95-6) pt omoaare the HEABHL OL PAN 50 49 ¢ joan have (0 be provided and the wage? tt Mush wi eps, level equal to the height of water cogent Will! th the floor, Oe Bre H0°% mode tyPe oF water closet F clonet. No auch prema ienet le inthe N Preenution is meet" Saas) ° fe Flushing cistern = 4 0 750 mm fp yr cm . - —=—1 t* Cover =—= | k \\ 4 eat & s $ Floor. S K Perspective view of uropean type water closet European type water closet Fig. 25-15 Fig. 25-16 Following are the requirements of a good type of water closet @) It should be convenient in use for persons of different age groups i) The flushing should effectively be achieved with small quantity of water (ii) The surface of pan should be smooth, durable and attractive in appearance and should be such that excreta do not stick to it and flow down easily Gs) The water of trap should not be splashed when excreta fall into the trap. @) The urine should not be splashed outside the pan. SYSTEMS OF PLUMBING principal systems Following are the four adopted in plumbing of drainage in a building: (I) Single stack system (2) One-pipe system (3) One-pipe system pa (4) Two-pipe syste Each of the above system i) Single stack system: all the waste matter from baths, Bere pie, in addition, also a ae ic, 1 ie entirely. effective ld Eiccfore Me ee er for all th uld not be less than 75 mm. riially ventilated Leseribed o n of plumbing will now be briefly ¢ | soil pipe In this system) ace kitchens ee, The waps y seal a single vertica is fixed water closets: The single swe ter seal only e depth of wate ete{q, nt pipe is added ang , separit 188 , ‘ 3 J The vent PIPE Dea Ventilation , P r nol a on this system ‘ pret yp ahe rat be taken when this sy! Pica . water 4 houl pe i A, ng precaution : ‘ / cate ves should be airtight a pred sp waste PIF d with @ deep water seal o! Hostith tel eine provide: All j f should be PE " directly connected to the common sta it wraps ; Fach waste PPS ould vc vent PiPe should not be less than 50 im : : es of se] parate abe The diamete® ° wid join the stack above the SOP branch at each fig iv ste pipe sho" i Sy The waste F sally ventilated? 17 this system, there is one si . sy Onepibesye partial or closets, baths, sinks, etc. is discharged in ty t n ‘ he waste ™ acter from ‘ era a pe ae at charged nal te aiion,theTe JS 3 hus am ih , 9. But in Water closets Tt is Te fe and one-pipe system single stack system ns should be taken when this system of plumbing is adopted: 4 with a deep water seal of 75 mm depth. Following pre Ail traps should be provide Jef vent pipe should not be less than 50 mm. The diameter of rel iii) The fall of waste pipe 1" the direction of fl \ gradual. The slope of waste piPes should b & jy) The waste pipe should join the stack above th (4) Two-pipe system: In this system, two sets of pipes are laid. The soil fixtures suck os urindic and water closets are connected to vertical soil pipe. The connections ‘ waste matter from baths, kitchens, etc. are made to another vertical waste PIP The soil pipe and the waste pipe are provided with separate vent pipes. It will . f ges four pipes and hence, it becomes costly. The number of pipes ™ nl face is also more and if not properly maintained, these pipes form nuisn® -cautio! iow should be continuous and e between 1 in 12 to | in 48. e soil branch at each floor. The choice o of plumbing system depends on various factors such @ vs of uilding, locatior i 4, location of building, fund available, etc. But the prevailing byels of he locality regardit garding the plumbing regulations play an important role in selec! ne plumbing system. 25-7, DRAINAGE PLANS OF BUILDINGS It is nece ioe ee ssary to prepare the Following pointe eo Bett appro plans showing the propose a re mts should be noted: | sane aaneu ton the competent author! 4 ne Site 2 pl b ee should be drawn to a convenient se and hould be marked on it as shown in fg: ath a ! an of the Positions of gully The | longitudinal Convenient € arent 3 | mt re is one Propored sewer line should be draw? a *) The longit ab diameter ree oe , els e| i pct OePths of “tions should sh , x “i ri show distances, ground levels: aod size of chambers and manholes» Pipes, et » etc, as shown ; n in fig. 25-18 aHi Ouse Drainage he position of public sewer st @ and longitudinal section of dy shout ava manhole On public sewer tix 1 . ine, led plans of different flo: ® oor traps, sanitary fittings, ete, Thay e euilding ; BS. ete. They iS show the in mind the general principles of house drags ORM fe Positions of » house drains are ‘ouse drainage < by keepin © The house dr a2 are laid as per details o; ee ping of the building on the approved d : rainage pl spe house drains are tested f plan fe he Rouse drains are test ‘d for watertightne. filled up. g Ss and the trenches are th. nt eae Side plot a ry M.H.B, 150 mm Dia. stoneware pipe 1 in 60 n 6 -1.€.800 mm x 800 mm with 100 mm dia. vent pipe Bed room ath room IPP NT. | = W.C. 3 § 3 & = z e Kitchen cum| > Lui 3 | |dining room | 3 a 2 3 $ 3 : Drawing room & a Bly 3 a a Living room iS Verandah & i e plan Scale: 1 em = -M.H.AlmxX Im with I.S.T. and M.F.V. Road Drainage plan of a building FIG 25-17 position, its neces ts are applied. The and the vertical on chamber. After the house drains are laid and the piP in their watertightness. For this purposes | are usually tested in sections between cae Me tested in groups, each group having On© e, the sive chambe! amon inspecti1 sanitary Engineering y and Si water SupP! Iq, 436 4 ‘ 4 be soe ; z Bt 4.3 a, a : ae | * a og Bas gf 38 i 4 - Ty in 60 a sneware pipfy Lin 2 = __—- private land — / e Depth of g 2 € 8 12 2 et 5 8 g Inet 83° & : 7 35 8 2 Grond 8 5 eS $ lvl S&S §& S iS mes? Longitudinal section Horizontal scale: 1 em = 4m Vertical scale: lem = 2m_. Longitudinal section of house drain FIG, 25-18 Following are the tests which are commonly employed: (1) Air test (2) Coloured-water test (3) Hydraulic test (4) Snell test (5) Smoke test ai ) Air tet The air test can be applied for the underground and pee a Section is selected and the plugs are provided at U ; . The air is i i i i it The leaky joints are peered in the pipe by suitable equipment SU Fai leaky joint nm ave found out by applying soap solution. The c34Pe Suu" form bubbles which are visible, These joints are he? ss vertical Pl he upPeell. : e eubstance only and the mass acti, su piological actions. The enzyme of ‘i er each bio-chemical feieg se i * gree af und they are found to be se, c, pH, metallic ions, an which they will catalyse c, -atalysed reactions. ang f carbon arge molecules to the water resuj kdown into smaller molecules, their brea or removal of hydrogen, n of oxYBER drogen or removal of oxygen. ies additio’ n je., addition of hy ductio! ; : Y Redut F pacteria in sewage 15 engaged in carrying out the pr or part of bac ee in ang et eps : < organic 0! m ta oe eee nice The decomposition of sewage by bacteri be org! s follows: : sewage contains some quantity . © aecomportvon! Uneaten ; n ele ae lion. The aerobic bacteria n ven to the extent of about 2 to 5 parts per milli i ncanic matter present in sewage and the available oxygen 1S consumed ‘The anaerobic bacteria then start their function and attack on compl ganic compounds and convert them into solids, liquids and gases. The anaerol »mposition is also known as the putrefaction and the end products of putrefa de black residue called humus, ammonia, methane, hydrogen sulphide, car dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen, etc. The trea i ; , : car ve units which work on putrefaction alone are septic | ie ane sludge digestion tanks. The anaerobic decomposition y and : ’ sah Sie is ae is much slower than the aerobic decompo 0 be i ‘| i inefficient with respect to the energy conve glucose om es about thirty ti Rasa y umes mor . ition naerobic decomposition, e energy by aerobic decompos!t ation (2) Aerobie d is available in pee tions The aerobic de plenty or when The aerobic bacteria come into action when Ox) itis made available by the process of putrelict oF Fis pro i own as the oxidation and during this Pr and oxidised to form the stable comP0U?” ise dtc rbon dioxide, nitrates, sulphates el cot ork estan ricklin ony alone/atelaeraugntte ve i aS , notre ters and oxidation ponds: * ° iolosl ve and it is practised in all the exce| tan| Pt the ¢% yi controlled decomposition of sewalMeN Aug meee > mm equirem Ore eS WESS Ih long period. (3) Oxyge™ demand: The oxygen is demanded in inorganic matter and organic matter. sewage for the oxidation of The demand of oxygen by inorganic matter in s ‘ ‘ the extent of about 97.50% in 24 hours at a cetatrats, of nel satisfied to The demand of oxygen by organic matter in sewage i i DE OX , ge is known as the biochem L en demand which is commonly abbreviated as B.O.D. The bacteria, oibieotiia water, have got capacity of taking up oxygen fro s s m water. The bacteria or microbs get energy by decomposing organic matters into the simplest form CO9 and H,O jin presence of oxygen. This requirement of oxygen by microbs is called the B.O.D. ‘Due to this process, the D.O. deplition takes place. Its concentration reduces from 7.8 mg/l to 2 to 3 mg/l. As D.O. deplites, the flora will be subjected to decompose fauna will migrate and anoxic condition prevails. To maintain the desired 0. concentration, the oxygen must be supplied to the water. This term is very portant in sewage analysis and hence, it will now be discussed at length. ——————o water supply and eR ee ny oS Je amount of oxygen required for micro, n of dissolved solids or organic ma 8 toe , standard temperature is know, ter in as the tm ganic matter in Sewage can be q, 1 Sif pefinition of decomposivo @) he bioloBE conditions 4 210 pic fnaet ACPO ape THE OF t Meat Mowing two grour 5 matter ) Gar Niwros' first stages the nitrogenoU (i) ponacea" b) ( inth matter the carbonaceous matter is oxidised and mh s matter is oxidised. stage for complete stabilisation of organic matter, a kon tre 100 days oF more will be required. But it is observed sf of abou ‘ e first stage 1S very rapid and it slowly q lat s. Hence, in actual practice, the B.O a a days, the former being ie test ae ed by various experiments that 5-day B.0.D a pout 90% of the ultimate B.O.D. 4 B.O.D. is al Thus, the purpose of carrying out the B.O.D. test is to measure oxy; consumed by bacteria during the process of oxidising organic m The oxidation proceeds slowly and ir under the aerobic conditions. not usually complete in the standard 5-day period of incubation. Tests for B.0.D.: The B.O.D. can methods: (a) Direct method (b) Dilution method. (a) Direct method: In the direct method, the sample of sewage is kept contact with a definite volume of air or oxygen in a specially pre ; vessel. The B.O.D. can then be measured manometrically, (b) De method: The dilution method is very popular and the proc re carrying out test by this method is as follows: ) a ae sewage is diluted with water of known oxygen. The water should be free from appreciable ox: en : organic ‘mattenia demand and it should not con® enous he see be worked out by the following (iii) ) The dil ited sewn: ae glass vena, Cwaesais then keptfon Sadaysay 90°C in ait (3) The di iss ? i (4) The te oxygen is again worked out after this period by ‘calculating tee anathe saniplelG aaa Naas js then fount’ oxygen he differenc Ren 6) $en and the residual Sucea ae origin oxygen. The B.O.D. in p.p.m, 5 ; i P-day B.O.p, ng eq! Primi then worked out by the followii 88 of © ; SU xygen in p.p.m. X dition F Import a lance Walysis ne (2 BOD. tests "7 fi v) ti ist: The test & i grants uniformity wile B.O.D. is very important me ce le Comparin, ious resul is various I i.Quality of Sewage f 451 « used as a measure for de Kt helps in find are for determining the st so helps ding o' ‘ strength 0 al P g out the amount of ec meth OF sewage and it ar water essful disposal of sewage by dilution required for the suce suceep.D. and strength of sew Table 26-3 shows the relation ’ TABLE 26. STRENGTH OF SEWAGE B-day BLO _| 5-day B.O.D. in p.p.m. or mg per litre | el ecient S00 to 88 | | | 250 | Standard filter effluent eos | Very good filter effluent 5 to 10 BS : J ignifi d applicati w Significance an ions of B.O.D. test: Follow re the sig: and applications of B.O.D. test: Se eee eo (a) B.0.D. is the principle test, which gives an idea of the biodegradability of any sample and strength of the waste. (b) B.O.D. is an important parameter in the design of treatment plant to determine the size of certain units particularly trickling filters and activated sludge units (©) B.O.D. is useful to estimate the population equivalent of any industrial waste, which is useful to collect cess from industrialist for purification vf industrial wastes in municipal sewage treatment plants. (a) B.OLD. is used in studies to measure the self purification capacity of streams and serves as a means of check to regulatory authorities on the quality of effluents discharged. (© From B.0.D. of the influent and effluent of the treatment plant can be judged. Problem 26-1. For a 5-day B.O.D. test, 4 sample ilution factor of 100. If the contents ° ‘the end of the test are respectively 13 p- .D. Remark on the nature of sewage: Solution: discharged, the efficiency as diluted with water with a the beginning and calculate the 5-day of sewage W: € dissolved oxygen in pam, and 8 p-P™ 5-day B.O.D. = loss of oxysen in popam, % dilution ratio Deen) nilooer 00 Pe poet efore disposal . y treatment Di Ans. The sewage is strong and it requires heav’ elo 26-2. Given the following data, calculate Sewage: Initial D.0. (dissolved Eres ae wel Final p,0, (dissolved oxyge™) «*"” 5 mt BeeeeD ume... |, 800 m | Sample volume. . unseeded sample B-day B.O.D. of the the ..6 ml. ==