Healthcare For All: A Woman’s Fundamental Right to

Autonomy

Sagufta Muktadir
Professor Jan Babcock
English 138T
17 April 2023
Brief Healthcare Background

Healthcare is defined as the physical, mental, and emotional well-being care of

individuals through trained medical professionals1. The United States has a very complex

healthcare system that is dependent on medical providers, payers, and patients. Currently, the

United States does not provide

free universal healthcare and

relies on both government-

funded and private companies to

pay for healthcare2. Public and

private hospitals both receive

payment from these two modes

Figure 1: The Flow of Money in US Healthcare of insurance. Oftentimes,

hospitals receive fixed payments, known as diagnostic-related group (DRG), based on the

treatment or procedure being done, and physicians receive wages separate from the DRGs3,

which are billed to the insurance company. On average, private insurance companies exceed the

hospital costs whereas public companies are usually underachieving those costs. On a separate

note, people who are without healthcare have to pay out-of-pocket, and those costs are

substantial. In fact, it is estimated that $800 billion will be spent for out-of-pocket spending in

20264, as the costs for healthcare continues to rise.

Healthcare Effects

As it can be seen, healthcare is a very convoluted and expensive venture for everyone.

However, this issue is exacerbated for certain minority groups, especially women. There is a lack
of awareness and prioritization of female issues that leads to gaps in funding for women’s

healthcare. Underfunding in healthcare can lead to

challenges and diseases that can remain unaddressed for

women5. Unfortunately, the pandemic has made this issue

even more prevalent. To avoid exposure, many women than

men had skipped on health care services such as yearly

checkups or refilling prescriptions. According to the KFF

Women’s Health Survey of 3,611 women, 38% responded

Figure 2: The Distribution of Women and Men
Getting Health Services During the Pandemic that they have skipped routine health services during

COVID-196. This percentage is higher among women who considered themselves as in either

fair or poor health, who usually do not have health insurance to cover doctor visits. When

women skip preventive health services, their health is more likely to deteriorate further and

“invisible” diseases are less likely to be caught, which increases the mortality rate.

Period Poverty

The current healthcare system is also unable to cover feminine hygiene products. The

lack of access to these products produces many problems for women in the United States. 1 in 5

teens are unable to afford tampons or pads and 4 in 5 miss school due to the lack of period

resources7. This is collectively known as period poverty and can have emotional, physical, and

mental health effects8. However, as problems arise with period poverty, the lack of access to

healthcare prevents many women from seeking the right care to manage the period symptoms.

Additionally, there are cultural taboos and stigma that prevents further healthcare for women and

achieving menstrual health9.

Contraceptives

Furthermore, access to contraceptives is a hassle and prevents many women from being

on any hormonal contraceptives. In fact, it wasn’t until 1972 when women had legal access to

birth control regardless of marital status10. However, with health care, birth control pills are not

that expensive and can be completely free with some government assisted programs. Not all

women have the means to access those types of

healthcare, which forces many women to pay out-

of-pocket. As mentioned earlier, COVID-19

disrupted the process of getting those

contraceptives and health care became a more

expensive endeavor, which prevented so many

women from taking control of their sexual health.

Figure 3: Impact on Women's Health Due to COVID-19

Main Issue

As a result, women need more healthcare coverage than men, threatening their health and

economic security11. Women are also more likely to face economic hardships, making it

substantially harder for them to garner healthcare. In a social and economic way, women are not

at the same status as men in that regard. From birth, women are barred from the resources that

would make them more productive individuals in a society. As women are considered inferior in

their roles as wives, mothers and daughters, their poverty is further highlighted when these roles

are no longer controlled by men as there is a lack of resources for them to become functioning

members of society, making them even poorer12. People in lower socioeconomic classes are

more likely to be in poor health and not go to medical professionals as often, further making their
health worse13. As healthcare coverage increases substantially each year, more and more women

will not be able to go to their preventative healthcare services and gather the required medical

attention they need. The World Health Organization states that one of the fundamental rights of a

human is to enjoy the highest standard of health, but they also say that many women are being

denied this right14. For every woman to have a right over their body and decision-making

policies, it is up to policymakers to ensure that they are getting quality healthcare services 15. In

the United States, there is a discrepancy in healthcare services as the prices have skyrocketed.

However, this issue is intensified for women through the inequal access in feminine hygiene and

sexual health products and preventative healthcare services. The United States can resolve this

issue by providing a more universal and free healthcare for women of all socioeconomic

backgrounds.

Current Regulations

In the United States, the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) manages

anything health related for American citizens and provides funding for initiatives to further

medical research and reduce medical costs16. Currently, there are eight regulations in act that

have impacted American health: Healthcare Quality Improvement Act of 1986, Medicare,

Medicaid, Children’s Health Insurance Program, Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program,

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, Patient Safety and Improvement

Act of 2005, and Affordable Care Act of 2010. Although all the regulations impact women

directly, the three main that has the biggest impact on healthcare services prices are Medicare,

Medicaid, and Affordable Care Act of 2010, which are all types of public insurance programs.
Medicare

On July 30, 1965, President Lyndon B.

Johnson allowed the formation of medical

insurance for people aged 65 and older known as

Medicare, which includes two parts: Part A is

hospital insurance and Part B is the actual

medical insurance17. In 1972, the program was

Figure 4: Medicare Services Breakdown
expanded to include people with end-stage renal

disease and allowed certain people under 65 in long-term disability to make use of this insurance.

In 2017, 15% of federal spending was used on Medicare and 20% in national health spending18.

Part A of the insurance allows Medicare usage if the patient or their spouse is eligible for Social

Security payments and have paid their taxes for 10 and more years 19. In general, if patients

qualify for Social Security benefits, they are eligible for Medicare. However, this program can

have substantial out-of-pocket costs. Part A premium-free deductible includes $1,600 in 2023

and Part B allows $226 per year20. As the elderly face more challenges in health, the costs can

increase to significant amounts that forces many patients to pay out-of-pocket, which many may

not have the right of funds to do so. This is even worse for elderly women who are already at a

disadvantage due to factors mentioned earlier.

Medicaid

Alongside with Medicare, another type of insurance was proposed that covered a larger

portion of the public – Medicaid. As such, it is United States’ public health insurance for people

with low income. The program covers 1 in 5 Americans and is the principal program of long-
term care21. Medicaid is a federal-state partnership, meaning that states can regulate the coverage

if it is up to federal standards. In 2020, 16% of

nonelderly women in America was covered by

Medicaid22. Medicaid has different eligibility

based on the states and their poverty rates, which

translates into different coverage rates for women.

For instance, the federal government regulates

that Medicaid must provide family planning Figure 5: Medicaid Partnership

programs, but states have a huge restriction on how much is offered. Due to the lack of

standardization of Medicaid for every woman, there are discrepancies of health care for them in

the country – some people may get benefits in one state while others do not in another state.

Affordable Care Act

On March 23, 2010, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act was signed into law

by President Barack Obama and allowed for every American to have health insurance23. The

main goals of this program were to make health insurance affordable, innovative, and expand

Medicaid, especially to families living in poverty24. The Affordable Care Act provides a lot of

benefits to everyone, especially women. Some benefits include that women do not have to pay

more than men for insurance policies, they cannot be denied coverage due to past medical

histories, and they are guaranteed coverage for reproductive health such as birth control,

mammograms, and cervical cancer screenings25. However, as with Medicaid, the ACA allowed

for the expansion of federal authority of healthcare but still allows states to regulate a vast

majority of health care for women. For example, Planned Parenthood is a fundamental
organization that provides family planning and reproductive health services. However, there are

instances in which ACA allows some states to exclude Planned Parenthood to be covered by

Medicaid26. There is still a lack of standardization for health coverage for women, despite ACA

making significant strides to expand care for women.

Pink Tax

Men and women have the same necessities

they require for their day-to-day life: deodorant,

soaps, lotions, razors, etc. However, the products that

are branded as specifically made for women are more

expensive that those marketed towards men27. The

differences in prices are known as the pink tax. On

average, women’s personal care items are 13% more

expensive than the male counterparts28. This pink tax

Figure 6: Period Tax in States
is very prevalent when it comes to period products,

which are treated as luxury items. Women need 40 period products each time they complete their

cycle29, but the pink tax makes the consuming of these products very expensive and a hassle for

women. Period products are not recognized as healthcare items and such insurance companies

are unable to pay for these items. Currently, only 23 states remove taxation from period products

and 5 do not have sales tax30.

Proposed Regulations

As seen with current healthcare policies implemented for women, a major disadvantage

for all the policies is that there is a lack of standardization of what services are offered. The ACA

has expanded the federal requirements for adequate healthcare, but in the end, states do control

majority of what is offered, especially to women. This can be fixed through employing universal

health coverage in the nation. The World Health Organization prioritizes universal health

coverage and plans to allow 1 billion more people to this service by 202531. A country that

participates in providing universal health coverage is Canada. It has a decentralized and universal

healthcare system called Canadian Medicare, which is funded by the country’s 13 provinces and

territories32. Each territory has their own set of regulations, but any necessary medical visits are

completely free for Canadian citizens and permanent residents. The Canadian government

finances and organizes health services from taxation. About 24% of funding is provided by the

Canada Health Transfer, the primary federal program that funds healthcare33. To receive federal

funding, each territory needs to accept the five factors of the Canadian Health Act: to be publicly

administered, comprehensive in care, universal, portable across locations, and accessible34. The

United States relies heavily on employer-based insurance and many of the working poor do not

qualify for government-funded programs, and to make matters worse, many jobs do not offer

satisfactory health insurance35. The United States can replicate Canadian’s model of universal

health coverage. Instead of relying on employer-based insurance, the United States can amend

ACA to allow for all Americans to have some hospital and patient-stay insurance, regardless of

job status. The private insurance can be used to fund more specific specialties such as dental and

vision care. Since majority of the working poor is comprised of women, they can have basic
health insurance to have the care they require immediately, instead of relying on their

occupation. The implementation of this can occur in a various of ways:

1. Amending The Affordable Care Act to include basic insurance for all. This can be done

through bill revisions and the Democratic party supporting this revision (the ACA was

created under the Democrats).

2. The healthcare would come out of taxpayers’ dollars, but higher income earners would be

taxed more than lower income earners. The revenue would then be used by the

Department of Health and Human Services to fund healthcare services under the new

ACA.

3. The United States government should have a higher negotiation power with the hospitals

and drug companies than private insurers. This ensures that costs of the taxes are low, and

everyone can get the medical attention they require.

Elimination of Pink Tax

For women to garner the full capability of their reproductive health, the ACA should

expand to prevent the taxation of period products for the whole nation. The ACA allows for

health insurance to cover birth control medication and other reproductive rights for women. As a

result, health insurance should also cover period products, which is a significant part of

reproductive health for women. If male external condoms are not taxed as means to not hinder

male reproductive systems, then why should period products be taxed? The implementation can

occur in:
 1. Expanding the ACA section of what is allowed for women to include tampons, pads, and

menstrual cup consumption as part of their unrestricted right to health insurance without

additional costs.

2. In 1981, Minnesota prevented all health products from sales tax and Massachusetts

declared period products as health devices in 2013 and stopped taxation36. The whole

nation can replicate this process and prevent all health products and devices from being

taxed, as they are necessary for survival.

Backlash

As with all new proposed policies, there can be significant backlash to the proposed

regulations. One significant backlash could be that if health insurance is standardized to fit the

nation, the government would be involved in health decisions, making healthcare a political

issue. The United States values the separation of federal and state governments in decisions, but

with this proposed regulation, the separation would be blurred. However, the benefit of having

universal insurance will allow the country to be healthier, and everyone, regardless of gender and

socioeconomic status, will have their own control of their heath. Another backlash will be the

rising taxes for American citizens, but that can be controlled if the government negotiates with

hospitals and drug companies.

Conclusion

As mentioned earlier, the access to quality healthcare is a fundamental right for all.

Unfortunately, not all women are able to have the same access to healthcare, as they are

considerably poorer than their male counterparts, and their occupations may prevent them from
qualifying for current government-assisted programs. For women to have their autonomy and to

prevent increasing mortality, it is important to implement some changes in the current healthcare

systems. This can be done by expanding the Affordable Care to a universal health coverage and

allowing period products to be covered, like how reproductive services are covered under the

current ACA policies. This can only be done when government officials and parties take the

initiative to understand that female healthcare is an important investment for the future. After all,

the future only starts when everyone has equal access to necessities and being healthy is a

fundamental right.
 Footnotes

1. Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Health Care Definition & meaning. Merriam-Webster.

Retrieved April 16, 2023, from https://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/health%20care
2. US Healthcare System Overview-Background. Ispor.org. (n.d.). Retrieved April 17, 2023,
from https://www.ispor.org/heor-resources/more-heor-resources/us-healthcare-system-
overview/us-healthcare-system-overview-background-page-1
3. US Healthcare System, Ispor.org
4. Bareham, H. (2022, November 16). Average out-of-pocket healthcare costs. Bankrate.
Retrieved April 17, 2023, from https://www.bankrate.com/loans/personal-loans/out-of-
pocket-healthcare-average-costs-and-how-to-finance-them/
5. Ghouaibi, A., & Nagpal, D. (2022, May 28). Access to healthcare: Why we need to
prioritize women and girlsAmi. World Economic Forum. Retrieved April 17, 2023, from
https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/05/access-to-healthcare-prioritize-woman-and-
girls/
6. Ranji, U., Frederiksen, B., Salganicoff, A., & Long, M. (2021, April 15). Women's
experiences with health care during the COVID-19 pandemic: Findings from the KFF
Women's Health Survey. KFF. Retrieved April 17, 2023, from
https://www.kff.org/womens-health-policy/issue-brief/womens-experiences-with-health-
care-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-findings-from-the-kff-womens-health-survey/
7. Davis, S., Clarke, G., & Lewis, N. (2021, April 6). Period poverty: The Public Health
Crisis we don't talk about. Period Poverty: The Public Health Crisis We Don't Talk
About. Retrieved April 17, 2023, from https://policylab.chop.edu/blog/period-poverty-
public-health-crisis-we-dont-talk-about
8. Michel, J., Mettler, A., Schönenberger, S., & Gunz, D. (2022, February 22). Period
poverty: why it should be everybody’s business. Journal of Global Health Reports.
Retrieved April 17, 2023, from https://www.joghr.org/article/32436-period-poverty-why-
it-should-be-everybody-s-business
9. Babbar, K., Martin, J., Ruiz, J., Parray, A. A., & Sommer, M. (2021, October
27). Menstrual Health is a public health and human rights issue. The Lancet Public
Health. Retrieved April 17, 2023, from
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpub/article/PIIS2468-2667(21)00212-7/fulltext
10. Beyer, D. (2020, February). The Economic Benefits of Birth Control and Access to
Family Planning. Joint Economic Committee. Retrieved April 17, 2023, from
https://www.jec.senate.gov/public/_cache/files/bb400414-8dee-4e39-abd3-
c2460fd30e7d/the-economic-benefits-of-birth-control-and-access-to-family-planning.pdf
11. Borchelt, G. (n.d.). The Impact Poverty Has on Women’s Health. Americanbar.org.
Retrieved April 17, 2023, from
https://www.americanbar.org/groups/crsj/publications/human_rights_magazine_home/
12. Cohen, M. (1994, May). Impact of poverty on women's health. Canadian Family
Physician. Retrieved April 17, 2023, from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2380188/pdf/canfamphys00099-
0101.pdf
13. Cohen, M, Impact of poverty
14. Cohen, M, Impact of poverty
15. Ghouaibi, A., & Nagpal, D., Access to healthcare
16. Regis College. (2021, November 2). 8 Important Regulations in United States Health
Care. Regis College Online. Retrieved April 17, 2023, from
https://online.regiscollege.edu/blog/8-important-regulations-united-states-health-care/
17. History: CMS' program history. CMS. (2021). Retrieved April 17, 2023, from
https://www.cms.gov/About-CMS/Agency-Information/History
18. An Overview of Medicare. KFF. (2019, February 13). Retrieved April 17, 2023, from
https://www.kff.org/medicare/issue-brief/an-overview-of-medicare/
19. An Overview of Medicare, KFF
20. Worstell, C. (2019, October 23). The Advantages and Disadvantages of Medicare.
MedicareSupplement.com. Retrieved April 17, 2023, from
https://www.medicaresupplement.com/coverage/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-
medicare/
21. Rudowitz, R., Garfield, R., & Hinton, E. (2019, March 6). 10 things to know about
Medicaid: Setting the facts straight. KFF. Retrieved April 17, 2023, from
https://www.kff.org/medicaid/issue-brief/10-things-to-know-about-medicaid-setting-the-
facts-straight/
22. Gomez, I., Ranji, U., Salginicoff, A., & Frederiksen, B. (2022, February 17). Medicaid
coverage for women. KFF. Retrieved April 17, 2023, from https://www.kff.org/womens-
health-policy/issue-brief/medicaid-coverage-for-women/
23. Davalon. (2022, October 13). History and Timeline of the Affordable Care Act (ACA).
eHealth. Retrieved April 17, 2023, from
https://www.ehealthinsurance.com/resources/affordable-care-act/history-timeline-
affordable-care-act-aca
24. Davalon, History and Timeliine
25. Why the Affordable Care Act Matters for Women: Summary of Key Provisions.
NationalPartnership.org. (2015, September). Retrieved April 17, 2023, from
https://www.nationalpartnership.org/our-work/resources/health-care/summary-of-key-
provisions.pdf
26. Gomez, I., Ranji, U., Salginicoff, A., & Frederiksen, B. Medicaid coverage
27. Feingold, S. (2022, July 14). What is the 'pink tax' and how does it hinder women? World
Economic Forum. Retrieved April 17, 2023, from
https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/07/what-is-the-pink-tax-and-how-does-it-hinder-
women/
28. Feingold, S, What is the ‘pink tax’
29. Tampon Tax. Alliance for PERIOD Supplies . (2022, September 21). Retrieved April 17,
2023, from https://allianceforperiodsupplies.org/tampon-tax/
30. Tampon Tax, Alliance for PERIOD
31. World Health Organization. (n.d.). Universal Health Coverage. World Health
Organization. Retrieved April 17, 2023, from https://www.who.int/health-
topics/universal-health-coverage#tab=tab_2
32. Tikkanen, R., Osborn, R., Mossialos, E., Djordjevic, A., & Wharton, G. A. (2020, June
5). Canada. The Commonwealth Fund. Retrieved April 17, 2023, from
https://www.commonwealthfund.org/international-health-policy-center/countries/canada
33. Tikkanen, R., Osborn, R., Mossialos, E., Djordjevic, A., & Wharton, G. A., Canada
34. Tikkanen, R., Osborn, R., Mossialos, E., Djordjevic, A., & Wharton, G. A., Canada
35. US vs. Canadian Healthcare: What is the difference? Ross University School of
Medicine. (2021, May 11). Retrieved April 17, 2023, from
https://medical.rossu.edu/about/blog/us-vs-canadian-healthcare
36. US vs. Canadian Healthcare: What is the difference? Ross University School of
Medicine.
 References

Babbar, K., Martin, J., Ruiz, J., Parray, A. A., & Sommer, M. (2021, October 27). Menstrual

Health is a public health and human rights issue. The Lancet Public Health. Retrieved

April 17, 2023, from https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpub/article/PIIS2468-

2667(21)00212-7/fulltext

Bareham, H. (2022, November 16). Average out-of-pocket healthcare costs. Bankrate. Retrieved

April 17, 2023, from https://www.bankrate.com/loans/personal-loans/out-of-pocket-

healthcare-average-costs-and-how-to-finance-them/

Beyer, D. (2020, February). The Economic Benefits of Birth Control and Access to Family

Planning. Joint Economic Committee. Retrieved April 17, 2023, from

https://www.jec.senate.gov/public/_cache/files/bb400414-8dee-4e39-abd3-

c2460fd30e7d/the-economic-benefits-of-birth-control-and-access-to-family-planning.pdf

Borchelt, G. (n.d.). The Impact Poverty Has on Women’s Health. Americanbar.org. Retrieved

April 17, 2023, from

https://www.americanbar.org/groups/crsj/publications/human_rights_magazine_home/

Cohen, M. (1994, May). Impact of poverty on women's health. Canadian Family Physician.

Retrieved April 17, 2023, from

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2380188/pdf/canfamphys00099-

0101.pdf

Davalon. (2022, October 13). History and Timeline of the Affordable Care Act (ACA). eHealth.

Retrieved April 17, 2023, from https://www.ehealthinsurance.com/resources/affordable-

care-act/history-timeline-affordable-care-act-aca
Davis, S., Clarke, G., & Lewis, N. (2021, April 6). Period poverty: The Public Health Crisis we

don't talk about. Period Poverty: The Public Health Crisis We Don't Talk About.

Retrieved April 17, 2023, from https://policylab.chop.edu/blog/period-poverty-public-

health-crisis-we-dont-talk-about

Feingold, S. (2022, July 14). What is the 'pink tax' and how does it hinder women? World

Economic Forum. Retrieved April 17, 2023, from

https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/07/what-is-the-pink-tax-and-how-does-it-hinder-

women/

Ghouaibi, A., & Nagpal, D. (2022, May 28). Access to healthcare: Why we need to prioritize

women and girlsAmi. World Economic Forum. Retrieved April 17, 2023, from

https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/05/access-to-healthcare-prioritize-woman-and-

girls/

Gomez, I., Ranji, U., Salginicoff, A., & Frederiksen, B. (2022, February 17). Medicaid coverage

for women. KFF. Retrieved April 17, 2023, from https://www.kff.org/womens-health-

policy/issue-brief/medicaid-coverage-for-women/

History: CMS' program history. CMS. (2021). Retrieved April 17, 2023, from

https://www.cms.gov/About-CMS/Agency-Information/History

Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Health Care Definition & meaning. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved April

16, 2023, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/health%20care

Michel, J., Mettler, A., Schönenberger, S., & Gunz, D. (2022, February 22). Period poverty: why

it should be everybody’s business. Journal of Global Health Reports. Retrieved April 17,

2023, from https://www.joghr.org/article/32436-period-poverty-why-it-should-be-

everybody-s-business
An overview of Medicare. KFF. (2019, February 13). Retrieved April 17, 2023, from

https://www.kff.org/medicare/issue-brief/an-overview-of-medicare/

Ranji, U., Frederiksen, B., Salganicoff, A., & Long, M. (2021, April 15). Women's experiences

with health care during the COVID-19 pandemic: Findings from the KFF Women's

Health Survey. KFF. Retrieved April 17, 2023, from https://www.kff.org/womens-health-

policy/issue-brief/womens-experiences-with-health-care-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-

findings-from-the-kff-womens-health-survey/

Regis College. (2021, November 2). 8 Important Regulations in United States Health Care.

Regis College Online. Retrieved April 17, 2023, from

https://online.regiscollege.edu/blog/8-important-regulations-united-states-health-care/

Rudowitz, R., Garfield, R., & Hinton, E. (2019, March 6). 10 things to know about Medicaid:

Setting the facts straight. KFF. Retrieved April 17, 2023, from

https://www.kff.org/medicaid/issue-brief/10-things-to-know-about-medicaid-setting-the-

facts-straight/

Tampon Tax. Alliance for PERIOD Supplies . (2022, September 21). Retrieved April 17, 2023,

from https://allianceforperiodsupplies.org/tampon-tax/

Tikkanen, R., Osborn, R., Mossialos, E., Djordjevic, A., & Wharton, G. A. (2020, June 5).

Canada. The Commonwealth Fund. Retrieved April 17, 2023, from

https://www.commonwealthfund.org/international-health-policy-center/countries/canada

US Healthcare System Overview-Background. Ispor.org. (n.d.). Retrieved April 17, 2023, from

https://www.ispor.org/heor-resources/more-heor-resources/us-healthcare-system-

overview/us-healthcare-system-overview-background-page-1
US vs. Canadian Healthcare: What is the difference? Ross University School of Medicine.

(2021, May 11). Retrieved April 17, 2023, from https://medical.rossu.edu/about/blog/us-

vs-canadian-healthcare

Why the Affordable Care Act Matters for Women: Summary of Key Provisions.

NationalPartnership.org. (2015, September). Retrieved April 17, 2023, from

https://www.nationalpartnership.org/our-work/resources/health-care/summary-of-key-

provisions.pdf

World Health Organization. (n.d.). Universal Health Coverage. World Health Organization.

Retrieved April 17, 2023, from https://www.who.int/health-topics/universal-health-

coverage#tab=tab_2

Worstell, C. (2019, October 23). The Advantages and Disadvantages of Medicare.

MedicareSupplement.com. Retrieved April 17, 2023, from

https://www.medicaresupplement.com/coverage/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-

medicare/