2117123, 838 AM Soll resstivty - Wikipedia
WIKIPEDIA
‘The Free Encyclopedia
Soil resistivity
Soil resistivity is a measure of how much the soil resists or conducts electric current. It is a critical
factor in design of systems that rely on passing current through the Earth's surface. It is a very
important parameter for finding the best location of a transmitter working on low frequiencies (VLF,
LF, MF and lower shortwave) as such radio stations usually use ground as counterpole. An
understanding of the soil resistivity and how it varies with depth in the soil is necessary to design the
grounding system in an electrical substation, or for lightning conductors. It is needed for design of
grounding (earthing) electrodes for substations and High-voltage direct current transmission systems.
It was formerly important in earth-return telegraphy. It can also be a useful measure in agriculture as
a proxy measurement for moisture content.2J2I
In most substations the earth is used to conduct fault current when there are ground faults on the
stem. In single wire earth return power transmission systems, the earth itself is used as the path of
conduction from the end customers (the power consumers) back to the transmission facility. In
general there is some value above which the impedance of the earth connection must not rise, and
some maximum step voltage which must not be exceeded to avoid endangering people and livestock.
The soil resistivity value
content. Typical values are:
subject to great variation, due to moisture, temperature and chemical
= Usual values: from 10 up to 1000 (Q-m)
= Exceptional values: from 1000 up to 10000 (A-m)
The SI unit of resistivity is the Ohm-meter (Q-m); in the United States the Ohm-centimeter (Q-cm) is
often used instead.'3] One Q-m is 100 Q-cm. Sometimes the conductivity, the reciprocal of the
resistivity, is quoted instead.
‘A wide range of typical soil resistivity values can be found in literature. Military Handbook 419 (MIL-
HDBK-419A) contains reference tables and formulae for the resistance of various patterns of rods and
wires buried in soil of known resistivity. Being copyright free, these numbers are widely copied,
sometimes without acknowledgement.
Measurement
Because soil quality may vary greatly with depth and over a wide lateral area, estimation of soil
resistivity based on soil classification provide only a rough approximation. Actual resistivity
measurements are required to fully qualify the resistivity and its effects on the overall trans
system.
Several methods of resistivity measurement are frequently employed:
For measurement the user can use Grounding resistance tester
Wenner method
itp len kipedta.orgwit/Soi_resistviyl~text=Soll resistivity fsa measure, curren trough the Earth's surface, 42117123, 838 AM Soll resstivty - Wikipedia
RK 1 RRR
The Wenner four-pin method, as shown in figure above, is the most commonly used technique for soil
resistivity measurements. (4ILSIL6II7] Using the Wenner method, the apparent soil resistivity value is:
4emea-Rw pj
pE=
1+—%
where
pr = measured apparent soil resistivity (Om)
a =clectrode spacing (m)
b = depth of the electrodes (m)
Ry = Wenner resistance measured as "V/I" in Figure (@) If b is small compared to a, as is the case of
probes penetrating the ground only for a short distance (as normally happens), the previous equation
can be reduced to:
PE =2-m-a- Ry ll
‘Schlumberger method
Ha
In the Schlumberger method!4Il6Il7] the distance between the voltages probe is a and the distances
from voltages probe and currents probe are ¢ (see figure above).
Using the Schlumberger method, if b is small compared to a and ¢, and ¢>2a, the apparent soil
resistivity value is:
e:(c+a)
a
PE= Rs
hips len wikipedia orgwit/Soi_resistviyl~text=Soll resistivity fsa measure, curren trough the Earth's surface, ais2117123, 838 AM
where
Px = measured apparent soil resistance (Qm)
a= electrode spacing (m)
b = depth of the electrodes (m)
e = electrode spacing (m)
Soll resstivty - Wikipedia
Rg = Schlumberger resistance measured as "V/I" in Figure (Q)
Conversion
The conversion between _values
measured using the Schlumberger and
Wenner methods is possible only in an
approximate way! In any cases, for
both Wenner and Schlumberger methods
the lectrode spacing between the
currents probe corresponds to the depth
of soil investigation and the measured
apparent soil resistivity is referred to a
soil volume as in the figure.
The current tends to flow near the
surface for small probe spacing, whereas
more current penetrates deeper into the
soil for large spacing. The resistivity measured for a given current probe spacing represents, to a first
approximation, the apparent resistivity of the soil to a depth equal to that spacing.
If the apparent soil resistivity measured with Schlumberger method pg (with the corresponding
electrode spacing ag and ¢) is given, assuming that the soil resistivity refers to a volume as in the
figure with a=1/3 follows:
Ry = —2—
2-m-aw
with
as +2c
ay = 8%
where:
Ry = equivalent Wenner resistance (0)
ay=
equivalent electrode spacing with Wenner method (m)
aig = electrode spacing between voltages probe with Schlumberger method (m)
itp len kipedta.orgwit/Soi_resistviyl~text=Soll resistivity fsa measure, curren trough the Earth's surface, is211723, 39M Sol esistviy - Wkiedta
¢ = electrode spacing between voltages and currents probe with Schlumberger method (m)
If the measured Schlumberger resistance is given, before calculating the apparent soil resistivity the
following factor must be calculated:
c-(e+45) p
as
pp =
‘The Wenner method is the most widely used method for measuring soil resistivity for electrical
grounding (earthing) purposes. The Schlumberger method was developed to increase the voltage
signal for the earlier, less sensitive instruments, by placing the potential probes closer to the current
probes.
The soil resistivity measurements will be affected by existing nearby grounded electrodes. Buried
conductive objects in contact with the soil can invalidate readings made by the methods described if,
they are close enough to alter the test current flow pattern. This is particularly true for large or long,
objec
Variability
Electrical conduction in soil is essentially electrolytic and for this reason the soil res
on:
= moisture content
= salt content
= temperature (above the freezing point 0 °C)
Because of the variability of soil resistivity, IEC standards require that the seasonal variation in
resistivity be accounted for in transmission system design.!9! Soil resistivity can increase by a factor of
10 or more in very cold temperatures.2°1
Corrosion
one of the driving factors determining the corrosiveness of soil. The soil
ssified based on soil electrical resistivity by the British Standard BS-1377 as follow:
corrosiveness is
= pe> 100 Om: slightly corrosive
= 50 < pp < 100 Om: moderately corrosive
= 10 < pg < 50 Om: corrosive
= pe < 10 Om: severe
References
1. "Precision Farming Tools: Soil Electrical Conductivity" (https://pubs.ext.vt.edu/442/442-508/442-50
8_pdf.pdf) (POF). Retrieved 12 June 2016.
2. "The future of agriculture” (http:/www.economist.com/technology-quarterly/2016-08-09/factory-fre
sh). The Economist. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
hips len wikipedia orgwit/Soi_resistviyl~text=Soll resistivity fsa measure, curren trough the Earth's surface, 48,2117123, 838 AM Soll resstivty - Wikipedia
3. “IEEE Guide for Measuring Earth Resistivity, Ground Impedance and Earth Surface Potentials of a
Ground System”, IEEE Std 81-2012
4. Dias, Rodrigo; dos S. Hoefel, Simone; de A. Costa, Edmondo G.; Carrer, Jose A. M.; de Lacerda,
Luiz A. (15 November 2010). "Two-dimensional Simulation of the Wenner Method with the
Boundary Element Method - Influence of the Layering Discretization". Mecdnica Computacional.
XXIK: 2255-2266.
5. "Metodi di prospezione Geofisica” (http:/Amww.csgi.unif.i~restauro/Prospezione%20geofisica_12
pdf) (PDF). University of Florence.
6, "Guida alla realizzazione dellmpianto di terra’ (http:/Avww.voltimum ivtecharea.php?dyntype=hs&
hsid=153&hpid=375). Voltimum,
7. Loke, M. H. "Tutorial ; 2-D and 3-D electrical imaging survey" (http://pangea.stanford.edu/researc
higroups/sfmf/docs/DCResistivity Notes.pdf) (PDF). Stanford University.
8, Andolfato, Roberto; Fellin, Lorenzo; Turri, Roberto (4 March 1997). "Analisi di impianti di terra a
frequenza industriale: confronto tra indagine sperimentale e simulazione numerica” (https://web.ar
chive.orgiweb/20110820034314/http:/;www.sintingegneria.com/index.php?option=com_phocadow
nload&view=category&download=5:1-energia-elettrica&id=5:publications<emid=408lang=it)
Energia Elettrica, Milan. 74 (2): 123-134. Archived from the original (http://www.sintingegneria.co
miindex.php%3F option%3Dcom_phocadownload%26view%3Dcategory %26download%3D5%253
ALenergia-elettrica%26id%3D5%253Apublications%26ltemid%3D40%26lang%3Dit) on 20 August
2011
9. IEC Std 61936-1 "Power Installations Exceeding 1 kV ac — Part 1: Common Rules" Section 10.3.1
General Clause b
10, IEEE Recommended Practice for Grounding of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems, IEEE
Std. 142-1982, table 7, page 122
Further reading
= Wenner, Frank (1916). "A method of measuring earth resistivity" (https://nvipubs.nist.govinistpubs/
bulletin/12/nbsbulletinv12n4p469_a2b.pdf) (PDF). Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards. U.S
Government Printing Office. 12 (3): 469-478.
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