2 Surface Additives VTW

Surface Additives
Wesel, October 2020

Volker Thyssen-Wallner, Head of Application Technology Surface
Topics today
1 2 3 4 5
Surface Substrate Silicone Acrylates New

Tension and Wetting, Flow based Technologies
Energy and Leveling Additives and Latest
Products
Page 2 Surface Additives V.Thyssen-Wallner

Surface Tension
Definition
Page 3 February 2020 BYK, Surface Additives

Surface Tension
air liquid
Within a liquid, the cohesive forces compensate each other

and there is no resulting directed force
At the liquid / gas interface, the cohesive forces are directed inwards
and sidewards, resulting in a contracting force at the interface which
induces the spherical form of the droplet

Surface Tension
Interfacial tension
Between a liquid and a solid there are adhesive forces,

leading to spreading. The cohesive forces within the liquid are
counteracting
and lead to retraction.
liquid
adhesive adhesive
force cohesive forces force
Substrate
Spreading: work of adhesion > work of cohesion

Surface Tension
Polar & disperse portions
Good substrate wetting:

liquid < substrate
• The total surface tension is the sum

of disperse interactions and polar forces
 = D (disperse) + P (polar)
• disperse interactions = van der Waals
• polar forces = dipol-dipol, hydrogen
bonding, acid-base reactions

Typical Surface Tensions

Surface Tension – Surface Energy
Selection of various liquids and solids
80
70 dispers polar
60
50
40
mN/m
30
20
10

Surface Tension – Surface Energy - Influence on Application
Same Coating, applied onto 2 Different Substrates
Substrate with Substrate with

lower suface energy: higher suface energy:
de-wetting and poor leveling wetting and good leveling

Influence on Substrate wetting

Test methods
Static surface tension Ring detachment method

Bubble pressure
Liquid Dynamic surface tension tensiometer
Substrate Surface tension Contact angle

Static and Dynamic Surface Tension
Bubble Pressure Method

Measurement of Dynamic Surface Tension of Liquids
A measurement technique for determining surface
tension at short surface ages. Maximum pressure
of each bubble is measured.
Static Surface Tension Dynamic Surface Tension

Static and Dynamic Surface Tension
Bubble Pressure Method

Measurement of Dynamic Surface Tension of Liquids
A measurement technique for determining surface
tension at short surface ages. Maximum pressure
of each bubble is measured.
Static Surface Tension Dynamic Surface Tension

Leveling
What influences leveling?

• Rheology
• Time
• Surface tension
How to improve leveling?

• Deflocculating W+D-additives
(rheology in pigmented systems)
• Solvents (drying time)
• Resins
• Additives (Surface Tension)

Leveling

after application after drying
leveling
additive

Leveling
(smallest possible interface liquid/air)

Leveling
What improves leveling most: high or low surface tension?
Mercury Smallest surface area

= excellent leveling
Surface tension = 484 mN/m

higher surface tension = better leveling!

Flow

after application after drying
Leveling/flow
control additive

Floating
Bernard´cells
Bernard´cell formation
Solvents evaporating from a coating film

cause vortex flows in the respective film.
These arise because the more solvent-rich
materials from the lower layers of the film
must be continuously transported to the
surface.
This leads to the formation of a
macroscopically visible cell structure (Bénard
cells).

Substrate Wetting and Leveling

Substrate Wetting, Flow and Leveling
How to adjust?
Substrate Wetting, Flow and Leveling can be adjusted by using surface additives
• Modified Silicones
• Silicone Surfactants
• Acrylates (not part of this presentation)
• Special Products (not part of this presentation)

Silicones
Basic Silicone Chemistry
Hydrolysis/Condensation of Chlorosilanes to Polysiloxanes
At small n (3, 4, 5, ...) rings are formed:
D3
D4
For larger n chains are formed: D5

Silicone Chemistry
Polysiloxane-based Additives for all Kinds of Systems and Needs
Not for water-borne systems!
n 2 - 27 45 - 230 380 - 1500 1800 - 2900

Silicone Defoamer Chemistry
Modification by Condensation and Hydrosilylation
CH3 CH3
R
1 R1 = Alkyl or Aryl
1
+ H2C R Si O Si CH2 R Polyether
Polyester
CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3
n Polyether / Polyester
R Si O Si H Fluorinated alkyl
CH3 CH3
n HO
CH3 CH3
+ R
1
R Si O Si O R
1
CH3 n
CH3

Organically modified polysiloxanes
CH3 CH3
(CH3)3Si O Si O Si O Si(CH3)3
CH3 CH3
z
modification

Organic
(CH3)3Si O Si O Si(CH3)3
CH3
x y
Modifications: Alkyl mN/m

• Polyether (EO / PO) Polyester CH3 21
• Alkyl up to C30 Aralkyl
CH2CH3 26
• Perfluoroalkyl Polycarbonate
• Polyurethane … (CH2)9CH3 32

Organically modified polysiloxanes
Equilibration reaction:
Synthesis of multifunctional polysiloxane building blocks
H Silicone chain H Silicone chain
H H H H
bifunctional multifunctional
 
ABA structure Comb structure
Modification Silicone chain Modification Silicone chain
Modification
Modification
Modification
Modification
Control of performance
• Variation of molecular weight
• Variation of polarity
• Variation of structure

Reduction of Surface Tension
e.g. in a Solvent-based System
Modified silicone polymers
30
29
BYK-320
mN/m
28
BYK-331
27
BYK-300
26 BYK-310
BYK-333
25 BYK-378
Dosage level

Silicones – good to know
Influence on Coefficient of Friction (COF) respectively Surface Slip by
Silicones
BYK-378
BYK-333
Surface Slip
BYK-310
BYK-300
BYK-331
BYK-320
Dosage

Influence on Coefficient of Friction (COF) respectively Surface Slip
Higher dimethyl content =

higher slip (lower COF)

Measuring Coefficient of Friction
FN = m • g force sensor
Ffriction
F COF = coefficient of friction

COF =
FN m = mass of the weight
g = acceleration of gravity

Altek Coefficient of Friction Measurement

Mobility of Silicones
Silicone additive
First paint layer
Second paint layer
<150°C Baking temperature of first paint layer >150°C

Intercoat Adhesion
Influence of silicone dosage level
0,01 % 0,1 % 0,2 %
Influence of baking temperature
130 °C 150 °C 170 °C

Silicone Basics
pH-Stability of Silicones
pH-values
➢ Influence on stability of silicone based products
➢ Silicone based additives are stable between 5 – 9 neutral
acidic alkaline
Recommendation
Storage stability tests to check
the performance if the pH value
is at a critical level. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Silicone Defoamer Chemistry
Stability of Silicone-Oxygen (Si-O-C) Bonds
▪ although the Si-O bond is one of the strongest known it may be cleaved by extreme pH conditions
▪ the hydrolysis lead to cyclic and low molecular weight compounds like silanols
Hydrolysis by a base
Hydrolysis by an acid

Cyclic Siloxane Compounds in Silicone-based Additives and their Impact on
Your Products
Since 27th June 2018 silicone-based products with a content of D4 / D5 / D6 cyclic siloxane compounds
equal to or higher than 0.1% each have to be labeled as „Substance of Very High Concern“ (SVHC)
in the EU safety data sheet (SDS).
BYK offers purified alternatives with a reduced residual content of D4 / D5 / D6 cycles

to less than 0.1% each to ensure a safe use in any formulation.
What does “purified” mean?
By adding an additional production step after the polymerization of the additive the
cyclic siloxane content D4 / D5 / D6 is reduced to less than 0.1% each

Silicones – Product Overview
Surface Additives
Overview of Non-Reactive Silicones
Explanation:
Surface Tension COF
Solvent-borne
Reduction Coefficient of friction
Universal
(solvent- &
water-borne) Strong BYK-3760 BYK-378 Low
Solvent-borne + BYK-306
defoaming properties
BYK-330 BYK-333
Solvent-borne +
heat-stable
BYK-307
Solvent-borne +
heat-stable +
defoaming properties BYK-310/-313
BYK-342
BYK-302
BYK-300 BYK-301
BYK-331
BYK-323
BYK-332 BYK-327
BYK-320
BYK-325 N
BYK-315 N
BYK-326
BYK-322 High
Low
Low Polarity High
Surface Additives
Overview of Non-Reactive Silicones
Explanation:
Surface Tension COF
Solvent-borne
Universal
(solvent- &
water-borne) Strong BYK-3760 BYK-378 / BYK-3764 Low
Solvent-borne + BYK-306 / BYK-3761
defoaming properties
BYK-330 / BYK-3763 BYK-333
Solvent-borne +
heat-stable
BYK-307 / BYK-3762
Solvent-borne +
heat-stable +
defoaming properties BYK-310/-313
BYK-342 / BYK-3754
BYK-302 / BYK-3752
BYK-300 / BYK-3750 BYK-301/ BYK-3751
BYK-331 / BYK-3753
BYK-323 / BYK-3780
BYK-332 BYK-327
BYK-320
BYK-325 N
Cyclic siloxane
content below 0.1%
BYK-315 N
BYK-326
BYK-322 High
Low
Low Polarity High
Surface Additives
Overview of Reactive Silicones
Explanation:
Surface Tension COF
Silicone based:
Solvent-borne,
heat-stable +
OH-functional
Strong BYK SILCLEAN-3700 Low
Universal BYK-375
heat-stable + BYK-SILCLEAN 3701 BYK SILCLEAN-3720
OH-functional
Water-borne + BYK UV-3505 BYK-377

OH-functional
BYK-UV 3500
Solvent-borne +
OH-functional
BYK UV-3575 BYK-370
Acrylic-functional
Solvent-borne,
epoxy-functional
*Silicone-free
BYK-UV 3570
Acrylic-functional
Solvent-borne,
OH-functional BYK UV-3576
BYK-UV 3530
BYK-394* BYK UV-3535* High

Low
Low Polarity High
Surface Additives
Overview of Reactive Silicones
Explanation:
Surface Tension COF
Silicone based:
Solvent-borne,
heat-stable +
OH-functional
Strong BYK SILCLEAN-3700 Low
Universal BYK-375
heat-stable + BYK-SILCLEAN 3701 BYK SILCLEAN-3720
OH-functional
Water-borne + BYK UV-3505 BYK-377 / BYK-3771

OH-functional
BYK-UV 3500
Solvent-borne +
OH-functional
BYK UV-3575 BYK-370 / BYK-3770
Acrylic-functional
Solvent-borne,
epoxy-functional
*Silicone-free
BYK-UV 3570
Acrylic-functional
Solvent-borne,
OH-functional BYK UV-3576
Cyclic siloxane
content below 0.1% BYK-UV 3530
BYK-394* BYK UV-3535* High

Low
Low Polarity High
BYK-UV Surface Additives
Overview
Product Impact on reduction of Solvent Active Functionality

surface tension substance (acryl)
BYK-UV 3500 very strong - 100 2

BYK-UV 3505 very strong TPGDA 40 2
at low dosages
BYK-UV 3510 strong - 100 0
BYK-UV 3530 little - 100 1
BYK-UV 3535 none - 100 1
(silicone free)
BYK-UV 3570 strong PONPGD 70 4
(not for water UV) A
BYK-UV 3576 medium TPGDA 40 4

BYK-UV 3575 medium-strong TPGDA 40 4
TPGDA = Tripropylenglykoldiacrylat PONPGDA = Propoxyliertes Neopentylglykoldiacrylat

BYK-UV Surface Additives
Influence on Coefficient of Friction respectively Surface Slip
Increase surface slip compared to control in %

BYK-UV 3505
BYK-UV 3500
BYK-UV 3575
BYK-UV 3570
BYK-UV 3576
BYK-UV 3530
BYK-UV 3535
(silicon-free)
Test system:
Additive dosage in % 100% polyester acrylate

Surfactants
Polysiloxane Surfactants
Improvement of Substrate Wetting in Water-borne Systems
Si(CH3)3
CH3 O
Si
CH3
O
Polyether (CH2)m Si CH3
EO/PO
O CH3
Si
O
CH3 Si(CH3)3
polar none polar

Spreading

Good Substrate Wetting
liquid  substrate
Surface tension (mN/m)
0,05 0,1 Dosage level (%)

Substrate Wetting
Water-borne systems
Additives to achieve a lower surface tension
 
Fluoro surfactants • Silicone surfactants
but – for environmental reasons – • Modified silicone polymers
they get increasingly banned and • Acrylates
their use is being legally restricted
• Alcohol alkoxylates

Reduction of Surface Tension
Water-borne Systems
Surface tension (mN/m)

Modified silicone
Alcohol alcoxylate
Silicone surfactant
Fluoro surfactant
0,05 0,1 Dosage level (%)

Foam Stabilization in Resin Emulsion
Diluted Acrylic Emulsion
Silicone Fluor-
Control surfactant surfactant

Application Example BYK-3400 & BYK-014
System Based on Water-borne Polyurethane
70 1
0,9
60
0,8
50
Surface Tension (mN/m)

0,7
Foam Volume (cm)

surface tension of the
0,6
40 substrate = 37 mN/m
0,5
30
0,4
20 0,3
0,2
10
0,1
0 0
Control 1% BYK-3400 1% BYK-3400 +
0,2% BYK-014

Application Example BYK-3400 & BYK-014
System Based on Water-borne Polyurethane
1% BYK-3400
Control & 0,2% BYK-014

Reduction of Dynamic Surface Tension
Surface Tension in mN/m
40
30
BYK-349 BYK-345 BYK-DYNWET 800N

20
0,2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Frequency in Hz
High Low
0,2% Additive

Surface Slip in Water-borne Systems
1.0
silicone surfactant,
e.g. BYK-349
COF
0.2 Polymeric silicone,

e.g. BYK-333
Low Dosage High

Surface Additives for Water-borne Systems
Overview of Surfactants
MW
BYK-349
All products: BYK-3455

Cyclic siloxane BYK-345 / BYK-346
content below 0.1%
BYK-348
BYK-3456
BYK-347
BYK-3400
BYK-3410
Silicone free
BYK-DYNWET 800N
Silicone free
Polarity very high

Silicone Surfactants
Co-Solvent Content in Aqueous Systems
BYK-345 / BYK-346 Universal, Standard
BYK-347
Fast, for wetting of low
energetic substrates
Standard for BYK-333 / BYK-3760 / BYK-3764
BYK-348
co-solvent free systems
Universal, for VOC free systems,
BYK-349 almost no impact on foam stabilization
BYK-3455 More hydrophobic, substrate wetting + improved leveling,
BYK-3456 lowest foam stabilizing tendency
0% 5% 15%
Content of organic solvents in the total solvent blend

Acrylates
Poly(meth)acrylate based additives
• Homopolymers,
1 statistical or block copolymers
R
• R1 = - H (Acrylate)
- CH3 (Methacrylate)
C CH2
• R2 = - Alkyl
- Polyester
C=O - Polyether
- Silicone
- Salt
O
• Possible reactive groups:
- OH
R2 - COOH
n

Acrylate Leveling Additives
Effect
• No reduction of surface tension
• Prevention of local surface tension differences
Mechanism
• Controlled incompatibility by
• variation of molecular weight
• variation of polarity

Orientation towards the surface by controlled incompatibility
leveling additives
optimum too incompatible too compatible

Overview
Molecular weight Explanation:
Leveling
Leveling + Defoaming Water-borne
80000 BYK-354
Leveling + substrate wetting
BYK-390
Leveling + defoaming
60000
Anti-Popping
BYK-352
40000 contain Fluorine
Release effect, OH reactive
Leveling BYK-3441
Defoaming / Anti-popping
20000
BYK- 3440 Polymer based,
BYK-392
leveling + substrate wetting
BYK-350 BYK-381
BYK-356/355
10000
BYK-359 BYK-394
BYK-361N/358N
BYK-399
0
Low Polarity High
Key Properties of BYK-399
Excellent leveling properties with high BYK-399

DOI values
Highly compatible
Provides a very clear image in high
gloss systems
Provides a high surface hardness

Acrylate leveling additives may soften Alkyl modification
the surface Polymer backbone
Provides a slight reduction of surface

tension (around 1 - 3 mN/m)
Improves the substrate wetting

Compensates substrate variations
Reduces edge beading
Slight anti-cratering effect

Water-borne / Solvent-based systems
Water-borne Solvent-based
 
• high cohesive forces • low cohesive forces
• high surface tension • low surface tension
• more foam stabilization
 
Additives absolutely needed Additives for fine tuning

Specialities and Latest Products
Polyether Macromer Technology
polymerisable
group
oligomer or polymer
(polyether, polysiloxane…)
Example:

Additives for Automotive (multilayer) Coating Systems
Clear coat (protection / gloss)

4 < 3
Base coat (color)

3 < 2 Surface tension/
energy between
Primer surface (leveling) layers
2 < 1
CED (corrosion)
1

Polyether-polyacrylate Hybride
+ =
polyether- acrylate- comb-shaped
macromer monomer polyether modified polyacrylate
Hydrophilic additive

Better overcoatability

BYK-3550
Reduction of Surface Tension of the Liquid Paint with BYK-3550
31.5
31.0
30.5
30.0
29.5
Control
mN/m
29.0
BYK-307
28.5
BYK-3550
28.0
27.5
27.0
26.5
26.0
0 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3
% Additive active substance on total formulation
System: Acrylate – Melamine Clearcoat

Low Impact on Surface Slip with BYK-3550
because of low Silicone Content on the Paint Surface
2.5
2.0
Newton
1.5
Control
BYK-307
1.0 BYK-3550
0.5
0
0 0,1 0,2 0,3
% Additive active substance on total formulation
Measurement surface slip with a 500 g weight
System: Acrylate – Melamine Clearcoat

BYK-3560
BYK-3560
Mode of Action
Macromer-modification
leads to higher surface
polarity
High surface energy
Better wetting
Coating
Substrate
Polyether macromer with high polarity Non-reactive

polyacrylate chain
Polyacrylate chain
causes the necessary
incompatibility with resin

BYK-3560
used in Solvent Borne Primer Surfacer
Adding 10 drops of
water on primer
surfacer to see the
wettability.
1. Panel / left side
= control
2. Panel / right side
= +0.3% BYK-3560

BYK 3560 in a Solvent-borne Primer-Surfacer
Improved Substrate Wetting of a Water-borne Basecoat
Wetting Up Test
Water Borne Base Coat
0 µm
Clearcoat
45 µm
Primer Surface r + 0.2% BYK-3560

Basecoat
12-15 µm
Primer-surfacer
30 µm
Electrocoat
18 µm
Base Coat
Car body
Control 0.2% BYK 3560 25 µm

Possible Advantage of using BYK-3560 for adhesion
High surface tension and possibly very good adhesion

of any layer applied onto the coating:
• recoated with paint
• PUR foam
• Adhesives
• Foils
Sandwich panels

BYK-3565 / BYK-3566
BYK-3565 / BYK-3566
Evolution of Acrylic Surface Additives
/3566

BYK-3565 / BYK-3566
Product Properties
Chemistry Polyether macromer and silicone

macromer - modified polyacrylate
Solid content > 97%
Solvents -
Appearance Colorless - yellowish / clear - slightly

turbid
Dosage 0.1-2.0%

Substrate Wetting of a Water-borne Base Coat on an Additive Modified
Solvent-borne Primer Surfacer
Test system:
Wedge application of a water-
borne base coat onto a solvent-
borne primer surfacer, partly
modified with a surface-active Dry film thickness
additive
Additive dosage: 0 µm
Active substance on total
primer surfacer Control 0.1% Standard 0.3% 0.3% 0.3%
silicone BYK-3550 BYK-3560 BYK-3565
20 µm
Basislack additive
0 µm
Base coat
Primer surfacer + Additive
20 µm

Macromer Modified Acrylic Additives
Surface Energy Increase of a Water-borne Base Coat
The longer the silicone chain the better the orientation to the surface.
in mN/M
Disperse parts Polar parts

60,0
46,1
50,0 44,4
40,0
27,2
22,9
30,0
16,2
11,0 12,5
3,6
Test system: 20,0 21,8
Electrostatically applied
water-borne base coat 16,9 16,5 15,4
10,0 12,3 13,7
Drying conditions: 8,8 9,0
(10 min 23°C +10 min 80°C)
0,0
Control 0.3% 0.7% 0.3% 0.5% 0.7% 0.3% 0.7%
BYK-3560 BYK-3560 BYK-3565 BYK-3565 BYK-3565 BYK-3566 BYK-3566

Surface Additives
Macromer Modified Acrylic Additives
high
Explanation:
BYK-3550
Suitable for solvent-borne
Suitable for all systems,
Reduction of surface tension inclusive water-borne
Silicone modified
Polyether modified
Polyether and Silicone modifies
BYK-3566
low
BYK-3565
BYK-3560
neutral Surface Energy increase

New Surfactants
MW
BYK-349
All products: BYK-3455

Cyclic siloxane BYK-345 / BYK-346
content below 0.1%
BYK-348
BYK-3456
BYK-347
BYK-3400
BYK-3410
Silicone free
BYK-DYNWET 800N
Silicone free
Polarity very high

BYK-3450 / BYK-3451
Benefits BYK-3450 & BYK-3451
▪ Provide a combination of reduction of static surface tension and reduction of dynamic surface
tension
▪ Provide excellent spreading and wetting of water-borne inks and coatings on low polar substrates
BYK-3450: good water-solubility, slightly more impact on reduction of dynamic surface tension
especially recommended for PE, PVC and PET
BYK-3451: limited water solubility, slightly more impact on reduction of static surface tension
especially recommended for PE and PP, stronger, more un-polar
▪ Less foam stabilization

BYK-3480 / BYK-3481
BYK Defoaming Surfactants: BYK-3480 and BYK-3481
Formula for Success
Good BYK-3480
Effective application Foam and
substrate properties and
cratering
wetting (especially spray BYK-3481
application)
Silicone-based additives for effective substrate wetting combined with defoaming properties in water-borne and UV-Systems.

Excellent Leveling with BYK-3480 and BYK-3481
in a Spray-applied Clear-Coat based on a 2-pack PUR System
Control BYK-3480 BYK-3481 Comparison
System: Formulation 2: 2-pack PUR based on Setaqua 6511 und Setaqua 6520
Additive dosage: 0.1% active substance on total formulation
Co-Solvent Content: 3.4% in Component A // 12.1% in total formulation
Application method: Spray application on PMMA substrate

BYK-3480 and BYK-3481 Prevent Foam Stabilization
In a Water-borne 2-pack PUR System
System: Formulation 2: 2-pack PUR based on Setaqua 6511 und Setaqua 6520
Additive dosage: 0.2% active substance on component A

BYK-3480 and BYK-3481
Excellent Performance as “Trouble Shooting” and “Anti-Crater” Additive
Problem:
Unknown contamination caused
cratering after spray application
System:
Water-borne acrylic melamine
baking system
15% organic co-solvent content
(Dowanol PM : ethanol = 1:1)
Application:
Spray application
Additive dosage:
active substance on total formulation
Customer paint without Customer paint

BYK-3481
BYK-3480
BYK-3480
with post-addition of 0.5% BYK-3480

Silicone surfactant
universal
Silicone surfactant
MW improved leveling
Defoaming
silicone surfactants
BYK-3480
(Silicone) Surfactants
dynamic
Tri-Siloxanes
BYK-3481 BYK-349
All products:
BYK-3455 BYK-345 / BYK-346 Cyclic siloxane
content below 0.1%
BYK-348
BYK-3456
BYK-347 BYK-3450
BYK-3451 BYK-3400
BYK-3410
BYK-DYNWET 800
Polarity very high

Silicone surfactant
universal
Silicone surfactant
Defoaming
BYK-3480
dynamic
Tri-Siloxanes
BYK-3481 BYK-349
All products:
BYK-3455 BYK-345 / BYK-346 Cyclic siloxane
content below 0.1%
BYK-348
BYK-3456
BYK-347 BYK-3450
BYK-3451 BYK-3400
BYK-3410
BYK-DYNWET 800
Polarity very high

Silicone surfactant
Surfactants have one property in common: great substrate wetting properties universal
and additionally:
Silicone surfactant
Defoaming
BYK-3480
Defoaming dynamic
Tri-Siloxanes
BYK-3481 BYK-349
BYK-3455 All products:

BYK-345 Cyclic siloxane
Improved BYK-346
BYK-348
content below 0.1%
Leveling
BYK-3456
BYK-347 BYK-3450
BYK-3451 BYK-3400
BYK-3410
BYK-DYNWET
Dynamic 800N
Polarity very high

Surface Additives in Water-borne Systems
Reduction of dynamic Universal Silicone Surfactants

surface tension
Tri-Siloxanes Silicone Surfactants
Silicone free Wetting od low polar substrates
BYK-345 Improved leveling
Defoaming Silicone Surfactants
BYK-DYNWET 800 BYK-346

BYK-3450 BYK-3455 BYK-3480
BYK-3410 BYK-347
Silicone based BYK-3451 BYK-348 BYK-3456 BYK-3481
BYK-3400 BYK-349
• Small and „fast“ • Fast • Ideal for all kind of • Wide resin • Especially (but not
surfactants • Excellent substrates compatibility only) suitable for
• Strong impact on spreading on low • Very wide resin • Ideal for water-borne spray applied
reduction of polar substrates compatibility UV systems systems
dynamic surface • Good performance • Good leveling
tension with porous properties
substrates • Defoaming
• Very good leveling
Surfactants have one property in common: great substrate wetting properties
The effect of surfactants is system dependant

Co-Solvent Content in Aqueous Systems
BYK-345 / BYK-346 Universal, Standard
BYK-347
Fast, for wetting of low
energetic substrates
Standard for BYK-333 / BYK-3760 / BYK-3764
BYK-348
co-solvent free systems
Universal, for VOC free systems,
BYK-349 almost no impact on foam stabilization
BYK-3455 More hydrophobic, substrate wetting + improved leveling,
BYK-3456 lowest foam stabilizing tendency
BYK-3450 Fast, excellent spreading on low polar

BYK-3451 substrates
BYK-3480
Defoaming, excellent substrate wetting
BYK-3481
0% 5% 15%
Content of organic solvents in the total solvent blend

BYK-SILCLEAN Family
BYK-SILCLEAN 3700
for Solvent-borne Systems
I I I
OH
OH I OH I
OH OH
Acrylate backbone
Polysiloxane side chain
Benefits BYK-SILCLEAN 3700:

• Improved water and oil repellency
• Provides easy to clean and anti-graffiti-properties
• Improves leveling
(Limited outdoor stability)

BYK-SILCLEAN 3701
for Solvent-borne Expoxy Systems
w/o additive B-SILCLEAN 3701 w/o additive B-SILCLEAN 3701 w/o additive B-SILCLEAN 3701
1.0% 1.0% 1.0%
Dust Hydrophobic Oleophobic

Acrylate backbone
Polysiloxane side chain
Benefits BYK-SILCLEAN 3701 : Side chain bearing epoxy reactive gropus

• Provides easy to clean properties in top-coats with long
term effect over several cleaning intervals
• Improved water resistance, leveling and slip along with
no foam stabilization Epoxy functionality allows crosslinking with epoxy
• Offers de-icing properties matrix providing long-term efficiency.

BYK-SILCLEAN 3720
for Water-borne Systems
HO OH OH
HO HO OH
OH
HO
OH
water-borne HO
acrylate/NCO HO OH
topcoat OH
sprayed with an HO
Acrylic based
areosol paint
4% BYK-SILCLEAN 3720 No additive
as supplied on total formulation Polysiloxane backbone, non-polar
Organic modification, non-polar
Benefits BYK-SILCLEAN 3720:
• Provides easy-to-clean / anti-graffiti properties in water-
borne coatings OH-functional groups, make product water-compatible
• Recommended for baking systems, 2pack systems,
UV systems

Thank you for participating!
Within the next couple of days you will receive an email with
• your personal certificate of attendance attached
• a link to our post-event website where you will find all presentations as PDF files for
download
Questions are always welcome after the WEBseminar:
Technical.Service.BYK.Wesel@altana.com
ACTAL®, ADD-MAX®, ADD-VANCE®, ADJUST®, ADVITROL®, ANTI-TERRA®, AQUACER®, AQUAMAT®, AQUATIX®,
BENTOLITE®, BYK®, BYK®-DYNWET®, BYK®-MAX®, BYK®-SILCLEAN®, BYKANOL®, BYKETOL®, BYKJET®,
BYKO2BLOCK®, BYKOPLAST®, BYKUMEN®, CARBOBYK®, CERACOL®, CERAFAK®, CERAFLOUR®, CERAMAT®,
CERATIX®, CLAYTONE®, CLOISITE®, DISPERBYK®, DISPERPLAST®, FULACOLOR®, FULCAT®, GARAMITE®,
GELWHITE®, HORDAMER®, LACTIMON®, LAPONITE®, MINERAL COLLOID®, MINERPOL®, NANOBYK®, OPTIBENT®,
OPTIFLO®, OPTIGEL®, PAPERBYK®, PERMONT®, POLYAD®, PRIEX®, PURE THIX®, RECYCLOBLEND®,
RECYCLOBYK®, RECYCLOSSORB®, RECYCLOSTAB®, RHEOBYK®, RHEOCIN®, RHEOTIX®, SCONA®, SILBYK®,
TIXOGEL®, VISCOBYK® and Y 25® are registered trademarks of the BYK group
The information herein is based on our present knowledge and experience. The information merely describes the
properties of our products but no guarantee of properties in the legal sense shall be implied. We recommend testing our
products as to their suitability for your envisaged purpose prior to use. No warranties of any kind, either express or implied,
including warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose, are made regarding any products mentioned
herein and data or information set forth, or that such products, data or information may be used without infringing
intellectual property rights of third parties. We reserve the right to make any changes according to technological progress
or further developments.
Thank you
for your attention!
Background Si cyclic components

Why are Cyclic Silicone Components in our Products?
cyclic
siloxanes
DH-units
D-units
H+
D3
D4 D5
MDmDHnM
+ residual cyclic siloxanes
Cyclic Silicone Components (D4/D5/D6)
Inclusion of D4/D5/D6 in Candidate List (EU REACH SVHC List)
In the Past Since 27th June 2018
CMR substance
CMR substance
D4 D4
PBT vPvB SVHC
SVHC
D5 D5 PBT vPvB
D6 D6 PBT vPvB SVHC

Cyclic Silicone Components (D4/D5/D6)
What does that mean for BYK Additives?
The information in the BRIEF The SVHC listing of D4/D5/D6

document does not change. has not direct impact on
D4 is mentioned in Section 2 existing food contact statements.
as it is classified as a Why? For food contact evaluations,
CRM substance. a risk assessment approach is needed
and D4/D5/D6 has already
been taken into account since 2014.
BYK has the obligation to inform

if their products contain Impact on ecolabel
at least one of the SVHC documentation:
substance(s) with a concentration - Classification section
≥ 0.1% (w/w) via the EU SDS - SVHC section
(see Section 3 and 15). - PBT/vPvB section
Please contact the BRIEF Team

The Solution: Purified Additives from BYK
BYK is aware that additives labeled as SVHC (substance of very high concern) cannot be used in modern
coatings formulations.
They might require specific precautions in production and restrict the use in paints depending on the final
applications at end customers.
Alternatives to existing products with a D4 / D5 / D6 cyclic siloxane content less than 0.1% (w/w) each
were developed to avoid SVHC labeling on the EU-SDS
With these purified additives it is possible to use well-known but purified versions in existing and
new formulations.
What does “purified” mean?
By adding an additional production step after the polymerization of the additive the cyclic siloxane content
D4 / D5 / D6 is reduced to less than 0.1% each.

Purification: BYK Standard Process for Silicone-based Defoamers
Since years the silicone intermediates for the production of BYK silicone defoamers are being purified.
This process was already implemented in the years 2005 / 2006 with a focus on the market for
Architectural Coatings.
Target:
Significant reduction of the VOC-content by removal of impurities like cyclic siloxane compounds
generated during the production process.

2 Surface Additives VTW

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Surface Additives

Wesel, October 2020

Surface Substrate Silicone Acrylates New

Page 2 Surface Additives V.Thyssen-Wallner

Page 3 February 2020 BYK, Surface Additives

Within a liquid, the cohesive forces compensate each other

Page 4 Surface Additives V.Thyssen-Wallner

Between a liquid and a solid there are adhesive forces,

Spreading: work of adhesion > work of cohesion

Page 5 Surface Additives V.Thyssen-Wallner

Good substrate wetting:

• The total surface tension is the sum

Page 6 Surface Additives V.Thyssen-Wallner

Page 7 Surface Additives V.Thyssen-Wallner

Page 8 Surface Additives V.Thyssen-Wallner

Substrate with Substrate with

Page 9 Surface Additives V.Thyssen-Wallner

Page 10 Surface Additives V.Thyssen-Wallner

Static surface tension Ring detachment method

Page 11 Surface Additives V.Thyssen-Wallner

Bubble Pressure Method

Static Surface Tension Dynamic Surface Tension

Page 12 Surface Additives V.Thyssen-Wallner

Bubble Pressure Method

Static Surface Tension Dynamic Surface Tension

Page 13 Surface Additives V.Thyssen-Wallner

What influences leveling?

How to improve leveling?

Page 14 Surface Additives V.Thyssen-Wallner

Page 15 Surface Additives V.Thyssen-Wallner

What improves leveling most: high or low surface tension?

Mercury Smallest surface area

Surface tension = 484 mN/m

Page 16 Surface Additives V.Thyssen-Wallner

Solvents evaporating from a coating film

Page 18 Surface Additives V.Thyssen-Wallner

Page 19 Surface Additives V.Thyssen-Wallner

Page 20 Surface Additives V.Thyssen-Wallner

At small n (3, 4, 5, ...) rings are formed:

Page 22 Surface Additives V.Thyssen-Wallner

Not for water-borne systems!

n 2 - 27 45 - 230 380 - 1500 1800 - 2900

Page 23 Surface Additives V.Thyssen-Wallner

Page 24 Surface Additives V.Thyssen-Wallner

Modifications: Alkyl mN/m

Page 25 Surface Additives V.Thyssen-Wallner

H Silicone chain H Silicone chain

Page 26 Surface Additives V.Thyssen-Wallner

Modified silicone polymers

Page 27 Surface Additives V.Thyssen-Wallner

Page 29 Surface Additives V.Thyssen-Wallner

Higher dimethyl content =

Page 30 Surface Additives V.Thyssen-Wallner

F COF = coefficient of friction

Page 31 Surface Additives V.Thyssen-Wallner

Page 32 Surface Additives V.Thyssen-Wallner

First paint layer

Second paint layer

<150°C Baking temperature of first paint layer >150°C

Page 33 Surface Additives V.Thyssen-Wallner

Influence of silicone dosage level

0,01 % 0,1 % 0,2 %

Influence of baking temperature