LABORATORIO

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OBJETIVO
Reconocer el comportamiento fisicoquímico de sustancias de la cotidianidad para dar cuenta del
fenómeno de acidez y basicidad.

MARCO CONCEPTUAL

There are three theories used to describe acids and bases:

Acids Bases

Arrenhius Ionise to give H+ in H2O Ionise to give HO- in H2O

Bronsted-Lowry A proton donor A proton acceptor

Lewis An electron pair acceptor An electron pair donor

Now, some terminology:

Look at this equation and see how it fits the Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis definitions.

Acidity
Here are some general guidelines of principles to look for that can help you address the issue of
acidity:
First, consider the simplified general equation of a simple acid reaction:
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• The more stable the conjugate base, A-, is then the more the equilibrium favours the
product side (Ka > 1), i.e. more dissociation of H-A
• More dissociation of H-A then the stronger H-A is as an acid, or
• The more the equilibrium favours products, the more H+ there is....
• The more H+ there is then the stronger H-A is as an acid....
• So looking for factors that stabilise the conjugate base, A-, gives us a "tool" for assessing
acidity.
• The larger Ka implies more dissociation of HA and so the stronger the acid.
• The larger Ka is, the more negative the pKa so the lower the pKa, the stronger the acid.

Key factors that affect the stability of the conjugate base, A-,

Electronegativity. When comparing atoms within the same row

HF > H2O > NH3 > CH4
HI > HBr > HCl > HF
RCO2H > ROH
of the periodic table, the more electronegative the anionic atom
in the conjugate base, the better it is at accepting the negative
charge.
Size. When comparing atoms within the same group of the
periodic table, the easier it is for the conjugate base to
accommodate negative charge (lower charge density). The size
of the group also weakens the bond H-X (note this trend should
be applied with care since it only works within a group).
Resonance. In the carboxylate ion, RCO2- the negative charge is
delocalised across 2 electronegative oxygen atoms which makes
it more stable than being localised on a specific atom as in the
alkoxide, RO-.

General acidity trend of common organic acids (this is a very useful sequence to remember and to
be able to rationalise):

Basicity
A convenient way to look at basicity is based on electron pair availability.... the more available the
electrons, the more readily they can be donated to form a new bond to the proton and, and
therefore the stronger base.
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Key factors that affect electron pair availability in a base, B

Electronegativity. When comparing atoms within the same row

CH3- > NH2- > HO- > F-
F- > Cl- > Br- > I-
RO- > RCO2-
of the periodic table, the more electronegative the atom
donating the electrons is, the less willing it is to share those
electrons with a proton, so the weaker the base.
Size. When comparing atoms within the same group of the
periodic table, the larger the atom the weaker the H-X bond and
the lower the electron density making it a weaker base.
Resonance. In the carboxylate ion, RCO2- the negative charge is
delocalised across 2 electronegative atoms which makes it the
electrons less available than when they localised on a specific
atom as in the alkoxide, RO-.

General acidity trend of some common organic bases:

Note that organic chemists tend to think about bases by looking at the pKa's of their conjugate acids,
i.e. think about B- by looking at the acidity of BH. The implications are that the higher the pKa of the
related conjugate acid, BH, the stronger the baseb B-.

PROCEDIMIENTO
Para denotar el fenómeno de acidez y basicidad se hará uso de un laboratorio virtual el cual se
encuentra en el siguiente enlace: https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/ph-scale/latest/ph-
scale_es.html

Allí acceder a la opción de macro:

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En esta opción deberán realizar una tabla donde denoten el pH de cada sustancia en medio litro y
un litro, para completar el último volumen mencionado deberán adicionar agua, un ejemplo de lo
que se debe realizar se encuentra a continuación:

VOLUMEN
SUSTANCIA
MEDIO LITRO UN LITRO
Limpiador de desagües 13 12.70
Tabla 1

Una vez realizado lo mencionado anteriormente, deberán pasar a la pestaña de micro:

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La tabla 1 deberán seguir complementándose con la pestaña de micro, donde se pondrá la minoría
o mayoría de moléculas de H3O+ (Característica de los ácidos) u OH- (Características de las bases).

Para esto deben activar la opción de: H3O+ / OH- proporción

A continuación se presenta un ejemplo:

Proporción
SUSTANCIA VOLUMEN pH
H3O+ OH-
MEDIO LITRO 13 Minoritario Mayoritario
Limpiador de desagües
UN LITRO 12.70 Minoritario Mayoritario
Tabla 2

TRABAJO A REALIZAR:
A mano deberán presentar la tabla 2 con todas las sustancias encontradas en el simulador.

Posteriormente, deberán realizar un mentefacto de las soluciones ÁCIDOS Y BASES y; finalmente,

deberán llevar a cabo un análisis en un párrafo máximo de 6 líneas donde se denote el por qué la
minoría o mayoría de iones H3O+ / OH- en las diferentes soluciones presentadas en el laboratorio
virtual.