taught them judo, an Asian art of self-defense, that he learned in Japan. R.D.L.M. Society. (Redemption of the Malay
race)

● Another society founded by Rizal in Paris during the Universal Exposition of 1889 was the mysterious Sociedad R.D.L.M.
(R.D.L.M. Society)

● Many biographers of Rizal do not mention it. In fact, its existence and role in the crusade for reforms is really enigmatic.

● Of the numerous letters written by Rizal and his fellow propagandists, only two mentioned this secret society, as follows;

1. Rizal’s letter to Jose Maria Basa. Paris, September 21, 1889 and

2. Rizal’s letter to Marcelo H. del Pilar, Paris, November 4, 1889.

● The aim of the secret society, as stated by Rizal was the propagation of all useful knowledge scientific, artistic, literary, etc. In
the Philippines.

● Evidently, there was another aim, the redemption of the Malay race.

● It must be noted that Rizal was inspired by a famous book titled Max Havelaar (1860) written by multatuli (pseudonym of
E, D. Dekker, Dutch author).

● This book exposes the miserable conditions of the oppressed Malay inhabitants of the Netherlands East Indies under Dutch rule.

● Rizal writing to Blumentritt from hong kong on February 23, 1892 revealed his intention to be a leader of freedom if not in the
Philippines, then in the other islands in Borneo.

● The contract for his Bornean colonization included such provisions as the right of the colonists to buy the lands, the free use of
seashores and the unusual long term of lease for 999years.

ANNOTATED EDITION OF MORGA PUBLISHED

● Rizal’s outstanding achievement in Paris was the publication in 1890 of his annotated edition of Morga’s Sucesos, which he wrote
in the British Museum.

● It was printed by Garnier Freres.

● The prologue was written by Professor Blumentritt, upon the request of Rizal.

● In his Prologue, Blumentritt commended Rizal for his fine historical scholarship.

However, he frankly censured Rizal for two things which revealed Rizal’s errors,

namely:

1. Rizal commits the error of many historians in appraising the events of thepast in the light of present standards and

2. Rizal’s attacks on the Church were unfair and unjustified because the abuses of the friars should not be construed to
mean that catholicism is bad.

● Rizal annotated and published Morga’s Sucesos because it was the best of the many histories of the Philippines written by the
early Spanish writers being accurate in the narration of events, unbiased in judgment, and unmarred by childish fantasies.

● Rizal dedicated his new edition of Morga to the Filipino people so that they would know of their glorious past.

● His dedication is as follows:

○ In this historical work, Rizal proved that the Filipinos were already civilized before the advent of Spain. They had clothes,
government, laws, writing, literature, religion, arts, sciences and commerce with neighboring Asian nations. Rizal thus blasted the
historical heresies of the Spanish writers who claimed that the early Filipinos were savages and were of low mentality
COMMENT OF MORGA’s PUBLICATION DATE

● The title page of Rizal’s annotated edition of Morga reads: “Paris, Libreria de Garmier Hermanos, 1890.”

● From the printer date, all biographers of Rizal came to assert that his edition of Morga was published in 1890.

● However, there is documentary evidence to show that Rizal’s edition of Morga must have come off the press in 1889-not 1890.

● On October 12,1889, Blumentritt wrote to Rizal from Leitmeritz saying that he received Rizal’s edition of Morga.

● Rizal himself, in his letter to Dr. Baldomero Roxas from Paris, December 28,1889, stated “Today, I sent to Lipa Four copies of
Morga. Later I will send more”.

● From Barcelona, Mariano Ponce wrote to Rizal on December 32, 1889, saying “I received the book SUCESOS. Many thanks. I
have read only Blumentritt’s prologue. Truly excellent. Please send me immediately about ten copies that I can send to the
Philippines by the first mail that is going there.”

RIZAL AS HISTORIAN

● Rizal’s research studies in the British Museum (London) and in the Bibliotheque Nationale(Paris) enriched his historical
knowledge.

○ Ma-yi(December 6, 1888)

○ Tawalisi of Ibn Batuta (January 7,1889)

○ Filipinas dentro de Cien Años(The Philippines within a century)

○ La Solidaridad published in four issues (September 30, October 31, December 15,1889 and February 15, 1890)

○ Sobre la Indolencia de los Filipinos (The Indolence of the Filipinos

○ Published La Solidaridad in five successive issues on July 15, July 31, August 1, August 31 and September 1, 1890

○ La Politica Colonial on Filipinos (Colonial Policy in the Philippines) no date

○ Manila en el mes de Diciembre 1872 (Manila in the month of December, 1872) no date

○ Historia de la Familia Rizal de Calamba (History of the Rizal family of Calamba) no date

○ Los pueblos del Archipiélago Indico (The peoples of the Indian

Archipelago) no date

THE PHILIPPINES WITHIN A CENTURY

● In this article Rizal expressed his views on the Spanish colonization in the Philippines and predicted with amazing accuracy the
tragic end of Spain’s sovereignty in Asia.

THE INDOLENCE OF FILIPINOS

● This other essay of Rizal is also a prestigious work of historical scholarships.

● It is an able defense of the alleged indolence of the Filipinos.

● In the spirit of a real scholar, Rizal made a critical study of the causes why his people did not work hard during the
Spanish regime.

● His main thesis was that the filipinos are not by nature of indolent Conquest of the country that brought about a decline
in economic activities because the filipinos had abandoned their pre-spanish industries and worked less than them
ancestors.

● Such declined in economic life was due to certain causes:

1. the native revolts and other internal disorder which
followed the establishment of Spanish rule
2. the war which the filipinos fought for spain against
the dutch, Portuguese, English and other enemies
3. the frightful raids on the coastal towns and village of
Christian Philippines by the Muslim pirates of Mindanao
and sulu
4. the forced labor which compelled thousands of
filipino laborers to work in shipyards, roads, bridges
and other public works, resulting in the abandonment of
industry, and commerce and agriculture
5. lack of stimulus to work harder because the people
could not enjoy the fruits of their labor;
6. government neglect and indifference to agriculture,
industry, and commerce
7. the bad example shown by the Spaniards in despising 9. Encouragement and Propagation of gambling by the
manual laborers Spanish authorities

8. the teaching of the Spanish missionaries that is easier
for a poor man to enter heaven than for a rich man,
hence the filipinos prefer not to work and to be poor so
that they could easily enter heaven after they die
10. System of Spanish education did not promote
economic enterprises and activity for as Rizal asserted,
the education of the native was “from his birth until he
sinks into his grave… is Brutalizing, depressive and
Anti- human” and” deprives Him to his dignity”

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF FILIPINOLOGIST

● Taking advantage of world attention which was then focused at the Universal Exposition of 1889 in Paris, Rozal proposed to
establish an “International Association of Filipinologist” and have its inaugural convention in the French capital.

● He first submitted this idea to Blumentritt in a letter dated January 14, 1889 and the latter gladly supported him.

● The officers were as follows:

President-----Dr. ferdinand Blumentritt (Austrian) Counsellor—-Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor (Filipino-Spanish)

Vice President----Mr. Edmund Plauchut (French) Secretary------Dr. Jose Rizal (Filipino)

Counsellor----Dr. Reinhold Rost (Anglo-German)

● Rizal scheduled the holding of the inaugural convention of the International Association of the Filipinologist in Paris in August
1889.

● He prepared the agenda and invited renowned scholars in Europe such as, Dr. A.B. Meyer, Dr. H. Kern and Dr. Czepelak to
take part in proceedings.

PROJECT OF FILIPINO COLLEGE IN HONG KONG

● He wrote to his friend, Jose Maria Basa about this matter. According to Rizal, this college aims “to train and educate men of good
family and financial means in accordance with the demands of modern times and circumtances”

● A rich Filipino resident in Paris, Mr.Mariano Cunanan, from Mexico, Pampanga promised to help him raise P40,000 as initial
capital for the college.

POR TELEFONO

● In the fall of 1889 he wrote another satirical work entitled “Por telefono” as a reply to another slanderer, Fr. Salvador Font, who
masterminded the banning of Noli.

● Por telefono was published in booklet form in Barcelona, 1889.

● Rizal received the printed copies from Mariaank Ponce as revealed by his letter to the letter dated Paris, August 13, 1889.

● The satiric pamphlet under the authorship of “Dimas Alang” (one of Rizal’s pen-names) is a witty satire which ridicules
Father Font.

● It describes in comical vein a telephone conversation between Father Font who was in Madrid and the Father provincial of the San
Agustin Convent in Manila.

● Incidentally, Por telefono demonstrates not only Rizal’s sparkling wit but also his prophetic insight.

● History shows that the first radio-telegraph signals received by Marconi across the Atlantic was in 1901 twelve years after the
publication of Rizal’s Por telefono.

CHRISTMAS IN PARIS

● December 25, 1889 was a wintry day in Paris.

● Rizal and Jose Albert, who were living frugally in a small room occupied by Capitan Justo Trinidad, planned to have a sumptuous
Christmas dinner.

● They scraped enough money to celebrate Yuletide.

● They prepared a Christmas dinner with fried chicken, rice and vegetables.

● This dinner proved to be Rizal’s last Christmas dinner in Paris.

● Shortly after the new year, Rizal made a brief visit to London.
● Biographers do not know the purpose of this visit. It may be due to two reasons:

1. To check up his annotated edition of Morga’s Sucesos with the original copy in the British Museum.

2. To see Gertrude Beckett for the last time.

● By the middle of January 1890, he was back in Paris.

● He complained of a terrible headache.

● At that time an epidemic of influenza was raging in Europe.

● Fortunately, he was not stricken with the flu.

CHAPTER 16

IN BELGIAN BRUSSELS (1890)

● On January 28, 1890, Rizal left Paris to Brussels

● Rizal impelled to leave paris because;

1. The cost of living in Paris was very high because of Universal Exposition

2. The gay social life of the city hampered his literary works, especially the writing of his second novel El Filibusterismo.

● Rizal left Paris because his money was dwindling

● Ventura invited Rizal to live with him for free but Rizal rejected.

● Rizal doesn't want charity from any man

● Jose Albert Accompanied Rizal to move Brussels

● Jose Albert Accompanied Rizal to move Brussels

● They lived in a modest boarding house on 38 Rue Philippe Champagne, which was run by) two Jaceby sisters (Suzanne
and Marie).

● Rizal lived in this house when he wrote his novel ‘El Filibusterismo’ in 1890-1891

● Rizal was busy writing his second novel which was a continuation of Noli which is ‘El Filibusterismo’

● He wrote articles for La Solidaridad And letters to his family and friends.Being a physician, he spent part of his time in
the medical clinic.

● For recreation, he had gymnastics at the gymnasium at target practice and fencing at the armory

ARTICLES PUBLISHED IN LA SOLIDARIDAD

The articles he wrote for La Solidaridad during his stay in Brussel.

● “A La Defensa” (To La Defensa), April 30, 1889.

● La verdad Para Todos” (The Truth for All), May 31, 1889.

● “Vicente Barrantes’’ (Teatro Tagalo) June 15, 18889

● “Una Profanacion” (A Profanation), July 31, 1889

● Verdades Nuevas” (New Truths), July 31, 1889

● “Crueldad” (Cruelty), August 15, 1889

● “Differencias” (Differences), September 15, 1889

● “Inconsequencias” (Inconsequences), November 30, 1889

● “Llanto y Risas” (Tears and Laughters), November 30, 1889

● “Ingratitudes” (Ingratitude), January 15, 1890

ARTICLES PUBLISHED IN LA SOLIDARIDAD

● Filipinas dentro de ClenAños (The Philippines A Century Hence)

● Sin Nombre (Without Name

● Cosas de Filipinas (Things about the Philippines)

● Sobre la Indolencia de los Filipinos (On the Indolence of the Filipinos)

● Sobre la Nueva Ortografia de la Lengua Tagala (On the New Ortography of the

tagalog Language)

NEW ORTHOGRAPHY OF TAGALOG LANGUAGE

● In spite of his European education and his knowledge of foreign languages, Rizal loved his own native language.

● He was the first to advocate the Filipina of its orthography.

● For instance, the Tagalog letters k and w should be used instead of the Spanish c and o.

● Thus, the Hispanized Tagalog word salacot (peasant's head-gear) should be written salakot and the Hispanized Tagalog
term arao be changed into araw

● New tagalog orthography

○ Sobre la Nueva Ortografía de la Lengua Tagala the New Orthography of the Language

● Rizal adapted the Filipinized tagalog in his translations of Schiller’s Wilhelm Tell and Andersen's Fairy Tale again he used it
in his first novel Noli Me Tangere

RIZAL CRITICIZES MADRID FILIPINOS FOR GAMBLING

● In Brussels, Rizal received news from Juan Luna and Valentine Ventura that the Filipinos in Spain were destroying the good name
and the reputation of their nation by gambling too much.

● Rizal Criticizes Madrid Filipinos for Gambling

● MAY 28, 1890 – Rizal wrote to Marcelo H. del Pilar to remind the Filipinos in Madrid that they went to Europe to work for their
Fatherland’s freedom and not to gamble.

● Through gambling they are showing that the Filipinos are not worthy of freedom but of slavery

● The gambling Filipinos in Madrid became very angry when they learned of Rizal’s moralizing that they called him “Papa” (pope)
instead of “Pepe”.

BAD NEWS FROM HOME

● The Calamba agrarian trouble was getting worse.

● The management of the Dominican hacienda continually raised the land rents until such time that Rizal’s father refused to pay his
rent.

● Other tenants, inspired by Don Francisco’s courage, also refused to pay their rents.

● Meanwhile, the tenants, including the Rizal family, were persecuted and ejected from their lands.

● Paciano and the brothers-in-law’ Antonio Lopez (husband of Narcisa) and Silvestre Ubaldo (husband of Olympia) were deported
to Mindoro.

● Manuel t. Hidalgo (husband of Saturnina) was banished for a second time to Bohol.

● The sad news from home depressed Rizal. His heart bled to know the sorrowful plight of his parents, brother and brothers-in-law.

PRESENTIMENT OF DEATH

● Rizal had a bad dreams during the night in Brussels

○ In my childhood I had a strange belief that I would not reach 30 years of age.

○ I am preparing myself for death.

○ Laong laan (ever ready) is my true name

PREPARATION TO GO HOME

● Rizal planned to go back home.

● He could not stay in Brussels writing a book while his parents, relatives, and friends in the distant Philippines were persecuted.

● All his friends, including Blumentritt, Jose Ma. Basa, and Ponce were horrified by Rizal's plan to return to the Philippines.

● They warned him of the danger that awaited him at home

● Something happened that made Rizal change his plan in returning to the Philippines when he received a letter from Paciano
which related that they lost the case against the Dominicans in Manila but they appealed it to the Supreme Court in Spain.

● June 20, 1890 – Rizal wrote to M. H. Del Pilar retained the latter’s service as a lawyer and informed Del Pilar that he was going
to Madrid, in order to supervise the handling of the case.

● July 29, 1890 – he wrote a letter to Ponce announcing that he was leaving Brussels at the beginning of the following month and
would arrive in Madrid about the 3rd and 4th of August.

● To my muse 1890” It was against a background of mental anguish in Brussels, during those sad days when he was
worried by family disasters, that he wrote his pathetic poem, "

ROMANCE WITH PETITE JACOBY

● As the despondent Rizal was preparing for his trip to Madrid, two things brought some measure of cheer to him:

1. First, was the summertime festival of Belgium which was celebrated in carnival style with:

a. Colorful costumes b. fantastic floats and c. Many days of merriment

2. Second, was his romance with Petite Suzanne Jacoby, the pretty niece of his land ladies.

● Leaving Brussels, Rizal left the young Suzanne a box of chocolates.

● Two months later, Suzanne wrote a letter to Dr. Rizal.

● To her surprise, Rizal returned to Brussels by the middle of April 1891 and stayed again, in the Jacoby’s boarding house.

● Rizal’s return however was not specifically for Suzanne for the hero just busied himself revising and finalizing the
manuscript of El Fili for publication.

● On July 5, 1891, Rizal bade goodbye to Brussels and Suzanne, never to come back again in Belgium and in her arms.

EL FILIBUSTERISMO

“Reign of Greed”

● Aim is to address and reform the Spanish system Writing of the novel.

● Started writing in Calamba 1887, revised the plot and some chapters and continued in Paris, then to Brussels.

● completed on March 29 1891 at Biarritz

● published in September 1891 at Ghent

● It was partially funded by his friend Valentin Ventura.