PE 2 PRELIM NOTES 2S2223

RHYTHM
Definition of Rhythm

Every individual has rhythm. It is found in all of nature and is natural to every individual.
Rhythm is most clearly seen through dance - the art of movement.

Rhythm is the regular recurrence of accented and unaccented beats.-

- is about movement and sounds
Rhythms - is a term which denotes an aspect of a quality of movement that is sometimes
thought of as dance. When an individual moves in response to a particular rhythm or music we
call the movements as rhythmic movements or rhythms. Structured forms which start creative
rhythmic movements are called rhythms.

Rhythmic activities are the physical manifestations of the mental and emotional response of
the individual to rhythm. They are activities which a child responds to physically, socially, and
mentally to regular patterns of sound.
They are also a source of enjoyment for people of all ages. Through these activities, skills
and the sense of rhythm are acquired and developed, feelings are expressed, basic principles of
time, space and force can be experienced.

tapping, fingers snapping, shoulders and body moving while a musical piece is played are
physical reactions.

Dance refers to movement set to music where there emerges organization, structure and
pattern. It is a composition that implies arrangement of parts into a form.
Dancing is a means of expressing one’s emotions through movement disciplined by rhythm. It is
an act of moving rhythmically and expressively to an accompaniment. The word dancing came
from an old German word
“Danson” which means to “stretch”. Essentially, all dancing is made up of stretching and
relaxing.

Rhythmic Fundamentals

In the field of dance, there are certain fundamental knowledge and rhythmic skills
considered important for proficiency and efficiency in bodily movements.

Elements of Rhythm

1. Beat—the underlying pulse of a rhythm.

2. Tempo—rate of speed of a movement.
3. Intensity—variation of stress of movement.
4. Pitch—lowness or highness of a tone.
5. Accent—emphasis on certain beats.
6. Meter—the regular recurrence of beats which divides a musical design into measure.
7. Phrase—measures grouped together.
8. Bar—in music a vertical line across a staff dividing it into equal measures of time.
9. Count—a pulse beat, a time limit.
10. Note—a printed symbol of a musical tone.
11. Measure—a group of pulse beats.
12. Note pattern—refers to a note or set of notes with or without rest used for a certain
dance step.
13. Step pattern—refers to the movement or movements done for each of the dance steps.

Music
Music is the art of arranging sounds in time through the elements of melody, harmony, rhythm,
and timbre.

Elements of Music ELEMENT Basic Related Terms

Rhythm: (beat, meter, tempo, syncopation)
Dynamics: (forte, piano, [etc.], crescendo, decrescendo)
Melody: (pitch, theme, conjunct, disjunct)
Harmony: (chord, progression, consonance, dissonance,
key, tonality, atonality)
Tone color: (register, range, instrumentation)
Texture: (monophonic, homophonic, polyphonic,
imitation, counterpoint)
Form: (binary, ternary, strophic, through-composed)

Fundamentals of Music
For its application kindly watch https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IX95w-eqdSQ.

Genre of music and their definition

1. Electronic Dance Music:
Generally referred as EDM, this form of music is produced by DJs who add dozens of
tones to a piece to create unique music. You can hear them in clubs or even live,
depending upon your accessibility for the same. In the early twenties, electronic dance
music was known in the form of Jamaican dub music, the electronic music of Kraftwerk,
the disco music of Giorgio Moroder, the Yellow Magic Orchestra and many more.

2. Rock Music:
Originated as “Rock & Roll” in the United States, Rock music has been rocking the world
since the 1950s. It is a form of music that started actually around string instruments, but
now uses other modern instruments too making it a little difficult to give it an accurate
definition. Its loud and strong beats make it popular among the youths. Some of the
rock stars who have popularized the culture include Little Richard, Bill Haley and Chuck
Berry while rock bands like Pink Floyd, The Doors, Metallica, Nirvana and Megadeth are
the modern bands who have taken the culture by storm.

3. Jazz:
Identified with swing and blue notes, Jazz has its roots both in the West African and
European culture. It is said that Jazz is “One of America’s original art forms” and boasts a
unique combination of creativity, coactions and interactivity. Originating in the late 19th
to early 20th century, Jazz has also played an important role in introducing the world to
a number of women performers like Ella Fitzgerald, Betty Carter, Abbey Lincoln and
Ethel Waters.

4. Dubstep:
The use of instruments attracting music lovers for its bass and rhythm, this falls in the
electronic music genre. People consider it to be a darker form of music, but since its
birth in the late 1990s, this genre has successfully made its place in the industry.

5. Rhythm and Blues:

Vocalists like Rihanna, Mariah Carey, Beyoncé, Usher and the legendary Michael Jackson
have all made it huge in the music industry with their love for this form of music.
Originated in the 1940s, this African-American music is a combination of hip hop, funk,
dance, pop and soul focusing on themes like relationships, sex and freedom.

6. Techno:
You may have listened to a number of techno music while clubbing, but it is Detroit
techno that is considered to be the foundation of this form of music. Unlike the days of
its emergence, the use of technology today has greatly enhanced the quality of techno
style music and popularizing it among people day by day.

7. Country Music:
Another popular genre of American music which originated in the 1920s, Country music
has its roots from American folk and western music. It is formed using simple forms of
instruments ranging from electric and steel guitars to drums and mandolin or mouth
organ. Some very popular country music singers include Shania Twain, Johnny Cash
Taylor Swift and Kenny Rogers.

8. Electro:
A perfect blend of hip hop and electronic music, electro or electro-funk uses drum
machine, vocoder and talkbox helping it to distinguish itself from another similar form
of music, Disco. Notable artists who have been into this form of music include Arthur
Baker, Freeez, Man Parrish and Midnight Star.

9. Indie Rock:
Falling in the genre of alternative rock music, Indie Rock originated in the 1980s and has
gradually changed the music industry. After a decade, it also gave birth to a couple of
sun-genres in related styles such as math rock, emo, noise pop, post rock and lo-fi.

10. Pop Music:

“Pop” is a term derived from “Popular” and thus Pop Music is known to be a genre of
popular music. With its roots in the rock & roll style, this form can include any form of
music ranging from urban and dance to rock, country and Latin. Instruments highly used
 are electric guitars, synthesizer drums as well as bass and one can listen to this form of
music by listening to songs by Britney Spears, Madonna, Beyonce Lady Gaga and of
course the “King of Pop”, Michael Jackson.

9 Health Benefits of Music

 It’s heart healthy. Research has shown that blood flows more easily when music is
played. It can also reduce heart rate, lower blood pressure, decrease cortisol (stress
hormone) levels and increase serotonin and endorphin levels in the blood.
 It elevates mood. Music can boost the brain’s production of the hormone dopamine.
This increased dopamine production helps relieve feelings of anxiety and depression.
Music is processed directly by the amygdala, which is the part of the brain involved in
mood and emotions.
 It reduces stress. Research has found that listening to music can relieve stress by
triggering biochemical stress reducers.
 It relieves symptoms of depression. When you’re feeling down in the dumps, music can
help pick you up - much like exercise.
 It stimulates memories. There is no cure for Alzheimer’s disease or dementia but music
therapy has been shown to relieve some of its symptoms. Music therapy can relax an
agitated patient, improve the mood and open communication in patients.
 It manages pain. By reducing stress levels and providing a strong competing stimulus to
the pain signals that enter the brain, music therapy can assist in pain management.
 It eases pain. Music can meaningfully reduce the perceived intensity of pain, especially
in geriatric care, intensive care or palliative medicine.
 It helps people eat less. Playing soft music in the background (and dimming the lights)
during a meal can help people slow down while eating and ultimately consume less food
in one sitting.
 It increases workout endurance. Listening to those top workout tracks can boost
physical performance and increase endurance during a tough exercise session.

La Carlota City College Alma Mater

ALMA MATER LYRICS (refer to Student Hand Book)