Journal of Materials Processing Technology 73 (1998) 64 – 73

Compressive residual stress introduced by shot peening

Shengping Wang a,*, Yongjun Li a, Mei Yao b, Renzhi Wang c
a
Beijing General Research Institute for Non-ferrous Metals, No. 2 Xin Jie Kou Wai St, Beijing 100 088, People’s Republic of China
b
Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150 001, People’s Republic of China
c
Institute of Aeronautical Materials, Beijing 100 095, People’s Republic of China

Received 1 June 1996

Abstract

The distributions of residual stresses of shot peened 20Cr, 30CrMo, 40Cr, GC4, 45 steels and LC9 aluminum alloy over the
hardened layer were measured in an X-ray diffraction apparatus using the 0 and 30° two-point method with step-by-step
electrolytical dissolution, and then studied quantitatively. The compressive residual stress at the surface, s rc
s , the maximum
compressive residual stress, s rc
max, the depth of the compressive residual stress field (CRSF), Z0, and the average diameter of
peening dents D, could be calculated empirically from the metal yield strength, s0.2, the ultimate tensile strength, sb, and the
peening intensity, fA. © 1998 Elsevier Science S.A.

Keywords: Shot peening; Compressive residual stress

1. Introduction 2. Experimental procedure

Shot peening is an effective method of improving the 2.1. Materials

fatigue strength of components and structures. A series
of effects are induced by shot peening, which have great
influence on the fatigue strength of machine parts.
These effects are: structure change within the surface
layer the formation of a residual stress field (RSF) and
the change of surface roughness [1 – 5]. To analyse the
fatigue limit of surface-hardened components, all of
these effects should be considered comprehensively [6].
However, the compressive residual stress (CRS) pro-
duced by surface plastic deformation is usually re-
garded as the major factor in increasing fatigue strength
and upon which much more attention has been paid
[3 – 6]. Unfortunately, up to now, research works have
been limited to the description of CRSF for just one or
two investigated metals and confined within qualitive
analysis. Here, the CRSF for several shot-peened
metals in different states is studied systematically and
quantitatively.
* Corresponding author. Tel.: + 86 10 62014488 ext. 2810; fax:
+86 10 62015019.
The metals tested are 20Cr, 30CrMo, 40Cr, GC4
(40CrMnSiMoVA), 45 steels and Al-alloy LC9; their
compositions being provided in Table 1.
Smooth three-point bending fatigue specimens (di-
mension 15× 10× 50 mm) were shot peened and elec-
tro-polished after heat treatment (the techniques and
properties are listed in Table 2). 70 steel is the spring
metal used as the Arc strip in the shape of the plate to
determine the shot peening intensity according to the
forming arc size.
2.2. Shot peening
The shot peening was conducted under a pneumatic
machine. Cast steel shots with a hardness of 44 to 48
HRC and a diameter of 0.8 mm were used under
different pressures and coverages. The parameters of
shot peening and the intensity (Arc Height on A-strip)
fA are given in Table 3.

0924-0136/98/$19.00 © 1998 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.

PII S 0 9 2 4 - 0 1 3 6 ( 9 7 ) 0 0 2 1 3 - 6
 S. Wang et al. / Journal of Materials Processing Technology 73 (1998) 64–73 65

Table 1
Chemical compositions of the metals tested (wt.%)

Material C Si Mn S P Cr Ni Mo Fe

20Cr 0.23 0.26 0.59 0.0040 0.015 1.28 — — Bal

30CrMo 0.33 0.26 0.53 0.0092 0.008 1.14 — 0.19 Bal
40Cr 0.41 0.19 0.72 0.0090 0.030 1.00 0.08 — Bal
GC4 0.42 1.33 1.64 0.0040 0.008 1.23 0.51 0.17 Bal
45 0.45 0.27 0.65 0.0300 0.030 0.20 0.18 0.21 Bal

LC9 Cu Mg Zn Mn Cr Si Fe Al
1.6 2.5 5.6 0.15 0.23 0.50 0.50 Bal

Table 2
Heat-treatment techniques and the mechanical properties of the metals tested

Metal Label Heat-treatment techniques s0.2 (MPa) sb (MPa) d5 (%) c (%)

20Cr A 870°C WQ.&T. 200°C 1285 1615 15.3 59.0

30CrMo B 870°C OQ.&T. 200°C 1230 1790 14.8 46.0
30CrMo C 870°C OQ.&T. 550°C 1055 1140 16.8 51.5
40Cr D 840°C OQ.&T. 200°C 1390 1850 12.0 46.0
40Cr E 840°C OQ.&T. 550°C 1025 1120 16.9 50.0
GC4 F 920°C IQ.&T. 260°C 1310 1800 21.2 47.0
45 G 840°C keep&cooled 340 580 22.1 44.0
45 H 840°C WQ.&T. 550°C 570 780 13.0 44.0
LC9 I 465°C Q.&A. 170°C 615 655 12.1 9.5
70 S Milled 1120 1270 8.2 —

Note: OQ.&T. — oil quenched and tempered; Q.&A.—quenched and aged; WQ.&T. — water quenched and tempered; IQ.&T. — isothermal
quenched and tempered.

Table 3
s , s max for peened specimens
The values of s rc rc

Metal No. fA (mm) P (MPa) C (×100%) s rc

s (MPa) s rc
sm (MPa) s0.2 (MPa) s rc
max (MPa) s rc
mm (MPa) sb (MPa) Ref.

20Cr A1 0.3 0.3 2 780 1050

20Cr A2 0.4 0.4 3 720 720 1285 930 930 1615
20Cr A3 0.5 0.5 4 660 820
30CrMo B1 0.3 0.3 2 720 700 1230 1000 1000 1790
30CrMo B2 0.5 0.5 4 680 1000
30CrMo C1 0.4 0.4 3 600 600 1055 780 780 1140
GC4 F1 0.3 0.3 2 840 800 1310 1290 1260 1800
GC4 F2 0.4 0.4 3 760 1230
45 G1 0.2 0.2 1 520 380
45 G2 0.4 0.4 3 640 560 340 380 60 580
45 G3 0.6 0.6 5 520 350
LC9 I1 0.3 0.3 2 285 300 615 450 450 655
LC9 I2 0.4 0.4 3 310 450
40Cr A% 0.4 0.4 3 910 910 1530 1210 1210 1910 [6]
40Cr B% 0.4 0.4 3 830 830 1380 1010 1010 1460 [6]
40Cr C% 0.4 0.4 3 675 675 1060 770 770 1120 [6]
40Cr D% 0.4 0.4 3 500 500 700 570 570 750 [6]
70 S1 0.2 0.2 1 520 740
70 S2 0.3 0.3 2 540 810
70 S3 0.4 0.4 3 720 610 1120 1000 840 1270
70 S4 0.6 0.6 5 680 830
66 S. Wang et al. / Journal of Materials Processing Technology 73 (1998) 64–73

Fig. 1. Distribution of the compressive residual stress s rc over the hardened layer Z by shot peening: (a) steel A; (b) steels B and C; (c) steel F;
(d) steel G; (e) steel I.

Using X-ray diffraction apparatus, model 2903, the
residual stresses over the depth were measured by the 0
and 30° two-point method with step-by-step electrolyti-
cal dissolution: select the Cr target, diffract crystallic
plane a-Fe(211), and determine the peak position by
half-width techniques.
3. Experimental results and analysis
3.1. Residual stress field
The compressive residual stress distributions over the
hardened layer from the surface were measured. Some
 S. Wang et al. / Journal of Materials Processing Technology 73 (1998) 64–73
typical CRS profiles are shown in Fig. 1, the depths of
compressive residual stresses CRS (Z0) being measured
and listed in Table 3.
For all of the specimens, the residual stresses at the
surface are compressive. Moreover, the profiles and
characters of the CRS are similar: the CRS value
increases with depth to the peak value and then de-
creases (except for shot-peened soft state 45 steel).
The CRSF of shot-peened metals are influenced by
the metal properties and the peening parameters. Since
the CRSF have direct effects on the fatigue resistances
of components and structures, quantitative study of
the CRSF is important and applicable to improving
the strengthening effects of shot peening.
To quantitively describe and study the compressive
residual stress field (CRSF), four characteristic
parameters have been named and studied: s rc s , the
compressive residual stress at the surface (MPa); s rcmax,
the maximum value of the compressive residual stress
(MPa); Zmc, the distance of s rc max from the surface
mm); Z0, the depth of CRSF (mm). These parameters
reveal the three key points in the curve of s rc – Z, the
knowledge of which enables the description of the
CRSF.
3.1.1. s rc
s , s max
rc
From Fig. 1, the values of s rcs , s max for all of the
rc
shot-peened specimens have been determined, as listed
in Table 3. It can be seen that parameters P and C
have only a small influence on s rcs , the major parame-
ter affecting s rcs being the metal itself. Based on the
regression of the average values of s rc s , s max, s0.2 and
rc
sb of the metals, it is found that s mm and s 0.2 are in a
rc
quite close linear relationship, the equation obtained
being:
s =120+ 0.5s0.2(930)
rc
s (1)
Due to the influences of surface grinding and exist-
ing surface defects, the value of s rcs oscillates. There-
fore, to set a range for s rc 930 MPa is reasonable and
s
applicable in an engineering context.
Ref. [7] indicates that s rcmax and sb have a good
linear relationship. In Table 3, s rc
max is affected mainly
by the metal itself, and in the regression of the average
mm) of s max, s0.2 and sb, a linear relationship
value (s rc rc
between s mm and sb is found, the linear equation
rc
obtained being:
70+ 0.667s b(sb B1000 MPa)
s rc
max =
430+0.323s b(sb ]1000 MPa)
the regression curves are shown in Figs. 2 and 3.
Based on the above experimental results, Eqs. (1)
and (2) are derived. To investigate their applicability,
the values from the literature are taken for the verifi-
67
cation and listed in Table 4. The calculated results of
s and s max are quite good for steels, Al-alloy, Ni-al-
s rc rc
loy, Ti-alloys and copper alloys, etc., the maximum
deviation being about 20%. This deviation is accept-
able and applicable in engineering. Since the equations
are derived from the average values s rcsm) of s s , there
rc
is some scattering in the values. As a matter of fact,
s rc
s have a range in practice, the tested s s by X-ray
rc
diffraction being the average value within 16 mm depth
from the surface. Consequently, giving a range for s rc s
(9 30 MPa) has a practical meaning.
s rc
s is introduced by elastic deformation, and s max is
rc
formed by plastic deformation. Therefore, s rc s and
s rc
max can be expressed respectively by s0.2 and sb of
the metals [5].
3.1.2. Z0 and D, the new parameter for shot peening
intensity
Z0 is influenced by the metal properties and d, C
and P of shot peening. Of these, the former three
parameters are constant, and not affected by the shot-
peening equipment, but P is. Comparison can not be
made, therefore, with parameter P given in other
works [4]. A new parameter is D (peening dents di-
ameter), which is not affected by the features of the
equipment, such as the jet mouth conditions, shot
angle, etc.
The values of D have been measured [5] and are
listed in Table 5, showing a decrease with the strength
of the targets and an increase with the shot-peening
pressure.
The relationship of D and Z0 is [6]:
Z0 = (1.41D − 0.0915d)[1+ 0.09(C −1)0.55] (3)
of which Z0, D and d are in mm; and C is the coverage
(× 100%). The present results are in accordance with
the above equation.
3.1.3. Zmc
Zmc (distance of s rc
max to the surface, mm), i.e. the
position of s rc , can be expressed by the ratio of
max
Zmc/Z0 in an s rc –Z curve. The statistical results are
Zmc/Z0 = 0.22–0.35, and the average value is 0.28,
thus:
Zmc = 0.28Z0 (4)
3.2. D and fA
(2)
3.2.1. D and fA of 70 spring steel (arc height strip)
For 70 spring steel: shot diameter d= 0.8 mm; and fA
are 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.6 mm. The CRS distribution
curves are shown in Fig. 4. A special method [5] has
been used to measure and calculate the value of D
68 S. Wang et al. / Journal of Materials Processing Technology 73 (1998) 64–73

s by peening versus metal yield strength s0.2.

Fig. 2. Surface compressive residual stress s rc
Fig. 3. Maximum compressive residual stress s rcmax by peening versus metal ultimate tensile strength sb.

Table 4
Test verification of the s rc
s and s max (MPa) equations
rc

Metal s0.2 (MPa) sb (MPa) s rc

s X(%) s rc
max X (%) Ref.
(T) (C) (T) (C)

4340 steel 905 770 680 11 [7]

4340 steel 1525 1735 840 880 5 980 990 1 [8]
4340 steel 1050 1040 1 [2]
2024 T351 300 420 330 270 15 350 350 0 [9]
Ti-6Al-4V 1040 1125 770 640 17 860 790 8 [10]
Inconel 718 1350 910 800 12 [11]
7075-T6 550 400 435 8 [12]
4140 steel 815 940 520 530 2 580 690 19 [13]
Cr17Ni2A 915 1176 706 580 18 [14]
GH132 1120 900 790 12 [15]
E460 570 670 420 405 4 500 520 10 [16]
LC9 490 450 400 11 [17]
GC4 1564 1949 840 900 7 1110 1060 5 [18]
GC4 1185 1916 1140 1050 8 [18]
40Cr 1515 1970 900 1070 19 [19]
CK45 340 600 440 470 7 [20]
CK45 1840 2010 1000 1080 8 [20]

Note: T — tested; C — calculated; X—deviation.

(listed in Table 6). The relation of D (mm) and fA (mm)
is:
D =120 + 186fA r= 1.0047
where r is the regressive coefficient. The curve is shown
in Fig. 5(f).
D is greatly influenced by fA. Furthermore, D and fA
have a one-to-one direct relationship. Therefore, the
new parameter D can be regarded rationally as the
intrinsic parameter standing for shot-peening intensity.
The fA range is: 0.2 – 0.6 mm; for 0BfA B0.15 mm
(converted from N strip to fA), the D values can be
obtained; whilst for fA \ 0.6 mm (converted from C
strip to fA), the D values can be calculated.
(5)
3.2.2. Influence of the target on the relationship of D
and fA
For different targets (20Cr, 30CrMo, GC4, 45, LC9),
the dent diameter D and the shot peening intensity fA
have been determined, the data being plotted in Fig. 5.
As they have a good linear relationship, it can be
concluded that for any metal, the values of D and fA
have a linear relationship, parallel to the 70 spring steel,
but the value of D0 is different: D0 is the dent diameter
 S. Wang et al. / Journal of Materials Processing Technology 73 (1998) 64–73 69

Table 5
Average values of peening dents diameters (mm)

No. A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 C1 D1 D2 D3 E2 F1 F2 F3 F4 G1 G3 G4 H1 H2 H3

D (mm) 201 234 213 200 235 211 190 226 260 241 170 192 202 223 225 259 286 209 223 260

at assumed intensity fA =0. This is an interesting result.
Referring to Eq. (5) and Fig. 5, the general relationship
of D and fA (d= 0.8 mm) is:
D = D0 +186fA
From Fig. 5, different values of D0 for different
targets are listed in Table 7. The values of s0.2 and sb
for every target are also listed in Table 7. Obviously,
the difference of D is caused mainly by the difference of
the mechanical properties of the target.
The regressive curves of D0 and s0.2 (shown in Fig. 6)
indicate that D0 and s0.2 have a quite good linear
relationship, the regressive equation being:
D0 =205− 62.8(s0.2/sA0.2)
where s0.2 and sA0.2 are the yield strength of the target
and the 70 spring steel (arc height strip) (MPa), respec-
tively.
It can be seen that for targets with high yield
strength, s0.2 is comparatively high and D0 is conse-
quently low, therefore the peening dent diameter D is
small; otherwise, the value of D is large.
3.2.3. Effect of shot diameter d on the relationship of D
and fA
Taking account of shot diameter, the general equa-
tion of D is:
(6)
D= (d/d0)n%(D0 + 186fA) (8)
where n% is a coefficient to reveal the severity of d on D.
The result of Li [6], where d= 1.10 mm, have been
used to check the above equation: fA = 0.3 mm, D=
299 mm, d= 1.10 mm, d0 = 0.8 mm; thus n% =1.72, the
above equation being expressed as:
D= (d/d0)1.72(D0 + 186fA) (9)
In verifying Eq. (9) (d= 1.10 mm), the deviations of
(7)
the tested and calculated values listed in Table 8 are
mainly within 1 and 2%, the maximum deviation being
8%.
Therefore, Eq. (9) is applicable, and can be taken as
a general expression. This result has an important
meaning both in the development of shot-peening the-
ory and in the application of shot-peening treatment in
engineering.

Fig. 4. Distribution of compressive residual stress s rc by peening over the hardened layer Z for spring steel 70.
70 S. Wang et al. / Journal of Materials Processing Technology 73 (1998) 64–73

Table 6 Table 7
Diameters of the dents on the arc strip The value of D0 for different target metals

Almen Intensity fA (mm) 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 Lable G I D A B F S

D (mm) 158 175 193 232
D0 (mm) 187 171 152 145 145 132 120
s0.2 (MPa) 340 615 1390 1285 1230 1310 1120
sb (MPa) 580 665 1850 1615 1790 1800 1270
According to Eq. (9), for an arbitrary target, shot
diameter and peening intensity, the dent diameter can
be calculated quite accurately, without the need of
K= 1.392− 0.611× (sb/sAb) (11)
complicated measurement. This is beneficial for the
application of the new parameter D (dent diameter) in where sAb, the ultimate tensile strength of 70 spring
industry. steel (arc height strip), is 1270 MPa. Therefore:

3.3. Relationship between Z0 and peening intensity fA Z0 = A0 + [1.392−0.611× (sb/sAb)]fA (12)

Li [6] gave the equation for Z0 and D, Eq. (3).
However, in engineering application, D is compara-
tively difficult to measure, which prevents its wide
application. Therefore, the equation for Z0 and fA is
detected and set up.
Ref. [21] indicates that Z0 and fA are in linear re-
lationship, whilst Wang [22] give the relationship of
fA and Z0 for several materials (Fig. 7). From Fig.
7, the relationship between Z0 and fA is derived:
Z0 = A0 + K×fA
where Z0, A0 and fA are in mm, and K is the con-
stant coefficient for the material. Table 9 lists the
values of sb of the targets and the values of K.
In Fig. 8, showing the regression of K and sb, a
good linear relationship is found between K and sb:
in which A0 is the assumed value of Z0, whilst fA =0 is
obtained from the Z0 –fA linear curve. For Ti-alloy and
Al-alloy, A0 = 0.01 mm; for sb = 870–1000 MPa steel,
A0 = 0.09 mm; for other steel, A0 = 0.04 mm.
From Eq. (12), for the same peening intensity fA, the
higher the strength of the target (sb), and the smaller
the vaue of K, the smaller is Z0; otherwise, Z0 is large.
In Table 10, Eq. (12) is verified. The maximum
deviation between the measured value and the calcu-
lated value is 13%, this deviation being acceptable for
(10) application in industry.
4. Conclusions
The distributions of residual stresses of shot peened
20Cr, 30CrMo, 40Cr, GC4, 45 steels and LC9 alu-
minum alloy over the hardened layer were measured
and studied quantitatively. The following conclusions
can be drawn.

Fig. 5. Average diameter of peening dents D versus peening intensity

fA for the investigated metals: (a) steel G; (b) steel I; (c) steel D; (d)
steels A and B; (e) steel F; (f) steel S. Fig. 6. Coefficient D0 versus the yield strength of metals s0.2.
 S. Wang et al. / Journal of Materials Processing Technology 73 (1998) 64–73 71

Table 8
Test verification of Eq. (8) for d= 1.10 mm (mm)

Metal No. s0.2 (MPa) D (mm) X (%)

fA = 0.2 mm X (%) fA =0.3 mm X (%) fA =0.4 mm X (%) fA =0.6 mm
(T) (C) (T) (C) (T) (C) (T) (C)

40Cr A% 1530 271 269 1 229 303 1 310 335 8 355 367 5
40Cr B% 1380 314 318 1 325 350 7
40Cr C% 1060 308 317 3 341 349 2 353 381 8 405 413 2
40Cr D% 700 379 384 1 390 416 7

Note: T — tested; C — calculated; X—deviation.

s rc
s = 120+ 0.5s0.2(9 30)(MPa)

70+ 0.667s b(sb B 1000 MPa)(MPa)

s rc
max =
430+0.323s b(sb ] 1000 MPa)(MPa)

(2) The average diameter of peening dents, D, can be

calculated empirically knowing the metal yield strength,
s0.2, the ultimate tensile strength, sb, and the peening
intensity, fA: When the diameter of the cast steel shot d0
is 0.8 mm:

D= D0 + 186fA(mm)

D0 = 205− 62.8(s0.2/sA0.2)(mm)

For an arbitrary diameter of cast steel shot d:

D= (d/d0)1.72(D0 + 186fA )(mm)

Fig. 7. Relationship between the depth of the compressive residual
stress Z0 and the peening intensity fA [22]: (a) Ti alloy and Al alloy;
for steel with: (b) 870 – 1000 MPa; (c) 1000–1200 MPa; (d) 1200 – 1400
MPa; (e) 1500 – 1700 MPa; (f) 1700–1900 MPa; (g) 1900–2100 MPa.
(3) The depth of the compressive residual stress field
(CRSF), Z0, can be calculated empirically knowing the
metal yield strength, s0.2, ultimate tensile strength, sb,
and the peening intensity, fA:
Z0 = A0 + K · fA(mm)
K= 1.392−0.611× (sb/sAb)

A0 = 0.04 mm; for Ti-alloy and Al-alloy, A0 =0.01

(1) The compressive residual stress at the surface,
s rc
s , and the maximum compressive residual stress,
s rc
max, can be calculated empirically knowing the metal
yield strength, s0.2 and the ultimate tensile strength, sb:
mm; for steel with sb = 870–1000 MPa, A0 = 0.09 mm.
sA0.2 is the yield strength of 70 spring steel (Arc height
strip); sAb is the ultimate tensile strength. sA0.2 =1120
MPa, sAb = 1270 MPa.

Table 9
The value of K for different targets

sb (MPa) 2000 1800 1600 1300 1100 940 550

K 0.431 0.487 0.610 0.771 0.864 0.917 0.125

72 S. Wang et al. / Journal of Materials Processing Technology 73 (1998) 64–73

Table 10
Test verification of Eq. (12)

Metal sb (MPa) Z0 (mm)

fA = 0.3 mm X (%) fA =0.4 mm X (%) Ref.

(T) (C) (T) (C)

40Cr 1910 210 182 13 250 230 8 [6]

40Cr 1460 245 247 1 290 316 9 [6]
40Cr 1120 290 296 2 405 381 2 [6]
40Cr 750 425 399 6 485 503 4 [6]
Ti6Al4V 750 400 399 1 [23]
LC9 490 450 437 3 [17]
E460 670 300 296 1 [16]
35 NCD 16 1110 310 296 5 [3]
70 1270 256 274 7 370 352 5
20Cr(A3) 1615 360 350 3
30CrMo(B2) 1790 330 310 6
30CrMo(C1) 1140 375 377 1
45(G1) 580 335 310 7
45(H2) 780 385 395 3

Note: T — tested; C — Calculated; X—deviation.

Fig. 8. Coefficient K versus the ultimate tensile strength sb of the
metals.
References
[1] W. Schutz, Shot peening of components to improve fatigue
strength, Proc. Third Int. Conf. on Shot Peening (ICSP-3),
Garmisch-Partenkichen, Germany, 12–17 Oct., 1987, pp. 501 –
506.
[2] P. Starker, H. Wohlfahrt, E. Macherauch, Fatigue and Fracture
of Engineering Materials and Structures, (1) (1979) 319.
[3] A. Bignonnet, Fatigue strength of shot-peened grade 35NCD16
steel variation of residual stresses introduced by shot peening
according to type of loading, Proc. Third Int. Conf. on Shot
Peening (ICSP-3), Garmisch-Partenkichen, Germany, 12 – 17
Oct., 1987, pp. 659 –666.
[4] M. Yao, S.P. Wang, J.K. Li, R.Z. Wang, An aspect of internal
fatigue limit for metals with aid of strength appraisal on hard-
ened steels, Acta Metall. Sinica 29 (1) (1993) A511 – A519 (in
Chinese).
[5] S.P. Wang, Research on the fatigue behaviour of surface
strengthened metals. Ph.D. Dissertation, Harbin Institute of
Technology (1994) (in Chinese).
[6] J.K. Li, A study of the theory of the shot-peening. Ph.D.
Dissertation, Harbin Institute of Technology (1989) (in Chinese).
[7] R.F. Brodrick, Protective shot-peening of propellers, Wright Air
Development Center Technical Report, TR55 – 56 (1955) 51.
[8] R.F. Brodrick, Protective shot-peening of propellers, Wright Air
Development Center Technical Report, TR55 – 56 (1955) 306.
[9] A. Niku-Lari, Proc. ICSP-2, Chicago (Second Int. Conf. on Shot
Peening) (14 – 17 May 1984) p. 102.
[10] D.B. Braski, D.M. Royster, X-ray measurement of residual
stress in titanium alloy sheet, in: J.B. Newkird, G.R. Mallett
(Eds.), Advances in X-ray Analysis, vol 10 (1966) p. 295.
[11] M.B. Happ, Shot peening bolt holes in aircraft engine hardware,
Proc. Second Int. Conf. on Shot Peening (ICSP-2), Chicago,
14 – 17 May, 1984, pp. 43 – 49.
[12] J.L. Waisman, Report from Technical Service Co. to Metal
Improvement Co. (1952).
[13] J. Bergstrom, T. Ericsson, Relaxation of shot peening induced
compressive stress during fatigue of notched steel samples, Proc.
Second Int. Conf. on Shot Peening (ICSP-2), Chicago, 14–17
May, 1984, pp. 241 – 248.
[14] R.Z. Wang, X.B. Li, Y.F. Yin, The effects of shot-peening on
stress corrosion cracking behavior and stainless steel, Proc.
ICSP-2, pp. 143 – 151.
[15] Y.M. Chen, R.Z. Wang, Investigation on the effect of shot
peening on the elevated temperature fatigue behavior of superal-
loy, Proc. ICSP-3, pp. 253 – 260.
[16] A. Bignonnet, H.P. Lieurad, L. Picouet, L. Cestex, Shot peening
of welded joints and residual stress relaxation during fatigue,
Proc. ICSP-3, pp. 585 – 593.
[17] R.Z. Wang, X.B. Li, H. Wu, Relationship between shot peening
surface strain layer and the fatigue strength of high-strength
aluminium alloy, Proc. ICSP-3, pp. 417 – 422.
 S. Wang et al. / Journal of Materials Processing Technology 73 (1998) 64–73
[18] Q. Qiu, R.Z. Wang, Influence of the change of microstructure and
residual stress field in the surface shot-peening straining layer on
fatigue behaviour, Proc. ICSP-3, pp. 231–238.
[19] D.Q. Zhang, K.W. Xu, X.K. Wang, N.S. Hu, Residual stress
concentration and its effect on notch fatigue strength, Proc.
ICSP-3, pp. 625 – 630.
[20] J. Hoffmann, B. Scholtes, O. Vohringer, E. Macherauch, Thermal
relaxation of shot peening residual stresses in the differently heat
treated plain carbon steel CK45, Proc. ICSP-3, pp. 239– 264.
73
[21] Shot Peening Application, 5th ed., Metal Improvement Co.
(1977).
[22] R.Z. Wang, X.B. Li, Y.G. Tan, M.G. Yan, Investigation on
the microstructure in shot-peening surface straining layer of
materials, ICSP-1, Paris (14 – 17 September 1981) pp. 185–
192.
[23] J. Bergstrom, T. Ericsson, X-ray microstructure and residual
stress analysis of shot peened surface layers during fatigue
loading, Proc. ICSP-3, pp. 221 – 230.