Pontes AN, et al.
, J Gerontol Geriatr Med 2023, 9: 157
Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine
Review Article
Aging and the Challenges in
Self-Care: An Integrative Re-
view
Alessandra Nascimento Pontes* and Jandson de Oliveira
Soares
Cesmac University Center, Mackenzie University, São Paulo, Brazil
Abstract
The aging process had long been seen as a product of the ac-
tions of different pathologies, such as the chronic-degenerative
ones, which culminated in the degeneration of body and soul in
death. From a global perspective, it was estimated in 2017, a total of
about 1 million elderly people, which presents an estimated growth
for the year 2025, of 2.4% per year. Chronic-degenerative diseas-
es, such as Systemic Arterial Hypertension (SAH), Diabetes Mellitus
(DM) and neoplasms in general have been a concern with regard to
the appropriate care measures for their patients, especially when it
comes to the elderly and the dependence bias, associated with frail-
ty, presented by these. In this sense, with the objective of promoting
strategies that qualify the assistance of health and nursing profes-
sionals, the question that will guide this study is: What are the stud-
ies in the Brazilian literature that address self-care of elderly people
with chronic diseases? The selection of the sample for this review
was obtained through searches of online scientific articles, from
November 2017 to March 2018, with the following inclusion criteria:
complete articles in Portuguese respecting the proposed time frame
from 2013 to 2018 (last five years), that were in accordance with the
topic addressed, indexed in the databases chosen below, respecting
the guiding question and the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The
senescence process is inexcusable, and although it is currently con-
ceived as a natural result of human development, pathologies of a
chronic-degenerative nature have affected a significant number of
elderly people, being responsible for a large part of the current mor-
bidity and mortality in this age group deity.
Keywords: Elderly; Nursing; Self care
*Corresponding author: Alessandra Nascimento Pontes, Cesmac University
Center, Mackenzie University, São Paulo, Brazil, E-mail: profanpontes@gmail.
com
Citation: Pontes AN, de Oliveira Soares J (2023) Aging and the Challenges in
Self-Care: An Integrative Review. J Gerontol Geriatr Med 9: 157.
Received: January 02, 2023; Accepted: January 19, 2023; Published: January
26, 2023
Copyright: © 2023 Pontes AN, et al. This is an open-access article distributed
under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits un-
restricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original
author and source are credited.
DOI: 10.24966/GGM-8662/100157
HSOA Journal of
Introduction
Our motivations for carrying out the study, about the proposed
theme, emerged from the experience of the authors before gradua-
tion and during it, in institutions dedicated to the reception of the el-
derly. In these services, the need to approach the theme of self-care
was clear, aiming at promoting autonomy and quality of life. This
approach is subject to explanation by the nurse, understanding this
professional as an ability to discuss topics in the context of aging and
that allow the development of the nursing team in self-care in aging.
The aging process had long been seen as a product of the actions of
different pathologies, such as the chronic-degenerative ones, which
culminated in the degeneration of the body and soul in death [1]. This
conception of what aging represented started to be seen differently, in
view of the cultural, intellectual and social development experienced
by man in recent decades. Currently, senescence or aging is under-
stood as a natural, irrefutable, obligatory process common to all living
beings, characterized by the decrease in bodily organic physiological
processes [2].
From a global perspective, it was estimated in 2017, a total of
about 1 million elderly people, which presents an estimated growth
for the year 2025, of 2.4% per year. According to the last census, car-
ried out in 2014, Brazil had a total of 18 million elderly people, which
corresponded to 12% of its population. In Alagoas, according to the
2010 Census (the most current one available for the state), the elderly
population reached a total of 276,160, corresponding to 8.85% of the
population of Alagoas [3,4]. Aging has been increasingly present in
nations, on a scale directly proportional to the economic development
they have and the consequent availability of more resolute and con-
tributory health services with regard to the assistance nature. This fact
has been seen in the world context, and specifically in the last two
decades in Brazil, where life expectancy has increased significantly
[5].
Despite such a favorable conception about the aging process and
the increase in life expectancy experienced in the Brazilian con-
text, the demographic, epidemiological and cultural transitions also
brought with them incisive changes in the epidemiological profile of
the elderly in the country, which has been expressed by high levels
of chronic degenerative diseases, increasingly prevalent, reaching the
70% percentile of cases of death in Brazil, generating an expense with
exponential growth to the public coffers [6]. Chronic-degenerative
diseases, such as Systemic Arterial Hypertension (SAH), Diabetes
Mellitus (DM) and neoplasms in general have been a concern with
regard to the appropriate care measures for their patients, especially
when it comes to the elderly and the dependence bias, associated with
frailty, presented by these. Especially in cases of elderly people with
serious physical and intellectual limitations [2]. In this perspective,
the proposal of self-care is adequate, while it allows the development
of autonomy on the part of the elderly, with regard to their daily activ-
ities and self-care, with results as significant as the assistance provid-
ed by primary care services, either in the office or through home visits
[1].
Citation: Pontes AN, de Oliveira Soares J (2023) Aging and the Challenges in Self-Care: An Integrative Review. J Gerontol Geriatr Med 9: 157.
For this, it is of real importance that the elderly can adhere to the
changes regarding their habits and lifestyle that involve the abusive
use of alcohol, smoking, physical exercise, a diet consistent with their
metabolic needs and the adequate use of energy prescribed medica-
tion, in response to the guidelines that are provided by the health team
that monitors these elderly people in their daily lives [5]. It is there-
fore necessary to promote support so that such actions can be devel-
oped, allowing the elderly to live more satisfactorily with the illness
they have, creating a favorable environment for their development, so
that they feel confident in providing yourself with basic measures that
enable you to feel better [2].
Having the nursing team, the salutary importance in the devel-
opment of actions involving education and support for self-care per-
formed by the elderly. Allowing him to build skills that involve self-
care, circumventing obstacles that may arise in everyday life and that
prevent him from enjoying well-being, despite the pathology he has
[7]. In this sense, with the objective of promoting strategies that quali-
fy the assistance of health and nursing professionals, the question that
will guide this study is: What are the studies in the Brazilian literature
that address self-care of elderly people with chronic diseases? From
this study, it is intended to contribute with subsidies for the practice
of nursing, so that the professional is qualified to contribute with
the health of the elderly, regarding the physical, mental and social
aspects, through the promotion of autonomy through the self-care,
which benefits you so much. The contribution of nursing is present-
ed as a unique element in the constitution of the autonomous elderly
in the process of developing their self-care. The nurse, through tools
such as health education, can contribute in a healthy way to the de-
velopment of self-care practices performed by the elderly, by guiding
quality care that can be developed in the patient’s home environment
[2].
In view of this, it is especially relevant to understand how the
literature has addressed this theme, with regard to the development
of self-care for the elderly, in view of the current epidemiological
profile and how nursing can contribute satisfactorily in this context,
providing that the elderly Enjoy, despite your pathological condition,
a well-being that includes physical, psychic and mental aspects.
Methodology
In order to adequately approach the theme, it was decided to car-
ry out an Integrative Review. Understanding this research method as
a pioneer in terms of obtaining a complete understanding of the re-
search that is being elucidated from a global perspective, favoring the
acquisition of knowledge on the subject at hand [8]. The integrative
literature review, according to Xavier et al [9], aims to offer research
results, based on a guiding question, through systematization and or-
dering of research, which can help in a more accurate understand-
ing of the challenges faced by the elderly with regard to self-care
performance and nursing contributions regarding the development
of skills involved in this process. According to Polit and Beck [8],
the Integrative Literature Review is guided by previously established
steps, namely: selection of hypotheses or guiding questions; selection
of studies / publications that will be part of the sample; definition of
the characteristics of each selected study; analysis, interpretation of
results and report of the review. For the synthesis of the review report,
it was decided to use the content analysis method proposed by Costa
and Costa [10], which allows the gathering of similar data, contribut-
ing to the analysis and interpretation of the information that will make
up the integrative review.
J Gerontol Geriatr Med ISSN: 2381-8662, Open Access Journal
DOI: 10.24966/GGM-8662/100157
• Page 2 of 5 •
The selection of the sample for this review was obtained through
searches of online scientific articles, from November 2017 to March
2018, with the following inclusion criteria: complete articles in Portu-
guese respecting the proposed time frame from 2013 to 2018 (last five
years), that were in accordance with the topic addressed, indexed in
the databases chosen below, respecting the guiding question and the
inclusion and exclusion criteria. The following databases were used:
Scientific Electronic Library Online (SCIELO), Latin American Ca-
ribbean Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS), Nursing Database
(BDENF), and the U.S National Library of Medicine (PUBMED),
which allows access to the International Literature on Health Sciences
(MEDLINE). Being processed through intersections in Health Sci-
ences Descriptors (DECS), “Self-care, Nursing and Elderly” using
the Boolean AND operator. Based on these criteria, these databases
were crossed, the results of which are shown in table 1.
Results
In this integrative review, 10 scientific articles were analyzed,
which adequately met the pre-established inclusion and exclusion
criteria. The crossing to obtain this sample is shown below (Table
1). In the intersection Self-Care AND Elderly, 111 publications were
found in LILACS, of which only 02 met the inclusion criteria. In the
BDENF of the 85 articles found, 01 was selected. In Medline, 332
articles were found and 01 was selected. In SciELO, of the 14 articles
found, 02 composed the publications of this study. In the intersection
of Self-Care AND Nursing in LILACS, 62 publications were found,
01 of which were selected. In BDENF, 53 articles were viewed, in
which no publication was selected, and in MEDLINE, 211 articles
were found, however, no publication was selected. In SciELO, 110
publications were viewed, 01 of which were selected. In the crossing
Nursing AND Elderly, in LILACS 174 were seen, but no publica-
tion was selected and in MEDLINE 225, however none of these were
selected. In the BDENF, 168 publications were found in which 01
publication was selected. In SciELO of the 395 found, 01 publication
was selected.
In an initial analysis, the association of the descriptors Self-Care
AND Elderly denoted a greater contribution to the research. So that in
a research where 1940 publications were initially found, after reading
the summary of all these, it was possible to select the number of 10
publications, obtained through the previously established inclusion
and exclusion criteria. From reading these 10 publications in full, it
was possible to unravel their main characters, presented in table 2,
which includes: title, journal and year, authorship, type of study and
objective and conclusion.
Through the synthesis of table 2 and its variables, it was possible
to infer that of the 10 selected publications, 05 were published in jour-
nals in the field of nursing. In detriment to the place of publication, 04
articles were produced in the state of Minas Gerais, 02 articles in Rio
Grande do Sul, 02 articles in the Federal District, 01 article in Cerará
and 01 in São Paulo. Regarding the year of publication in 2014, 03
articles were published on the subject; 02 articles in the years 2013,
2016 and 2018; 01 article in 2017; there were no publications in 2015.
In the intersection of Self-care AND Elderly, the 06 publications came
from the respective years: 02 in 2013, 01 in 2014, 02 in 2016 and 01
in 2018; in the crossing Self-Care AND Nursing, the 02 publications
were from 2014 and 2018; while at the crossing Nursing AND Elder-
ly, the 02 publications were from 2014 and 2017.
Volume 9 • Issue 1 • 100157
Citation: Pontes AN, de Oliveira Soares J (2023) Aging and the Challenges in Self-Care: An Integrative Review. J Gerontol Geriatr Med 9: 157.

• Page 3 of 5 •

Exclusion Criteria Inclusion Criteria

Crossing Data base Result Sample
Scientific articles not Articles published Foreign lan- Articles in Articles published from Texts and
available in full online before 2013 guage articles Portuguese 2013 to 2018 articles in full

LILACS 111 45 36 15 96 75 66 02

Self-Care BDENF 85 29 52 06 79 33 56 01
AND Elderly MEDLINE 332 118 221 249 83 111 214 01

SCIELO 14 00 08 02 12 6 14 02

LILACS 62 21 42 21 41 20 41 01

Self-Care BDENF 53 22 24 02 51 29 31 00
AND Nursing MEDLINE 211 92 182 203 8 29 119 00

SCIELO 110 00 85 27 83 25 110 01

LILACS 174 39 120 63 111 54 135 00

Nursing AND BDENF 168 32 117 00 168 51 136 01

Elderly MEDLINE 225 116 127 201 24 98 109 00

SCIELO 395 00 255 182 213 140 395 01

TOTAL 1940 514 1269 971 969 671 1426 10

Table 1: Sample obtained from the databases, BDENF, LILACS, MEDLINE (PUBMED) and SciELO according to the intersections, from 2013 to 2018.
Source: Information systems and databases of the Virtual Health Library (VHL). Author processing.

Order Title Journal, Year Authorship Type of Study | objective Conclusion

This is a descriptive and exploratory

study on the self-care capacity of adults
and elderly hospitalized for clinical treat- It is proposed the development of sys-
ment of pathology or chronic condition. tematized nursing actions with adults and
COSTA, Sibely Rabaça
Self-care capacity of hos- the elderly who show the self-care deficit
Revista Mineira de Dias da; CASTRO, Edna
TO 1 pitalized adults and elderly, Classify and evaluate this group syndrome and their families, at all levels of
Enfermagem, 2013 Aparecida Barbosa de;
implications for nursing care regarding the degree of dependence on health care in the SUS, aiming not only at
ACIOLI, Sonia [11,12]
self-care, according to the theoretical rehabilitation, but at actions that favor the
conception of Dorothea Orem, using promotion and prevention of new diseases.
the self-care capacity scale adopted by
Carpenito-Moyet.

Descriptive, cross-sectional and correla-

Assessment of competence
A2 of elderly diabetics for
self-care
Due to the small number of elderly people
tional study.
considered competent to practice self-care, it
is important to develop nursing actions aimed
USP School of Nurs- Evaluate the competences of elderly
MARQUES, Marília at promoting health aimed at this portion of
ing Magazine, people with diabetes for self-care,
Braga et al., the population, encouraging the practice of
2013 using the Scale for Identification of the
self-care, as well as evaluating the compe-
Competence of Diabetics for Self-Care,
tences for its execution, in order to facilitate
and the personal factors associated with
the direction of health actions.
the result.

Observational qualitative study. The elderly, through interviews, revealed

Active aging and social
support among men par-
A3
ticipating in a Community
Center for the Elderly
engagement in physical, instrumental and
GONZALEZ, Lilian Ma- Raise the profile of thirteen male mem- intellectual activities, but low participation
Kairos Gerontology
ria Borges; SEIDL, Eliane bers of a Center for in cultural and recreational programs. There
Magazine, 2014
Maria Fleury. Coexistence for the Elderly, aiming to was evidence of family support and few
verify their personal strategies and social barriers to health care, where older men can
resources for an active old age. be good caregivers for their own health.

It is concluded that the autonomy for

Self-care of elderly people
A4 living with cancer in outpa-
tient treatment.
Qualitative and descriptive research
self-care of the elderly is manifested in the
Text & Context ROCHA, Lucimara Sona-
concern with food, in the knowledge of the
Nursing, glio et al., To analyze the self-care of elderly
limits of the body, in the changes imposed
2014 people living with cancer, in outpatient
by living with cancer and in the support of
treatment, from the perspective of their
the family.
autonomy.

J Gerontol Geriatr Med ISSN: 2381-8662, Open Access Journal Volume 9 • Issue 1 • 100157
DOI: 10.24966/GGM-8662/100157
Citation: Pontes AN, de Oliveira Soares J (2023) Aging and the Challenges in Self-Care: An Integrative Review. J Gerontol Geriatr Med 9: 157.

• Page 4 of 5 •

This is an exploratory, analytical and

The difficulties in using these devices may
cross-sectional study.
be associated with the fact that today’s
Brazilian Journal
Use of health monitoring SANTANA, Carla da elderly belong to a generation that did not
of Geriatrics and Identify the health monitoring devices
A5 equipment by the elderly in Silva et al., have contact with these devices when they
Gerontology, that are often used by the elderly in a
the home environment were younger, due to the lack of training for
2014 domestic environment, describing the
use and the lack of knowledge to manage
difficulties presented in the use of this
the results.
equipment.

Descriptive and exploratory study, with

Self-care capacity of elderly
attended by the nursing
A6
consultation in secondary
health care
the application of a scale to assess self-
care ability. The results showed that the elderly demon-
NICOLATO, Fernanda strate a behavior of seeking care in secondary
Journal of Nursing of Vieira; DO COUTO, Al- To analyze the self-care capacity of care with the goal of learning to perform
the Midwest of Minas cimar Marcelo; CASTRO, elderly people assisted by the nursing general and therapeutic self-care. Care that
Gerais, 2016 Edna Aparecida Barbosa. consultation in a multidisciplinary involves daily tasks, such as the ability to get
outpatient clinic for elderly health care dressed or prepare food, in addition to taking
and to survey the sociodemographic and medication.
epidemiological characteristics of this
population group.

GARBACCIO, Juliana The study emphasizes the relevance of the

Knowledge and practice
reported by elderly people in
A7
self-care with the skin in the
Midwest of Minas Gerais
Ladeira; FERREIRA,
Brazilian Journal
Amanda Domingos;
of Geriatrics and Ger-
PEREIRA, Amanda Laís
ontology, 2016 reported by the elderly in relation to basic
Gonçalves Gama [13]
Cross-sectional study
nurse in contemplating guidelines involving
self-care. Understanding the factors related
Evaluate the knowledge and practice
to non-adherence to self-care (such as skin
care), and so that educational measures are
skin care.
included in the entire population.

This is a cross-sectional quantitative

observational research.

Self-perception of health The degree of satisfaction with their health

quality and satisfaction of
A8 elderly people monitored by
the Family Health Strategy
team
To verify the profile of elderly people
conditions was reported in a predominantly
monitored by Family Health Strategy
Einstein, 2017 RIGO, Lilian et al., positive way, both in relation to the previous
teams and the influence of self-reported
year and when compared to other people of
chronic diseases on sociodemographic
the same age.
variables, describing self-perception
and satisfaction with the quality of their
health.

Cross-sectional study involving 105

Evaluation of primary care
A9 for the elderly according to
the Chronic Care Model
elderly people with diabetes mellitus and/
or arterial hypertension.
Low PACIC scores were found, indicating
Latin American Jour- that self-care still seems far from its assump-
SILVA, Líliam Barbosa et Evaluate the quality of care for elderly
nal of Nursing, tions. Verifying the nurse’s need to approach
al., [14] people with diabetes mellitus and/or arte-
2018 the elderly in order to contribute to the
rial hypertension in Primary Health Care
promotion of self-care.
(PHC) according to the Chronic Care
Model (CCM) and identify associations
with care outcomes.

Based on the objective and, at the same time,

Qualitative study with the participation
answering the question in the title, these
of ten elderly men, through responses to
elderly people restricted their care for their
How elderly men take semi-structured interviews.
Brazilian Journal of QUEIROZ, Talita Sousa own health to the triad: having medication,
A10 care of their own health in
Nursing, 2018 et al., consulting professionals and undergoing
primary care Understanding the self-care experienced
tests. Such pillars point to a good ability to
by a group of elderly people, with regard
solve daily tasks, which represents a good
to their limitations and advances.
capacity for self-care.

Table 2: Consolidation of publications used in this integrative review.

Discussion designated as good and 66.5% as fair, linked to cultural/educational

In the first category, the identified articles, discuss the ability of
the elderly to perform self-care, in the study by Marques et al., carried
out with elderly registered in the Basic Health Units (UBS) in the city
of Fortaleza - CE, it was observed that, in general, the ability of the
elderly to perform self-care is compromised. In this study, only 6% of
the sample showed full capacity to perform self-care. Despite such a
position regarding the ability of the elderly to perform self-care, in a
study carried out by Rocha et al., with 251 people who entered a given
emergency service, 33.5% of the sample presented self-care capacity
J Gerontol Geriatr Med ISSN: 2381-8662, Open Access Journal
DOI: 10.24966/GGM-8662/100157
issues, although in this study there was no relationship with religion
or the time of evolution of the condition that the elderly it has.
Similar results were presented, with positive discourse about the
self-care capacity of the elderly, by the authors Costa, Castro and Ac-
ioli, Nicolato, Couto and Castro and Garbaccio, Ferreira and Pereira.
Specifically in the study by Costa, Castro and Acioli pointed out, in
a study carried out with 193 adults and elderly people, in the clinical
hospitalization units of the University Hospital of the Federal Uni-
versity of Juiz de Fora - MG, that 50.78% of the interviewees were
independent eu their daily care, carrying out good practices instilled
Volume 9 • Issue 1 • 100157
Citation: Pontes AN, de Oliveira Soares J (2023) Aging and the Challenges in Self-Care: An Integrative Review. J Gerontol Geriatr Med 9: 157.
in the definition of self-care. Such perspectives reveal the potential of
the elderly in the face of issues related to self-care. This allows for a
reflection on measures that can enhance this ability that many elderly
people have.
Even so, it is important to emphasize the fact that many elderly
people still have dependencies that must be considered. In the study
by Costa, Castro and Acioli, almost half of the sample (49.22%)
showed some form of dependence with regard to self-care, with
3.16% of this group of dependents needing support through equip-
ment, 60% in need of help from people, 20% in need of help from
people and auxiliary equipment, and 16.84% being totally dependent.
These aspects denote the need to carefully assess the competence of
the elderly in carrying out their self-care, which should serve as a ba-
sis not only for encouraging them to develop their autonomy in their
daily activities and that are related to the problem they have, as well
as a weighting measure, in educational measures commonly aimed at
the elderly, or when necessary for caregivers.
Final Considerations
The senescence process is inexcusable, and although it is currently
conceived as a natural result of human development, pathologies of
a chronic-degenerative nature have affected a significant number of
elderly people, being responsible for a large part of the current mor-
bidity and mortality in this age group deity. From this perspective,
self-care is shown to be an affable measure of care for the elderly,
promoting their autonomy, contributing directly to their well-being,
despite the harm they may have. However, as observed in this inte-
grative literature review, the self-care ability of the elderly in gen-
eral is compromised in terms of their daily care. In the publications
evaluated, this aspect was pointed out as relevant, even though many
elderly people have limitations in terms of self-care, which requires
reflection on measures that can enhance this capacity that many elder-
ly people have. Understanding that even though many elderly people
demonstrate adequate self-care skills, obstacles are common, such as
difficulties in adhering to dietary, therapeutic and lifestyle recommen-
dations; the belief in the pharmacological potential and the conse-
quent disbelief in the guidance provided, which is directly related to
the level of education or the time of evolution of the condition.
J Gerontol Geriatr Med ISSN: 2381-8662, Open Access Journal
DOI: 10.24966/GGM-8662/100157
• Page 5 of 5 •
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Journal Of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery | ISSN: 2573-010X 
Journal Of Biotech Research & Biochemistry
Journal Of Pathology Clinical & Medical Research
Journal Of Brain & Neuroscience Research
Journal Of Pharmacology Pharmaceutics & Pharmacovigilance | ISSN: 2639-5649 
Journal Of Cancer Biology & Treatment | ISSN: 2470-7546 
Journal Of Physical Medicine Rehabilitation & Disabilities | ISSN: 2381-8670 
Journal Of Cardiology Study & Research | ISSN: 2640-768X 
Journal Of Plant Science Current Research | ISSN: 2639-3743 
Journal Of Cell Biology & Cell Metabolism | ISSN: 2381-1943 
Journal Of Practical & Professional Nursing | ISSN: 2639-5681 
Journal Of Clinical Dermatology & Therapy | ISSN: 2378-8771 
Journal Of Protein Research & Bioinformatics
Journal Of Clinical Immunology & Immunotherapy | ISSN: 2378-8844 
Journal Of Psychiatry Depression & Anxiety | ISSN: 2573-0150 
Journal Of Clinical Studies & Medical Case Reports | ISSN: 2378-8801 
Journal Of Pulmonary Medicine & Respiratory Research | ISSN: 2573-0177 
Journal Of Community Medicine & Public Health Care | ISSN: 2381-1978 
Journal Of Reproductive Medicine Gynaecology & Obstetrics | ISSN: 2574-2574 
Journal Of Cytology & Tissue Biology | ISSN: 2378-9107 
Journal Of Stem Cells Research Development & Therapy | ISSN: 2381-2060 
Journal Of Dairy Research & Technology | ISSN: 2688-9315 
Journal Of Surgery Current Trends & Innovations | ISSN: 2578-7284 
Journal Of Dentistry Oral Health & Cosmesis | ISSN: 2473-6783 
Journal Of Toxicology Current Research | ISSN: 2639-3735 
Journal Of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders | ISSN: 2381-201X 
Journal Of Translational Science And Research
Journal Of Emergency Medicine Trauma & Surgical Care | ISSN: 2378-8798 

Journal Of Environmental Science Current Research | ISSN: 2643-5020  Journal Of Vaccines Research & Vaccination | ISSN: 2573-0193 

Journal Of Food Science & Nutrition | ISSN: 2470-1076  Journal Of Virology & Antivirals

Journal Of Forensic Legal & Investigative Sciences | ISSN: 2473-733X  Sports Medicine And Injury Care Journal | ISSN: 2689-8829 

Journal Of Gastroenterology & Hepatology Research | ISSN: 2574-2566 Trends In Anatomy & Physiology | ISSN: 2640-7752 

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