ee ll ES eS Cet Orily, WATER REQUIREMENTS FOR BUILDINGS OTHER THAN 27. RESIDENCES The buildings like cinema, school, hotel, hostel, etc. will require water as per their requirements. Table 2-5 shows the water requirements for such buildings It may be noted that the requirements mentioned in table 2-5 are for average type of constructions and further they do not include water required for civic or public purposes. , TABLE 2-5 WATER REQUIREMENTS FOR BUILDINGS OTHER THAN RESIDENCES Type of buildings Water requirement in litres per day Cinema and concert halls 15__per seat Factories 50__per worker Hospitals with less than 100 beds 340 per bed Hospitals with more than 100 beds 450 per bed Hostels 135 per head Hotels 180 per bed Medical quarters 135 per head Offices 45 per head Restaurants 70 per seat Schools 45 __per student DESIGN PERIODLE 2-6 A TABLE 16 NTS OF WATER SUPPLY PROJEC; DESIGN PERIOD FOR IMPORTANT COMPONEN’ No i Components Design period in years | 1 | Clear water service reservoirs at the head 15 works, balancing tanks and service reservoirs 2 | Conveying pipes for raw water and clear water 30 3 | Distribution system, pump house and pipe 30 connections to several treatment units 4. | Electric motors and pumps 15 | 5 | Infiltration works 30 | 6 | Storage reservoirs/dams 30 7 _| Water treatment units 15 | Following are the factors influencing the selection of design period: @ (i) (iii) (iv) (vy) (vi) Sources of water supply like perennial rivers, seasonal rivers, streams brooks or deep wells, etc. influence design period greatly. Any desiga period is suitable for perennial rivers, 50 to 60 years is desirable for seasonal rivers or streams. Deep wells offer maximum flexibility is adopting design period as their numbers can be increased in future Design period is longer for higher availability of finance and it is smaller for lesser availability of finance. If rate of interest of borrowings are lower, then longer design period can be selected, For higher rate of population growth longer design period can be selected For easily expandable units, design period will be smaller. E.g. pipelines fiuings, pumps, wells, etc, offer maximum flexibility for expansion and so we can consider smaller design period for them. Design period should not be more than useful life of the different units and their chances of becoming old and obsolete 2-90 SUMMARYSources of Water Supply \CE SOURCES FOR WATER SUPPLY schemes — Tn this type of source, the surface runoff is available for wat ‘The usual forms of surface sources are as follows fer supply scheme (1) Lakes and streams (2) Ponds 8) Rivers (A) Storage reservoirs. Each of the above form of surface sources will now be briefly discussed. (1) Lakes and streams: A natural lake represents a large body of water within Jand with impervious bed. Hence, it may be used as a source of water supply See Hocalties, The quantity of runoff that goes to the lake should be accurately determined and it should be seen that it is at least equal to the | expected demand of locality. Similar is the case with streams which are formed by the surface runoff. An elevated lakes ‘mountains. They contain purest form of water as impervious mou clouds and collect rain water directly. Suspended solids settle as vir ino flow of water and hence, we get almost pure form of water. It is found that the flow of water in streams is quite ample in rainy season. 4 it becomes less and less in hot season and sometimes the stream may even ‘become absolutely dry. ‘The catchment area of lakes and streams is very small and hence, the quantity ‘of water available from them is also very low. Hence, the lakes and streams are not ‘Considered as principal sources of water supply schemes for large cities. But they bbe adopted as sources of water supply schemes for hilly areas and small ovens re formed at the top of high mountains or on the slope of tains interrupt ally there is “Phe water which is available from lakes and streams is generally free from Grable impurities and can therefore be safely used for drinking purposes. "@) Ponds: A pond is a man-made body of standing water smaller than lake the ponds are formed duc to excessive digging of ground forthe construction toads, houses, ec. and they are filled up with water in rainy season. The quantity in pond is very small and it contains many impurities Dopond cannot be adopted as a source of water supply and its water can only ised for washing of clothes or for animals only @) Rivers: Many brooks, springs and streams conv dd that rivers are studied more thoroughly than Bre daara of civilization, the ancient man settled on the banks of river, drank vers to find out Water, ate fish caught from river water and sailed down Boon en ae carrance of fanda dimou caapraneine manent De fo study the vegularities of floods and rake ute of flood waters for iriga\e) Reeds Ar a ce usee of fachimanyeariseue auuluannos scien tno BATE Were inseparably bound up with rivers The large rivers constitute the principal source Y cities. Depending upon the uniformity of flow HS are broadly classified into following ‘wo ¢8 sge to form a river, It is ‘other sources of water of water supply schemes for ‘and availability of water, theyeering we : perennial oF HN nce, maine Oy im SUMMET SSO al ody srt fama rivers 8 season, Se ts them : 4 ood is ce the excess water of flog oon he ed water may in monsoo This store ‘such jams across J such pes structing pons by cO8 pre weed in stat arised as follows be used in be summa ot a rit uupply for 8 town OF ac The principal uses ce of water S ( water for i ‘ of purification Se a reer for irrigation Purpose of wastes. (iv) Teean serve as an agen such as bathing (©) _Ieean serve as a centre of recreatio fishing, fountains, etc boating of water available from the river, te Ree ee ache year ate taken and recorded. The Ohecoiaaam Be taker et pos ove ws a good guide for estimating che quantity Gag svalable from the river in any particular period of the year Generally the quantity of water availabe from non-pere throughout the year and iti likely to fall down in hot season when demand ¢ srateris maximum. I becomes therefore essential o augment such source of wat Supply by some ether sources 0 as to make the water supply scheme successit The quality of surface water obtained from rivers is not reliable. It commis: silt and suspended impurities. When completely or partly treated sewage is bear discharged into the river at some upstream point, the river water is to be suspec for high contamination. The river water requires to be properly analysed as regs to the contents of disease bacteria, harmful impurities, etc. The presence of 2 such undesirable elements in river water requires an exh before it can be made fit for drinking purposes austive treatment of wat Teshould however be noted tha the quality of re variations because it dey en sasm catchment ace, sch season of the year en individ) sve bu seo Usually found tha the ‘ ‘ urse of the same river. tS ere! tn hs Water at its head is good, but it goes river pollution is a song its course, 7 ‘eaions 8h " A ral The main reasons why proceeds (@ contamin; ation of wate pasta ater supplies result i ; ami Pp ting in additional load ° i) dari *MNCes in the farm Be ets appearance an = {) hindrance to the yeaa ie oil a he navi Festriction of recreating ey Ca8kS ational use; ete, _ of deposited solids;Die. 3-0) Sources of Water Suppl ‘The chief points to be considered in avestigating a rive as follows: ( adequacy of storage of purified water so as not to disturb th system during periods of flood when the river water is tu (ii) efficiency of the subsequent stages of purification system (ii) general nature of river, the rate of flow and the distance bet sources of pollution and the intake of the water; and (is) relative proportions of the polluting matter and the flow at its minimum. (4) Storage reservoirs: An artificial lake formed by the construc across a valley is termed as a storage reservoir. Whatever may be the size @ reservoir, the main object or function of a reservoir is to store w it stabilises the flow of water. The most important physical characteristic of a reservoir is therefore Gapacity. The topographic survey of the dam site is carried out and Imap is prepared. The capacity of reservoir is then worked out with the contour map. However, currents are not absent in th new areas which are never under water » construction and reservoir creation. The water in the reservoir ma dissolved solids due to prolonged contact ay get submerg A storage reservoir essentially consists of the following (@) a dam to hold wat (Gi) 4 spillway to allow the excess water to flow for regulating the Gi) agate chamber containing necessary valve At present, this is rather the chief source of water suppl ities: The multi-purpose reservoirs also make provisions for other uses ip fo water supply such as irrigation and power gene The huge reserv ihe command area of water in any season and of any amou 3-9. SALIENT FEATURES OF RESERVOIR DESIGNCOMPARISON OF SURFACE A\ Item No. | Water Supply and Sanitary Engineering TABLE 3-3 Surface sources (chy ND UNDERGROUND SOURCES OF WATER Underground sources 1 | Forms in which available Lakes, streams, ponds, rivers and storage reservoirs Infiltration galleries, infiltrating] wells, springs and wells 2 | Quality of water are sometimes highly ted and unsafe to consume ‘They contain inorganic impurities, organic impurities and industrial wastes. They are generally free fron) impurities because of naturil filtration but may contain large amounts of dissolved salts, minerals and gases, Quantity of water Huge quantity of water is available during monsoon, but is considerably reduced during summer. The quantity of water available| is generally limited. | 4 | Treatment They are to be suitably tested and a line of treatment is to be decided before they are adopted for public use. They can be supplied to the publi| with no or minor treatment only. | They are useful for big towns and cities. They can be adopted for irrigation facilities also. They are useful for small towt| and villages only. | Ii lt alae lantble to find pure water in nature. The rain water ayy ce of earth absorbs dust and gases from the atmosphy id to the organic matter on the surf eof V Tt is not possi further expose », it reaches the soure ities also. For the purpose of classification, the the following three categories (a) Physical impurities (2) Chemical impuri G) Bacteriological impurities. The detailed discussion on physical impurities, chemical impurities and jological impurities leading respectively to physical pollution, chemical pollution bacteriological pollution of water is given in Chapter 15 of this book under topic — Types of water pollution. ANALYSIS OF WATER Tn order to ascertain the quality of water, it is subjected to the various tests. tests can be divided into the following three categories: (1) Physical tests Chemical tests Bacteriological tests. jes present in water may be divided we take up the discussion of various tests, it will be necessary to note the which are to be taken while collecting the sample of water to be analysed. fact, the sampling is the most important part of any analysis because the ‘esults obtained, even from the most accurate analysis, will be misleading, if fon which such analysis is carried out, are not representative ones of to be tested. 4 matter of fact, it will be ideal to carry out all the analysis immediately after ples and the quicker the analysis, the more representative will Tesults of analysis of the liquid at the time the samples are taken. These MMs are as follows: din bottles, especially of white glass g holding capacity of For The water should be collecte having well-fited stoppers. The bottles havin ; about’? litres of water are necessary for the chemical analysis. aa potter wil Icteriotogicat ex Witt be saci 4 hl Be et les However ihe Wouter sh me nell 10 be calle aay When the 8H estate te for aye an he sap A bacteriological Ipearably WO filled the pipe conduct Hamed and made unl Mater before the bottle is Gy _ For collecting the sample of 6 For Ghote bottle with stopper co WWE furface of water and ther 0 Ane ued by meana of a clean plece © removed Wy Ty of ating, materials il be cor from lal vty the stopPe (©) The bottle should be held as far Tt trom its ew the water entering Than (od) _ After collecting the sample, the stopper of bottle sho ANG che bottles containing stmples of w id time of collection. the source, date 5-5. PHYSICAL TESTS Under this category, the tests a (Q) Colour (2) Taste and odour (8) Temperature (4) Turbidity Osker phy char (1) Colours The pure water is colourless and following are the source contribute colour to the water (i) algae metabotisny Gi) end products of Products of degraded organic matter (ii) discharge of un ange of treated and partially production, exc, POCe¥inuy te Ps By Leatile industry, tanneries divalent spe v9 in tow ana ‘sour combed yan ene . amit by doled solids ther 1s amnatler holdin H cap, Ai tiled UTE 92H yay me collecting We Tepe sewled Wattles re A tro1 Pipe, the y Thotel be allowed 0 go 9 wevennt the entry of sarah be suspended well ui erring and the bottle is evented i 2 kas possible | ‘the boitle should come ee well sei ier should be labelled sain ee arvied out to examine water for the fallow 1 sometimes carried oft wed waste water from meses el es ete if town as the appa We tel ait aor eral of 9%‘ald be label «ne for the £6 colour caus hence, it will increas of water. ‘The true ¢ 2) Taste and odour: Th es and they make the wate ing through two tubes ofNY anes Seater te ONT ne Nh ’ Medan nd et wc gh oe Bl an SOBs vite wee vo wnt invert bn r Amman array ae wi oto Fe owes of Hs collection with alictes of stanctaret colours will be sutticient for Bees shah ows me eae Eee iy ue potions. Te» presence defintely degrades the quality of Bates Following ave the disadvantages of the water po ening colour Bets fone ghar roany colowe bodies are collokal in ture and the Heer advorbents. “Ths they concentrate on many trace metal and fenert toxicity t0 the aquatic hte te colorectal for certain bute The dry proiation, Hpaper making, launitering, textile, ee Rate receegwatcrs ye with clooy ventric the penetration ot gh we Faabeequenty revard the photosynthetic reactions, 1 alo indirecth affects the res The trve co Tameas te will increase the quaraty of chlorine required for disinfection of water Naenation capacity of the receiving waters ‘causing organic compounds exert a ebforine demand and BEEetaalodour, ‘The water poseses taste and odour due to various Wiad they make the water wnpleasant for drinking. ‘he cst i caried ont Baronghs to tubes of an osmoscope, One tube is kepe in a lak contain Berta the other one iv a flask containing water to be tested. The fst BP eer way also be texted by threshold number, Tn this method eet ie diluted with odourefree water and the mixture at wich Mee Retectable is determined, It indicates threshold number and othe ies ofedour are then worked out, The results of fea a igreatly affected Bensiveness of the observer BPE, the water Beieiiain objectionad Bind, i s BEM tate and odour are suypected wo be duc tions. AN Offensive smell may cause nansea, VORNTN: Joss of appetite te supplied. from a public water supply shen cmpPond odour: if ant odour of chlorine oF ald always be recorded: the growth of any ne biological ti lowered.ring A jess. If such odoy 1 une aeirages Cordial jy mgtion®: 1 tanta decing cal aaa son LE W i 1 sampl lume ore water to be added to just vanig tame of diilled water © 6 24 sr required to produce odour on dour such that Vi Inather word, TON i the ton factor pearance from the given $a Peete NN should not be more than 3. cs ie ae ae ae ee resent in optimum concent, ster has been swallowed, Dissolved solids when pi pt ic. less than 500 mg/l, auribute good taste 10 the drinking water. Ext saline water does not quench our thirst but aggravates it onsumption should be of agreeable taste Pepending on the nature and concentration of total dissolved salts, the isexpresed as brackish, saline, salty, sweet, sour, bitter, ete tesa haa, fest for temperature of water has no practical me inthe ene sap Boule wo give any treatment to contrch the tom reservoir depen orm, The temperature of water to be sapalica hasta “et th dts og oe pte be noted eat © 25°C is considered to be objection It should however be noted tha ofa a danse es In temperarure Gfrates Beam Hence, when wat teriologiances When waters with a tempel weticalanalyas, they should be coed remembered that the air tempera taking the w ihren HE ot tempo Pl should always be rete 3. he ayo tempernese, done with the help of ordi led erminng ade and eee the charaeteriaice Seat a n a Wl alg lace ten mm can be determin dat! biochemical and bctoieal2o™ ang s'82%6 simulator, a cont iller of the aquatic life. the raten of Vahts of te a of chemical, pypcolils and gases which |Aeggen ts tastier than warm water spusbidieys The colloidal matter present in water interfere with passage of reat imparts tasbdity to the water. ‘The turbidity in water may sob sa und at particles, discharges of sewage or industrial wastes, presen My aners of micro-organisins, etc. and the cloudy appearance developed Bae Hue to wunbidity is aesthetically unattractive and it may also be harmful Treconumers: It also disturbs the disinfection process because the solids ma Uhield the organisms from the disinfectant “Phe turbidity is expressed in terms of parts of suspended matter per million Mie water or shorlly written as p.p.m. It is to be noted that the expression fs also equivalent to mg per litre or mgil. The standard unit of turbidity roduced by one part of Fuller's earth which is in the form of divided silica in a million parts of distilled water. The permissible turbidity “drinking water is 5 to 10 p.p.m. “Teshould be remembered that turbidity is not a direct quantitative measurement The suspended solids. The absorption and scatering of particles are influenced both size and surface characteristics of the material. nce, one small pebble Tsample of water will not cause any turbidity if this pebble is crushed into small particles, rable turbidity would be developed even the mass of pebble remains unchanged: Eye position 122 em The measurement of turbidity in the field is by means ofa turbidity rod and itis referred jo Sadenegee fs the visual method of turbidity measurement Taboratory, the various instruments known ‘the turbidimeter are found out to measure usbidity of water, the most com turbidimeter, Baylis curbicl metric eurbidimeter t jon being BP Turbidity red: The instrument consists | y Be of a graduated Prieto 3 208 mm long A graduated on stretchable : | BE cs long is suaciea $ the upper end of the aluminium vod < "id eR ee | [rnin sei ‘Acthe lower end of the aluminium rod screw containing platinum needle and “Turbidity rod nickel ring ied. The diameter of iG, 5hwl po fs Nh, rhe nickel so 1 Fig ip im vertical postion der ating ea Othe gl meta a fg. Por mee tube ae is poured in the glas jy ity of wate he top. The depth of wil vom image of eandle flame cy ved ser me creased until he wing reading O° inet we Indies erp ca F urity above 100 p-PaM. ad itis ad mT of Hight abSOTPHON Tecraduated gas tube ce {Galvanised iron tox |. ster container Die sand » ame ey ete |; {- saandard candle \ WZ. Jason bier Baylis turbidimeter iG. 5 7 tie of he box, thre are two gles tabes ag on the oe 0 wat bulb wih retectors as shown iw hg, 8-3, THe BOY cram tts lower ends by a white opal gle plate a 8 of tn glans ay batoM portion by blue cobalt plate be determined and rea’ OU i filled with water: whose turbid toy ote i filled with standard solution The bull isi { veel fom the op fhe 204 blue Tight. trom both he Sg bes differ, a00! a of andar hn 2 colour of tea Re bith the tubes ss MEd and the proneas wreca ed un The turbidity of sandal eb of sample of water. This ™ "5 ppm, white opal a (Gil) Baylis turbidimeter: On one side o ss thy Se ae eee‘Art 561 * int is in the f f'n box with ; : f arti asin {vom wrtiby measoremens a he : following way* work day operations of wa . Pe ache in determining whed j eepeecal treatmens by chemical coag 4 public wate (a) The excess turbidity may seriously affect the functioning of filters. {@) The optimum dosage of coagulan waste can be determined ® The performance of water treatm (@) The wurbidity measurements of the filtered water Gheck the faulty filter operation Hifects of turbidity Following are the effects of turbid Gt causes apparent colour It renders wa it shields bacteria and more amount of disin s to treat the don plants can be evalu ex aesthetically unattractive In water, to Kill them. (ix) It prevents the penetration 0 Prevents photosynthesis of aquatic plants rs. When turbidity i (s) It increases load on sand filte slow sand filters do not work CHEMICAL TESTS the tests are carried out to ex segory, Chlorides Dissolved gases Hardness Hydrogen-ion concentration Alkalinity Acidity Metals Nitrogen and its compour Total solid (pH value ind other chemical substance5-12 gives some important details of drinking water standards, (AS PER BIS 10500 OF 1983 AND WHO) Characteristics DRINKING WATER STANDARDS TABLE 5-5 DRINKING WATER STANDARDS International/WHO standard Indian Si Highest Desirable [| Maximum | Desirable és level mg/l permissible mg/l _ Physical Characterization lour 5* Units 50* Units 10* Units c 5 Un- Nothin; Odour Unobjectionabl 8 noneeonahle __|objectionable| disagreeable Turbidity a 25e* oe a |__Chemical Characterization Alkyl Benzene Sulphonate (ABS) 1.0 a aa4 DRINKING WATEH SYANDAME (AS PEICBIS 10500 OF 1988 AND W Wighest Desirable itl athe Ae Carbon Chlororor Bor may be allowed. Manganese (Mo) | Total Dissolved Solids Total Hardness (CaCO) ‘Toxic Chemical [Cyanide (CN) Radiological Characte (Gross Beta Activity the platinum cobalt scale turbidity seale micro micro Curie per fi 100 1500 150. 10 001 0.05 0.20 0.01 0 i000ritary Engine ply and Sanit Water SupF Screens Aeration Coagulation Filtration Disinfection PH correction Distriby Flow diagram showing line of water tre, FIG, 6-1 atment CREENS22-4. SIZES OF SEWERS ee ee EE pends upon the practice followed in the la Usually the sewers of 100 mm diameter are allowed upto a maximum length But when the length of sewer line exceeds about 6 metres a seve 50 mm is allowed. The smaller the diameter of sever tk in order to take advantage of available tl The minimum size of a sewer de metres or so. of minimum diameter 1 greater will be the slope the sewers of larger diameter n of sewers should be made in such a way that it ends in sections The desi sewers which are commercially available. The non-commercial sizes are diffialw ‘ain and they prove to be costly. For sewers to be constructed on site of work, and hence are sometimes used. obt. this problem does not arise There is no upper limit for the size of a sewers Iris hoveyes eabenicted tht desirable to lay duplicate sewer line when sewer dlanaeter exceeds abou § mete: ot Ste jain4, MEANING OF THE TERM ge of a locality is broadly divided into two categories Public drainage w (@) Private drainage rhe sewers are laid across public roads to serve the area on either side Jers construct the sewer line in their own land and its final p pris joined to the public sewer. The principles and procedures to be fol a constructing and laying sewer lines in private buildings are referred the general cerm heuse drainage. ‘The main purpose of knowledge of house drainage is to provide an efficien m, ‘The importance of house drainage can be understood by th locality develops its own bye-laws or regulations which are to be re seeking a drainage connection to the public sewer line. rivate plot hold drainage systen ‘ fact that every strictly followed bel In this chapter, the salient aspects of the house drainage will be discussed CIPLES OF HOUSE DRAINAGE For the proper design and construction of house drainage system, the following general principles are adopted: (1) Itis advisable to lay sewers by the building. @) The drains shoul manholes. All sharp bends and through chambers or manholes. (8) The house drain should be connected to the public sewer only if the sewer is deeper than the house d flow from the public sewer to the house y the side of building rather than below Id be laid straight between inspection chambers o junctions should be avoided exce leve permits i.e., only when public Otherwise there ‘all be aaa drain, (The entire system should be properly ventilated from the starting poin to the final point of disposal 1) The house drainage should contain enough number of traps at suitable points for efficient functioning of it (©) The house drain should be disconne provision of an intercepting trap so as not to al Public sewer to enter the house drain. ted from the public sewer by the low foul gases from theCG Surfaces should be of smooth finish- L— a, and Sanitary Engineering wer Sup gnould be watertight and should be p, reiieeac inne on beer Pa ewer should J eae ystem should permit drainage oystem SHOU Permit cay ints of seme" The joins of he 0 he [ater develop sel Inyout of house AF say of obstruction ® (The remo Jnould comply with the standard , ter el comply ihe dg, 10) The mate von-absorbent and an cushioning i 10) They should be non atrom external loads os provid of air locks, siphonage, Re preg tudied and adequate remedies 3 10) The poste oper studied and adequate ened ete mmodated in the design t0 avoi “the sain water from houses is collected from roofs and itis aly, (2) tt rch hor eg ; ee an te | || (ne cur over ed ba \ eee s LIT 0c. - pusilla orga trough se Buta the nene er algmtc nag, to flow through it Thus, the installation of a trap avoids th i be deve ip avoids the nuisance which will ‘0 entry of bad smelling gases into the house. The effectiveness of trap naturally d a ce naturally depends upon the depth of water oe toad coe a ater tea, the more cles a te aa “The depth of ¥ atall times, The onto 25 mm to 75 mm, The trap should contain wal Siphonage, momentum aygict ™AY Femove the water seal are air com’ and evaporation, (8) Requirements of a 4 due Sood trap: Following are the requirements of # 50% able of being easily cleaned. fy Sobel be easily fixed wien the drain, (ii) Ae should be free tc om yin praeions which ae mal © fy It should be of Simple oa ervuan. “quate water seal to fulfil the purPo . It shou (i) The gd POMS selécleansin ' imternal and external oie Peery:icatio 0 shape: fowing tree typeay Nahe At trap wrap s rap: This trap has the Of trap are at right 4 lf ¥ co ‘Water seal ) Q-trap: This trap has the hhape of letter Q as shown The legs of trap at an angle other than ght angle S-trap: This trap has the ape of letter S as shown i. 25-3. The legs of trap parallel he two legs of traps are ight angles, at an angles ‘Water seal ea han a right angle and Jas vallel to each other in traps ae s ely Be sap are of the lasfication according 10 use lowing three types Floor trap (Nahni trap) Gully rap Qand § respect : + According t0 Ws or RVG. and ie house. It ade of asin Intercepting trap. *) Floor trap: A floor trap (Nah it is provided at the points 0 i trap) is f entry of wastped a arap se gan ap lly rap is Ut ly | Gully trap 8 yeaa a ware and a cast-iron made of to rovided at its tOp. Floor trap grating Pi is fitted inside FIG. 254 sg provided in the gully trap. ms the starting point of horizontal flow of, ed near the external face of wall and i in line with pavement or ground le! ther to the sewer oF to the ins he gully wap for Tris usually situa tighay higher or even uly tap leads the sewage Sumber orto the manhole. é 7m = L A 7 From house drain To sewer Brick wall +f Gully wap chamber FIG, 25-5 : ned gully trap may serve two or three connecto™s “Te did Out its advisable to provide separate gully Pj With & cover, usuaihe ey EME Lop of gully trap chamber 18 PR lean the trap. Nl of cast-iron, which may be taken out © \ (©) Interceptin, ‘ erening itil hs ap has water seal of about 100 “a SoINE)S sewage frou, ty manhole of house drainage S98". I manhole with sot” HOUSE to the public sewer. Fig. 25-5 * intercepting sewer trap, yer iO A well-desi the nahni a sullage‘wer aves from public sete i Mew try ~ nto the hones neve i trap is also Known as an vintos_an inspection. arm for thee ane inspection a provided in the incercepting sewer trap Ny authority and it is thus 1 matter of po loo ie interesting to note the a verite and emer Mica ap valve =} Vo public seer intercepting trap Manhole with intercepting sewer trap FIG, 25-6 lowing are the merits of an interceptor: jases formed in public sewers are prevented from passing ike interceptor. If the interceptor is not provided, these | coter the vent pipes and they will be spreading in the ‘ling atmosphere causing serious problem of air pollution, :ful bacteria contained in public sewers are prevented from 1 the house drains through the interceptor iyerly designed and constructed intercepting trap cn fS00er 1h the foul master obtained from house drains tothe public wes ‘s: Following are the demerits of an interceptor small, the solid he: jecomposin avy matter may 1. The purpose varge from house drains is 8 ‘ained in the trap and they may start d ‘erceptor will then not be served: « lid or plug is not fitted properly OF ». the foul gases from public sewer Wi yroken due to any if itis b the house drains il enter oo— -, ary Engineering 436 through the inspection a . ning of eeebitas pe of ji) The Ae hey tical or self forms an obstruction 10 the gy, sewae cr incerceptor from house drainage i, on oe The ome erious difficulty oT sensation ot intercepting traps necessiates the prope, chnical terms which are commonly used ig cy, Some of the following t ch a a age mil nom be explained Ephonage will be discussed later on (1 And The mica fap valve opens inside only and it thus admits fresh air only prevents the escape of foul gases through it. hhe water seal of traps may break due to siphonic acon 's known as the siphonage and itis induced when water is suddenly di om a fixture on the upper floor. This is illustrated in fig. 25-7. If sanitary fi a } fittings on different floors are connected by a common so) Pf Tom dhe sh discharge from upper floors, as it comes down, takes 2¥3) te hort basen" branch drain pipe on the lower floor. The air thus sv seal of. in pipe causes the siphonic action to take place ané of trap on lower floor is broken, To remove this the ras as sho iicuty, separate pipe of smaller diameter i anal it supplies air on Heated This pipe is known as the antisiphonalt 3 vent pipe, ranch drain pipe at the time of suction: ©) so dicey i Be The term si ould be of peutitings such sic Itsho Bod material an bipe is used to indicate the pipe WME. as urinals, water closets, ete as SHOW? gd St upto first eee erkmanship. It should be waters NE carted above fost ne nil eee te Yoof level, they will work as vent PiP* Mand a water and when they aShort branch drain pipe W.€. pas Gully trap chamber ‘on of a building showing house drainage arrangement Fic. 25-7 The pipe installed for the purpose of ventilation is known as |v should be open at top and bottom and such openings should be for the flow of foul gases. It is generally placed in the chamber hich sewage starts its flow and it is carried at least about one than the roof level ) Waste pipe: The 1 the pipe which carries term waste pipe is used to indicate the pipe whi om sanitary fittings such as bath rooms, kitchens, sinks NGS nse, all the fittings itary fittings is used to indicate, in its broad seve wal of waste water ve drainage for the efficent collection and removal use to the house drain.ary Engineering sand Sanitary E98 jaary fittings 2) ashing ciermt a tings will 20 be Bey dy ae of sanitary ral precast oF cas-in-sitt, They ae Da oe be (1) Bath oe terrazo. TREY aay tn ms ih marble chips ®' igh parallel sides or with ta Pg, 258 so re wly of 40 mim diameter These to pipes are gn fa pipes Wh er bath tub is discharged into. waste pipe tyr wp wth water se Water tp Overflow pipe To floor rap Floor level I] + Bath tub Drinking fountain Fie. 25.8, Fess 2) Drinking fountains: In fact shops, college x Th sant the drinking foster protidea er oopty tat Fig 28 ae 2 ple and i avolds uadue wattage Sevier ruth rae ene a of eshte wae fib Sae comes out of the ae TRE raph nce Born and eg? hows the detail drinking fountain, When the fter being consumed, the te ed to the floor trap or nah! h the water closets and urinals, it Sod 's. These are made of cast-iron and for nee stance and are operated by simply turning # work, the of aboutBecomes arnt 800 101 re rey may itor public Buildings, Meio yore” Private buildings anal ype hand Lien id ao enn tanned aac ye he ae PRE a connected to the lashing chain through eve Sear connected to the inlet ehaltven I orerfow ana Nuh Yipeijend ow pipe may be kept on the foo the overflow pip loor or it may be joined to the flush Mace, when Hloat is not in working condition, the ee ie Re vertow pipe. The float is s0 adjusted that whee Bhat the projection at the other end closes the inlet pipe orking of Nushing cistern is simple. The 5 The working 8 ple. The fushing chain is pulled by hand pty the lever action, the bell inside the cistern i lifted ups Pus >Y band Asa result of this action, the partial vacuum is created at the crown of bell shih causes water to spill over the top of Mush pipe. The siphonic seton they Sars to accumulate in the tank, water from inlet One precaution is necessary before starting the siphonic action. ‘The chain Mould be released immediately after being pulled to force the water out of flush Pee this precaution is not taken, the partial vacuum developed by pulling of fain may be destroyed by the entry of air from the flush pipe, echergs ere Lever ] aya | Fishing chain | Handle + \ "Flush pipe J Flushing cistern FIG, 25-10fa rt and it is usually made og saat angles are made rouny ne. It is of smaller dimeng.” hotels, restaurant pout 40 momn diameter. “The oui ily of abo ve mouth of outlet pipe is yr, fe tances having : ma ae en of subaances baring se Sas ing is prohibits es sins a ilerent forms ad SPER They ss con be cng wo aeons ee bia Pe wt : sb ype ovina or inal ildings and the stall type is adopes The bowl pe is ed PS May of stall eye Uma with 2 uae pobbe balding i, 25-11 20 of units is about 600 mam fa re a are clleed and discharged nt the sol pipe thre erally provided with automatic fusing oor or nahni trap. The urinals are gf rae seas which operate at intervals of 10 to 15 mint ; ss ansiphonage pipe wll be necessary for urinals located on different foo XE and connected to 2 common soil pipe bs ()-—Flushing cistern — A) ions Urinal —Floor trap Stall y onan Pe urinal with $ unit wind MA basin auth 3 units ite- glared ean a pin ilar to sink and it is generally mo vei different shapes and shades. 1" dis rT ly on floss) fitectly rest on wall. The pedest# cet Fig. 25-12 shows a wash basi Bist” View of a pedestal type of wash baHouse Drainay 551 wash basin provided with two J fete may aso have only one {PSone for hot wa oy br Brating. The outlet pipe discharges owe PiPe is pe an nto waste pipe nied ne F 450 mm = Pillar tp, Central outlow hole for draining waste water ‘covered with jal Waste pipe—+| Trap: | Floor level Wash basin FIG. 25-12 on wall Mixer Hot water Cold water a o / eof wash basi ¢ Pedestal type of 2 FIG, 25-13 iy elgineering a sanita™ ta a sanitary fig cfined a6 a sanitary fitng vine person using ity the term water cl a by th in appt 4 is de rectly from wa ie ning tO 1YPES lowing He tie apread the flush water, The m tond there are chances for excreg Y so ,0 650mm Flushing Fim ‘From fusing | Toasts : ures 2 % a 2 | \ i Tap | 1 Tore inde eee ne 2514 The overall length of Indian type water closet varies from 450 mm \ scgut #25 mm to 280 mm near the other end, The overall ‘rap is about 400 mm to 500 mm, It requires a cluding the 10 lines met "state for proper flushing. A pair of foot-rest i Hh pe ater cast SYpe water closet at typical Fig. 25:15 shows the details of 2 2 mad ind fig. 25-16 shows its perspective " sh water 4 Poreelain. The pan has a flushing vim to sPF9 ‘rap and wih ye Provided ats top, The excreta fall des yi ol ood fash of water th sin clean Po*" 250 am 49) ED aie rom ne Pao es ieee 0 an 0 san ease For provide TE to a5 ee euTeBEAN water closet is commen 0 a the erie Conmode type water close Me level ot tag MBE closet on "upper floors, it will be 9€ “occupied by the water closet. This is 9° ¥ a salt