WOOD COATING

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DEFINITION OF COATING TYPES

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Basic Finishing Rules for Avoiding

Common Wood Finishing Problems
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Facts in Formulating Water Based
Industrial Wood Coatings
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Wood thecnology
coating finishing guide .

Proper product selection, surface preparation and application

affect chemical coating performance. Your responsibility,when
writing a chemical coating specification, is to understand
the significant points in these tasks and include them in
your specification.
Your chemical coating system specification should include:
Surface preparation
Method of application
Type of coating:
Performance tests
To help you in writing your specification, we’ve also
included these useful tools:
These sections provide recommendations as to the proper
chemical coating systems for decorative and protective or
functional use in order that optimum results are achieved.
This guide includes:
BASIC Considerations in Selecting Coating Systems
Product Selection Guides:
Water Reducible Coatings for Business machines/Electronic
Cabinets
Air Dry Metal Enamels
Pu Low Gloss Coatings
Wood Clear Sealers for Wood
Wood Non-Catalyzed Clear Topcoats for Wood
Wood Catalyzed Clear Topcoats for Wood
Wood Pigmented Coatings for Wood
Cost Analysis to Finish Product
Surface Preparation
Methods of Application
Techniques of Air Spray Application
Faulty Spray Patterns
Common Finishing Problems
Catalyst Mixing Chart
Performance Tests
Solvent Selection
viscosity Conversion Chart
Product Descriptions
Glossary

Take nothing for granted

The scope of the finishing specification should be completely
described, including everything that is to be cleaned and
painted.DO NOT take anything for granted. Do not merely
specify that “the surface should be rinsed.” Do specify the
results you want to achieve and leave the choice of
pressures, hose sizes, etc., up to the engineer. Allow the
engineer to exercise initiative and ingenuity.
Write the specification in clear, precise, easy-to-understand
language – so that all parties involved know what you mean.
Be brief and to the point, do not confuse the reader.
Remember, your primary objective is “a quality finish.”
Note: The chemical coating systems described in this guide
represent information developed from various tests and
evaluations on the products. Lederman consulting continuously
engaged in improving the formulations of its products.

"
 FINISHING SYSTEM GUIDE

1.Basic Considerations in Selecting Coating Systems

2.Product Selection Guides

3.cost analysis

4.Surface preparation

5.Method of application

6.Techniques of Air Spray Application

7.Performance tests

9.Solvent Selection

9.Common Finishing Problems

© Copyright 2003 The LEDERMAN CONSULTING

&
4.Surface preparation
Coatings performance is directly related to proper surface preparation.
Coating integrity and service life will be reduced if surfaces are improperly
prepared. As high as 80% or more of all coating adhesion failures can be
directly attributed to inadequate surface preparation.

This Surface Preparation Guide will help you in writing the coating
specification for your particular coating project by allowing you to copy and
paste the required information into your Coating Specification Template. You
can page through this guide in a linear fashion or link directly to the
following sections:

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7 8) surface smoothness, surface stability and resistance to cracking because
joints are eliminated.

Edge phenomena :
The porosity of edges and routed surfaces of MDF presents some unique
finishing problems with pigmented systems.Loss of adhesion, racking or peeling
of the finishing system may occur in the routed areas or edges. This failure is
more prone to occur with catalyzed finishes such as : Primer, Surfacer and
Pigmented Conversion Varnish, but may occur with other highly pigmented
systems. This phenomena occurs only in the routed areas and edges and does
not occur on the smooth MDF face.When the first coat of primer or primer
surfacer is applied to these porous routed areas, the resin tends to soak into the
wood leaving behind a very highly pigmented surfacer layer. The stress from
subsequent topcoats can cause adhesion loss and peeling in these areas over
time.

finishing MDF with pigmented coatings, we recommend the edges and

routed areas be sprayed with a coat of:Wood Vinyl/acrylic Sealer before
applying pigmented primers or primer surfacers:

Reduce the sealer from 50 to 100% with lacquer thinner, depending on the
porosity of the MDF. This is a penetrating application rather than a build
coat. This treatment controls penetration of subsequent coats into the wood.
It functions much like a washcoat when used with a wood filler. If the
subsequent primers and topcoats are catalyzed, the Vinyl Sealers would be
catalyzed too.

,
? 7 8) ; 7 8)

The quality of initial cutting and

machining has a significant impact on the amount of labor necessary for
subsequent finishing operations. Worn or dull tools pull wood fibers from the
board leaving a course surface with many voids. Routing and cutting also
creates fiber raising.To minimize this fiber raising, the routed and cut areas, as
well as the unmilled flat surfaces, should be sanded with 240-320 grit no-fil
sandpaper. Do not use worn belts or paper or very fine grades of sandpaper
which will polish and decrease adhesion.

5.Method of application
The following are the most commonly used application methods in industry
today. If you have any questions about these methods, or others, contact
your local representative for help.

Conventional Spray Application

Airless Spray and Air Assisted Airless
Electrostatic Spray Hand Gun
Electrostatic Air Sprayers
Electrostatic Spray – High Speed Turbine
Hot Spray Application
Two Component Spray
Dip
Flow Coating
Curtain Coating
Roller Coating, Direct and Reverse
Texturing
Faulty Spray Patterns----and correct them

)
5.1 Sample of :Two Component Spray:Good spray painting is accomplished by
means of proper procedures and motions.

Start to spray in exactly the same place each and every time.
Always lap the same distance
Always move the gun at the same rate of speed.

Keep the gun perpendicular to and at the same distance from the surface to
be sprayed at all times to 10 inch distance
The spray gun stroke is made by moving the gun parallel to the work and at a
right angle to the surface. The distance from the gun to the work should be
from six to ten inches for most coatings.

Overlap 50%
Work with straight uniform strokes moving the gun across the surface in
such that the spray pattern overlaps the previous stroke by 50%.

Too close -- The closer the gun is held to the work, the more paint is
deposited on the surface and the faster the gun must be moved to prevent
sags.
Too far -- Holding the gun too far from the work causes dry spray and
excessive spray dust.

The relation between gun distance and stroke speed is quickly understood
and the average operator will move the gun in or out as needed to permit a
comfortable speed while depositing a full coating of material.

Keep gun perpendicular to surface

The obvious faults of arcing the stroke or tilting the gun are shown in the
accompanying diagram. In certain types of work it is often necessary to tilt
the gun but this should be avoided on surfaces where the correct gun
position is possible. Another important factor is to hold the gun
perpendicular to the surface being sprayed. Do not “heel” or “toe” the spray
gun.

Get the “trigger” feel

The trigger controls the action of the gun and the operator should learn to
use the trigger during each stroke. To avoid building up the material at the
ends of each stroke, the correct procedure is to begin the stroke, then pull
the trigger, release it at the edge of the work before the stroke is
completed.Basic airless outfit A basic airless outfit consists of a regulatable
fluid pump, a fluid filter, a high pressure hose and an airless spray gun with
interchangeable nozzle tips.7

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CAUSE Dried material in side port “A” restricts passage of air through
port on one side. Results in full pressure of air from clean side of
port in fan pattern in direction of clogged side.
REMEDY Dissolve material inside port with thinner. Do not use metal
devices to probe into air nozzle openings.
CAUSE Dried material around the outside of the fluid nozzle tip at
position “B” restricts the passage of atomizing air at one point
through the center ring opening of the air nozzle. This faulty
pattern can also be caused by loose air nozzle or a bent fluid
nozzle or needle tip.
REMEDY If dried material is causing the trouble remove air nozzle and wipe
off fluid tip using rag saturated with thinner.
Tighten air nozzle.
Replace fluid nozzle or needle if bent.
CAUSE A split spray pattern (heavy on each end of a fan pattern and
weak in the middle) is usually caused by:

1. atomizing air pressure too high

2. attempting to get too wide a spray with this material
3. not enough material available.

REMEDY 1. Reduce air pressure.

2. Open material control “D” to full position by turning to left. At
the same time turn spray width adjustment “C” to right. This
reduces width of spray but will correct split spray pattern.

CAUSE Air entering the fluid supply

Dried packing or missing packing around the material needle
valve which permits air to get into fluid passageway.
Dirt between the fluid nozzle seat and body or a loosely
installed fluid nozzle.
A loose or defective swivel nut, siphon cup or material hose.
REMEDY Be sure all fittings and connections are tight.
Back up knurled ring “E”. Place two drops of machine oil on
packing. Replace nut and finger tighten. In aggravated cases
replace packing.
Remove air and fluid nozzles “F” and clean back of fluid nozzle
and needle seat in the gun body using a rag saturated with
thinner.
Replace and tighten fluid nozzle using wrench supplied with
gun.
Replace air nozzle.
Tighten or replace swivel nut “G”.
CAUSE A fan spray pattern that is heavy in the middle or a pattern that

2
 has an unatomized “salt and pepper” effect indicates that the
atomizing air pressure is not sufficiently high or there is too
much material being fed to gun.
REMEDY Increase pressure from air supply.
Correct air pressures as discussed elsewhere

7.Performance tests:
7.1 pencil hardness test
The microtomic pencil scale hardness test has been established as a rapid
and dependable means of determining the film hardness of a given coating.
In using this system, pencils of the standard high-density graphite, drawing-
pencil type are used. These pencils come in various degrees of hardness,
following the scale given below, and are generally supplied by any leading
pencil manufacturer.

Softer 5B 4B 3B B HB F H 2H 3H 4H 5H Harder

Since hardness in this test is determined by the lead cutting into the paint
film, hardness as determined by this method is expressed as F Pencil, 2H
Pencil, etc.

HOW IT WORKS

In using this system, it is important to remember that pencils from different

manufacturers, or even pencils of different lots from the same manufacturer,
will not necessarily have equal hardness of the lead even though they have
the same hardness rating. It is therefore, desirable to obtain a standardized
set of pencils from the pencil manufacturers.

1. Pencils for use in this test should not be sharpened in a pencil sharpener,
but should instead be sharpened by a knife so that the exposed lead has not
been marred or pared away.
2. The exposed lead is then sanded flat so that an equal cutting surface
is provided around the circumference of the lead.
3. The panel to be tested is placed flat on the table and the pencil is
held firmly in the hand and the same position as when writing
4. The pencil is moved forward on the film surface at an angle
approximately 45 degrees.
5. This procedure is followed with pencils of increasing hardness until
the first pencil which cuts into the film is found.
6. The hardness rating on the previous pencil is the rated hardness of
the film.

INTERPRETATION
Pencil Hardness is a measure of film hardness. The adhesion and flexibility
or mar resistance cannot be calibrated accurately from the use of the Pencil
Hardness test.

7,2 ! "# "$ % " :

(Kitchen Cabinet Manufacturers Association)

1. Place cured finished panel into “hot box” (120°F ± 5 and 70% ± 5 relative
humidity) for 1 hour.
2. Remove and allow to return to original room temperature and humidity.
3. Place in "cold box" (-5°F) for 1 hour.
4. Remove and allow to return to original room temperature. (This
completes one cycle).

After 5 cycles, the finish must show no appreciable discoloration, evidence

of blistering, film rupture, shrinkage checks or other film failures

8.Solvent Selection
ALLPHATIC SOLVENT:

These thinners are used to reduce medium and long oil alkyd enamels such
as XXX and architectural/industrial maintenance alkyds. They are also used
as dilutents in lacquers and enamels but are not strong enough to be true
solvents in any resin quality other than alkyds. Aliphatic solvents are non-
photochemically reactive, HAPS compliant and non-polar.

Aromatic solvents :

are economical solvents that are widely used in alkyds, polyesters, acrylics,
vinyls, lacquers, epoxies either alone or in combination with other solvent
types. All aromatics are photochemically reactive.

Toluol (Toluene) XX1 is fast evaporating, strongest aromatic and not HAPS
compliant.

Xylol (Xylene) XX2 is medium evaporating, most common aromatic

and not HAPS compliant.

Hi-Flash Naphtha (100 Flash Naphtha, Solvesso 100) XX3 is a slow

evaporating aromatic. Used as retarder to improve flow or as part of a
solvent blend. It is not HAPS compliant.

Aromatic Naphtha 150 Flash (Solvesso 150) XX4 is the slowest

evaporating and weakest solvency aromatic. Used as a retarder in
alkyd and polyester baking enamel for flow with high speed
electrostatic bell and discs. Also used as a retarder in air dry alkyds
for airless application. It is not HAPS compliant.

Alcohols :

are widely used as part of a solvent blend for lacquers and lacquer thinners.
Alcohols, especially Butyl Cellosolve and Butyl Carbitol are water miscible
and are used as cosolvents in water-based coatings. Cosolvents are critical
in maintaining solubility and stability as well as film formation of water-
based coatings. They are polar and non-photochemically reactive.Alcohols
must never be used with two-component polyurethanes because the OH
group of the alcohol reacts with the NCO group of the polyurethane and
neutralizes the chemical reaction. Alcohols include:

"
Methanol R6K1 is extremely fast evaporating. Poisonous. Primary use is for
dye stains. It is not HAPS compliant.

HAPS Complying Dye Stain Reducer R6K21 is a special ethyl alcohol

(ethanol) blend intended for diluting S61 HAPS complying dye stains
to maintain HAPS compliance. It is more expensive than methanol.
Generally ethanol is denatured by using small quantities of methanol
but this makes it non-HAPS compliant. R6K21 uses a different
compound.

Isopropanol (Isopropyl Alcohol) - no sales rex - is slightly slower

evaporation than ethanol. It is HAPS compliant.

Secondary Butanol R6K19 may be used as a reducer (up to 10%

reduction) in KEM AQUA 70P W/R Metal Primer and other W/R alkyds
for slightly faster dry to handle. It helps the water to evaporate, helps
apply thinner film for faster dry, will raise VOC and may give a flash
point to the paint which will affect storage, packaging and safety. It is
HAPS compliant.

N-Butanol and Isobutanol - no sales rexes - are similar alcohols often

used for increasing conductivity in baking enamels.

Butyl Cellosolve R6K25 is the most widely used cosolvent for

Chemical Coatings Water Reducible Enamels. It is a very slow
evaporating glycol ether with complete miscibility in water. Butyl
Cellosolve is also a very effective retarder for nitrocellulose lacquers
to eliminate blushing when used at a level of 1-2%. Butyl Cellosolve
is a trademark of Union Carbide and is known by many different
names depending on supplier. Ethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether and
2-Butoxyethanol are chemical names that appear on data sheets and
MSDS sheets. It is not HAPS compliant.

Butyl Carbitol R6K28 is a very, very slow glycol ether used as a

cosolvent and coalescing solvent in water reducible coatings. It is a
totally water miscible glycol ether. It is used in small quantities in
water reducible coatings to improve flow and eliminate mudcracking.
Butyl Carbitol is a trademark of Union Carbide. It is also known as
Diethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether or 2-Butoxy Ethoxy Ethanol on
the MSDS sheet and data sheet. Butyl Carbitol may not be compatible
with some latex coatings. It may cause kickout or increased
viscosity. Test in a small way before adding to latex coatings. It is not
HAPS compliant.

PM Reducer R6K34 is a Glycol Ether, HAPS compliant solvent used

in Universal Dye Concentrates. PM Reducer may also be used as a
medium speed retarder for lacquers and catalyzed coatings up to
10% by volume.

Texanol® Ester Alcohol R6K33 is an extremely slow evaporating

cosolvent and coalescing solvent for water reducible coatings. Its
use should be restricted to 1-2% to improve flow and leveling, air
release and other surface imperfections. Texanol is a trademark of
Eastman Chemical. It is HAPS compliant.

&
Ketone solvents offer very strong solvency to reduce viscosity rapidly and
to increase conductivity. Ketones are widely used in lacquers, alkyds,
polyurethanes, polyesters and epoxies and also as part of a solvent blend in
many other coating qualities.

Acetone is an extremely fast evaporating solvent. It is too fast evaporating

for most products, can cause blushing in lacquers. Its very low flash point
makes it extremely flammable. Acetone has been exempted in Federal EPA
regulations as a VOC contributor but it is too volatile and too fast
evaporating for most applications. It is HAPS compliant.

Methyl Ethyl Ketone (MEK) is a very fast evaporating polar solvent

widely used in lacquers, polyurethanes, enamels and as part of
reducer blends. It is also used to increase conductivity of coatings
for electrostatic spray guns. It is not HAPS compliant.

Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (MIBK) - no sales rex - is a fast evaporating

polar solvent also used in lacquers, polyurethanes and reducer
blends. It is photochemically reactive and non-HAPS compliant.

Methyl Amyl Ketone (MAK) is a slow evaporating ketone used in

lacquers and polyurethanes and enamels, especially high solids type
because of its high solvency. MAK has a very pungent odor which is
objectionable to many users. It is HAPS compliant.

Cyclohexanone R6K32 is a very slow evaporating ketone used

primarily in polyurethanes and POLANE reducers. It is very polar for
conductivity and is a very good retarder solvent for flow and leveling.
It is HAPS compliant

Acetates are strong solvents used widely for nitrocellulose lacquers and
polyurethanes and in blended solvents. They range from fast evaporating
(Methyl Acetate) to extremely slow (Butyl Carbitol Acetate). Acetates are non-
photochemically reactive and HAPS compliant.

Butyl Acetate is a medium-fast evaporating solvent used to reduce lacquers.

It is intended to replace typical lacquer thinners where HAPS compliance is
required.

EEP Reducer is a HAPS compliant retarding solvent. This retarder

may be used in lacquers and catalyzed coatings up t o10% by volume
to improve flow, leveling and to reduce blushing.

Lacquer thinners :are generally blends of a number of solvents - including

aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, esters and ketones to obtain
the desired solvency and evaporation. They are normally non-HAPS
compliant. Compositions can be found in the Solvents MSDS Book. Lacquer
thinners and blened thinners include

PU Reducers are specially formulated for use with Polane polyurethane

coatings. They are moisture free and optimized for use on the wide range of
substrates and systems to which polyurethane are applied.In addition, other
individual solvents may be used in PU with the following guidelines:

(
 Never use lacquer thinners or solvents containing alcohols because it will
react with the catalyst and neutralize the reactive groups and change the
cure mechanism.
Never use any solvent that has been improperly stored or could have
absorbed moisture.
Xylene and other aromatics may be used to reduce conductivity.
Ketones are very efficient in reducing viscosity. MAK is often required for
the High Solids Polanes because of its high solvency and slow evaporation
rate.
MAK or cyclohexanone are often used as retarder solvents or as part of
solvent blends to optimize application properties

The Federal Environmental Protection Agency :has established National

Emission Standards for HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS (HAPS) as part of
the Clean Air Act.There are many volatile hazardous air pollutants (HAPS)
listed in the regulation, but the major solvents impacting the coatings
industry are:At the present time it affects only wood finishing operations but
is likely to affect all market areas in the future. In the miscellaneous metal
category, HAPS regulations are anticipated in 2003. Title V operating permits,
which will be required for all major sources, does affect users that coat metal
and plastic. Contact your State Air Pollution Agency to determine the
compliance schedule for your area.The HAPS regulation for wood finishing
is applicable to all major sources - wood finishers with a potential to emit 10
tons per year of a single HAP or 25 tons of combined HAPS based on 24
hours/day, 365 days/year production. For major source wood finishers, the
regulation requires less than 1.0 pound HAPS emission per pound of solids
for existing sources. For new sources, the requirement is less than 0.8
pound HAPS per pound of solids. Currently application only to wood
furniture manufacturing operations. The compliance date for largest users
(>50 tons/year emissions based on 1996 emissions)was November 21. 1997.
Compliance date for users emitting 10 to 50 ton/year was December 7,
1998.Another component of the regulation requires reducing solvents
(reducers) to contain less than 10% HAPS as well. Many lacquer thinners, PU
reducers and blended solvents are not HAPS compliant because xylene,
toluene, MEK and MIBK are typically used in these type solvents.Nearly all
water reducible coatings contain HAPS - i.e., Butyl Cellosolve, Butyl Carbitol,
other glycol ethers or amine solubilizers - but generally these coatings are
still HAPS complying.In most cases, HAPS compliant counterparts - either as
a coating or reducer - will be more expensive. Xylene, Toulene, MEK, MIBK
and Methanol are much more economical than their replacements. Many of
our customers will not be affected by HAPS regulations because they are
small and emit less than the threshold level. Another exception exists for
small users who use no more than 250 gallons/month of coating, gluing and
cleaning, wash-off, dilutent and reducing solvents.

There are many volatile hazardous air pollutants (HAPS) listed in the
regulation, but the major solvents impacting the coatings industry are:

Toluene
Methanol
Xylene
Aromatic-Naphtha-100-Flash
Aromatic-Naphtha-150-Flash
Ethylene-Glycol

/
Butyl-Cellosolve®
MEK
Butyl-Carbitol®
MIBK
Butyl-Carbitol®Acetate
Isophorone-

Some other glycol ethers and glycol ether esters.

Common solvents that are not HAPS listed are:

VM&P Naphtha Acetone Mineral Spirits Methyl Amyl Ketone

Isopropyl Alcohol Cyclohexanone Butyl Alcohols Butyl Acetate

At the present time it affects only wood finishing operations but is likely to
affect all market areas in the future. In the miscellaneous metal category,
HAPS regulations are anticipated in 2003. Title V operating permits, which
will be required for all major sources, does affect users that coat metal and
plastic. Contact your State Air Pollution Agency to determine the compliance
schedule for your area.The HAPS regulation for wood finishing is applicable
to all major sources - wood finishers with a potential to emit 10 tons per year
of a single HAP or 25 tons of combined HAPS based on 24 hours/day, 365
days/year production. For major source wood finishers, the regulation
requires less than 1.0 pound HAPS emission per pound of solids for existing
sources. For new sources, the requirement is less than 0.8 pound HAPS per
pound of solids. Currently application only to wood furniture
manufacturing operations.

The compliance date for largest users (>50 tons/year emissions based on
1996 emissions)was November 21. 1997. Compliance date for users emitting
10 to 50 ton/year was December 7, 1998.
The term is HAPS compliant, not HAPS free.
The regulations do not require HAPS free.
HAPS data for any product can be obtained through your Sherwin-Williams
representative.
The regulations also restrict manual conventional spray equipment.

Another component of the regulation requires reducing solvents (reducers)

to contain less than 10% HAPS as well. Many lacquer thinners, POLANE
reducers and blended solvents are not HAPS compliant because xylene,
toluene, MEK and MIBK are typically used in these type solvents.

Nearly all water reducible coatings contain HAPS - i.e., Butyl Cellosolve,
Butyl Carbitol, other glycol ethers or amine solubilizers - but generally these
coatings are still HAPS complying.

In most cases, HAPS compliant counterparts - either as a coating or reducer

- will be more expensive. Xylene, Toulene, MEK, MIBK and Methanol are
much more economical than their replacements.

.
Many of our customers will not be affected by HAPS regulations because
they are small and emit less than the threshold level. Another exception
exists for small users who use no more than 250 gallons/month of coating,
gluing and cleaning, wash-off, dilutent and reducing solvents.

9.Common Finishing Problems

PROBLEM CAUSE REMEDY

1 BENARD CELL A. Excessive/draft air A. Minimize air

movement. movement by
B. Improper solvent. eliminating the
source of the draft.
B. Use correct
solvent blend.
Refer to Data
Page.

2 BLEEDING A. Organic red pigments or A. Best remedy is to

various dyes under stain avoid use of
or undercoats that have bleeding colors
not been sealed i.e., red. Pre-test
properly. catalyzed systems
to ensure they do
not cause undo
color change.

3 BLISTERING A. Sometimes strong A. Be sure that the

solvents tend to react under-coats are
with preceding coat. thoroughly dry.
B. Temperature too high Use primer
entering oven. recommended.
Use thinner with
lowest solvent
strength which will
still act as steady
diluent. Allow for
more flash-off
time. Refer to
Product Data
Page.
B. Lower temperature
entering oven,
gradually

,
 increasing
temperature.

4 BLUSHING A. Separation of A. A combination of

nitrocellulose due to: factors tend to
1. Humid weather. cause blushing,
2. Drafts. and likewise, a
3. Poor thinner. combination of
4. Lacquer sprayed factors may be
when cold.
5. Damp spray
used to remedy
rooms (generally the difficulty.
concrete floors at 1. Close
ground level). windows.
6. Moisture in spray 2. Add
equipment. retarder to
thinner or
use a better
quality
thinner.
3. Bring the
lacquer to
room
temperatur
e.
4. Blushing
caused by
condensation
of water and
subsequent
evaporation
from cold
spray rooms
can be
avoided by
warming up
the room.

5 BREAK IN FAN A. Too much air movement A. Eliminate draft and

ORCURTAIN(curtain in the application area. put draft shield
coater/fan coater) B. Curtain break in coating. next to curtain
coater/fan coater.
B. Adjust solvent
blend to increase
surface tension.

6 BRITTLENESS A. It is often difficult to A. See #33, "Lack of

differentiate between Adhesion."
"lack of adhesion" and
brittleness, in evaluating
some film failures. Other
than inherent brittleness
or lack of adhesion in a
finish, the cause for
either difficulty will be the
same.

7 BROWN SPOTS A. Oil coming through A. Bleed the line at

)
 separator of spray line. least once every
shift, or every
eight hours.

A.
8 BUBBLES APPEAR IN Excessive moisture A. Reduce moisture
OPEN GRAIN WHEN content. content to 6 to 8%.
APPLYING B. B. Utilize slower
SEALER/TOPCOAT
evaporating
solvent blend or
flow additive to
reduce surface
tension.

9 BUBBLING OF A. Temperature of material A. Turn temperature

COATING (latex) (coating) too high for down. Refer to
application. Product Data
B. Air not releasing from Page.
coating. B. Check
C. Drying temperature too agitation/fluid
high. handling
D. Board temperature too equipment for air
high. leaks.
C. Reduce curing
temperature.
D. Cool down
substrate.

10 COLD CHECKING A. Excessive film thickness. A. Reduce film

(usually takes the form of
parallel lines more or less
right angles in the direction
of the grain)
B. Excessive moisture thickness. Refer to
content. Product Data
C. Excessive catalyst or Page.
improper catalyst ratio. B. Moisture content –
D. Insufficient drying period range 6 to 8%.
and improper storage C. Refer to Product
conditions. Repeated or Data Page.
sudden variations in D. Refer to Product
temperature. Data Page.
E. Wrong product used for E. Refer to Product
application. Data Page.

A.
11 COLOR DOES NOT Color system was not A. Check wet retain
MATCH STANDARD followed. for color as well as
1
B. verify approved
step panel color
standard.
B. Standard should
be same as
substrate.
C. Check sanding
procedure.
D. Check solvent
blend.
E. Check application

0
 of stain as well as
method of flash-off
time.
F. Topcoat. Make
sure same product
is used for gloss
and clarity.

12 CRACKING OF FILM A. Application of too-heavy A. Apply only

a coat. sufficient material
B. Material applied that to accomplish full
went beyond pot life covering.
cycle. B. See Product Data
C. Higher temperature will Page. Use new
accelerate cross-linking batch.
process. C. Lower temperature
D. Excessive catalyst or in pressure pot or
improper catalyst ratio. application area.
D. Refer to Product
Data Page.

13 CRATERING A. Silicone contamination. A. Locate source of

B. Oil contamination. contamination and
C. Excessive moisture in eliminate it. Check
coating. wipers, belt
dressings,
NOTE: Post list of possible lubricating greases
contaminates not allowed in and oils, hand
plant. creams, metal and
wood polishes,
etc., as possible
sources. Check air
supply for source
of contamination.
B. Check air supply
for possible source
of contamination
as well as rubbing
lubricants.
C. Check container
for moisture. Store
inside and check
air supply.

14 CRAZING OF FILM A. Insufficient drying of A. Allow for complete

system. Packaging of drying and/or
parts too soon after check oven
finishing. temperature or
reduce amount of
slow solvent in the
reducer.

15 CRITICAL RECOAT A. Not catalyzing sealer. A. Catalyze both

PROBLEM

"2
 B. Using slow drying resin sealer and topcoat
type stains. in catalyzed
C. Not using recommended system.
system and exceeding B. Use only
recommended film recommended
thickness. stains. Refer to
D. Stain or sealer not Product Data
completely flashed off. Page.
C. Refer to Product
Data Page.
D. Allow for longer
dry time. Check
oven temperature
and dwell time.

16 DIRTY OR SEEDY A. Unclean conditions of A. Cleanliness.

FINISH application. Rearrange
1. Dust in paint room. equipment so that
2. Dirt in air or paint any spray dust
lines of spray from booths does
apparatus. not reach drying
B. Improper solvent which chambers.
tends to throw resin out B. Use the
of solution. recommended
C. Material has been
thinner.
subjected to extreme hot C. Strain material.
or cold temperatures Allow material to
which tends to throw reach room
some particles out of temperature
solution. before applying. If
seediness is still
present, replace
batch.

17 DISCOLORATION A. Presence of foreign A. Investigate the

vapors. nature of any
B. Waterborne coatings will vapors which
rust steel parts in might be present.
application equipment It will then be
and can contaminate necessary to
coatings. shield off the
C. Improper drum liner. vapors from
D. Inadequate cleanup at contact with the
changeover. finish.
E. Tannin bleed. B. Change to
stainless or plastic
pots.
C. Make certain
correct liner is
being used.
D. Flush lines
completely. Clean
up pumps, hoses,
filters, reservoirs.
E. On red oak, for

"

A.
18 END GRAIN DARKER End grain more
WHEN STAINED absorbent than top grain.
1
B.
19 EXCESSIVE BODY A. Any material which will
dry in the presence of air
at normal temperatures
will tend to take on body
by virtue of the oxidation
which takes place.
B. Even an alkyd type
enamel will tend to take
on additional body due
to evaporation of
solvents.
C. Change in pH.
D. In the more advanced
stages of oxidation, a
livering action often
occurs which is
aggravated by the too-
swift an addition of extra
thinner. It should be
remembered that thinner
should always be added
slowly and the mixture
stirred at the same time.
E. Use of improper solvent.
F. Freezing (latex).
G. Beyond shelf life.
GENERAL: The primary cause
of excessive bodying is, in most
cases, improper handling of dip
tank or other storage facilities. A
method for keeping all storage
tanks tightly sealed should be
arrived at and carefully adhered
to.
""
example, check
waterborne
systems for tannin
bleed as well as
acid-cured
systems. Avoid
self sealing – use
sealer.
A. Wash coat before
staining.
B. Use faster solvent
blend.
A. If bodying of the
material has not
proceeded to the
point where there
is livering action, it
is often possible to
bring the
thickened product
back into solution
by addition of a
stronger solvent of
the same general
type or class.
B. Add power solvent
to bring liquid to
proper viscosity
and body.
C. Make necessary
adjustments to pH.
Refer to Product
Data Page.
D. If a definite livering
has occurred, a
sample should be
obtained for
evaluation.
E. Use
recommended
reducer.
F. Store inside or
above 32ºF. If
material has
freeze/thaw
stability, do not
agitate material
when frozen. Allow
it to return to room
temperature
undisturbed (65ºF
- 72ºF).
G. Check Product
 Data Page for
shelf life
information.

20 EXCESSIVE A. Finish coat applied over A. Seal porous

CHALKING porous surface which surface thoroughly
absorbs the binder and before application
leaves unprotected of finish coat.
pigment at surface.

21 EXCESSIVE A. Film not completely A. Allow for complete

MARRING dried. drying and/or
B. Too low of film check oven
thickness. temperature.
B. Apply
recommended film
thickness.

22 EXCESSIVE A. Not triggering the gun at A. It should be a

MATERIAL each stroke.
B. Gun held at wrong angle
to surface.
C. Gun held too far from
surface.
D. Wrong air cap or fluid tip.
E. Depositing material film
of irregular thickness.
F. Air pressure too high.
G. Fluid pressure too high.
habit to release
trigger after every
stroke.
B. Hold gun at right
angle to surface.
C. Work gun 6 to 10
inches from
surface.
D. Use correct
combination.
E. Learn to calculate
depth of finish of
wet film with wet
film gauge.
F. Use least amount
of air necessary.
G. Reduce pressure.

23 EXCESSIVE A. Insufficient drying time. A. Allow for longer air

2
PRINT/BLOCKING B. Too heavy a coat. drying and/or
C. Slow drying due to poor check oven
air drying conditions. temperature and
D. Selection of improper dwell time.
quality. B. Apply lighter
E. Incorrect catalyst ratio. coats.
F. Substrate too warm. C. Increase air
movement and/or
room temperature.
D. Check customer
requirements for
proper product
submittal.
E. Check Product
Data Page for

"&
 recommendations.
F. Cool substrate
before stacking.

24 EXCESSIVE A. Over-reduction or A. Refer to Product

SETTLING improper thinner. Data Page.
B. Too rapid thinning. B. Add thinner
gradually, stirring
constantly.

25 EXCESSIVE SPRAY A. Wrong solvent blend. A. Usual remedy is to

2
FOG B. Atomizing air pressure choose a slower
too high. evaporating
C. Over-reduction of thinner.
material. B. Use least amount
D. Gun held too far from of compressed air
surface. necessary. Refer
E. Spraying past surface of to Product Data
the product. Page.
F. Wrong air cap or fluid tip. C. Use less
G. Fluid pressure too low. reduction. Add
fresh material to
that which has
already been over
reduced.
D. Hold gun at proper
distance from work
(usually 6 to 10
in.).
E. Release trigger
when gun passes
target.
F. Ascertain and use
correct
combination.
G. Increase fluid
pressure.

26 FLAT SPOTS A. An absorbent-type putty A. Seal the putty.

has not been sealed in B. Provide clean
and accordingly, causes painting surface.
top coat to strike in.
B. Oily or dirty surfaces.

27 FOAMING WATER- A. Agitation too rapid. A. Reduce the

BORNE COATINGS B. Air leak in system. amount of
agitation.
B. Add
recommended
defoamer.
C. Check pumping
apparatus.
Change pump, if

"(
 necessary, to
diaphragm pump.

28 GLOSS DOES NOT A. Overspray. A. Correct spray

MATCH STANDARD B. Moisture. pattern. Use
slower solvent
A. Insufficient agitation. blend.
B. Check air supply
for moisture
contamination.
C. Make sure
material is
properly agitated
before removing
from con-tainer.
Use agitation on
line for low gloss
materials.

29 GRAY PORE A. Filler not completely dry. A. Allow more dry

B. Sanding dust left in pore. time, check oven
temperature and
dwell time and
adjust to faster
evaporating
solvent.
B. Remove sanding
dust with air
nozzle.

30 GUM BLUSH OR A. Incorrect thinner. A. Use the correct

HAZE thinner as
NOTE: Both blushing and gum recommended by
blush can almost always be Product Data
removed from finished articles by Page.
spraying reflow thinner over the
affected parts.
31 GUN SPUTTERS A. Fluid tip not tightened to A. Tighten securely,
CONSTANTLY spray gun. using a good
B. Leaky connection on gasket.
fluid tube or fluid needle B. Tighten
packing (suction gun). connections;
C. Lack of sufficient lubricate packing.
material in container. C. Refill container
D. Tipping container at an with material.
acute angle. D. If container must
E. Obstructed fluid be tipped, change
passageway. position of fluid
F. Material too heavy tube and keep
(suction feed). container full of
G. Clogged air vent in cup material.
lid (suction feed). E. Remove fluid tip,
H. Dirty or damaged needle, and fluid

"/
 coupling nut on cup lid tube and clean.
(suction feed). F. Thin material.
I. Fluid pipe not tightened G. Clean.
to pressure tank lid or H. Clean or replace.
pressure cup cover. I. Tighten; check for
defective threads.

32 HAND A. Oily hands in contact A. Employees should

MARKS/FINGER PRINTS during sanding clean hands
ON FINISH COAT operation. thoroughly or
gloves should be
worn during the
sanding process.

33 LACK OF ADHESION A. Unclean surface. A. Clean carefully

B. Sometimes the finish with volatile
coat and the primer used solvent.
are not meant to be used B. Make sure that
together, and the solvent recommended
in the finish coat primer and finish
practically lifts the primer coats are used
from the surface. Even together.
though film will dry and C. See Product Data
have good appearance, Page for
primary adhesion has recommendation.
been ruined. D. Use coarser grit.
C. Over catalyzation or Refer to
incorrect catalyst. manufacturer’s
D. Oversanding can cause guide.
polishing of the wood
when fine grits are used.

34 LACK OF ADHESION A. Sealer and topcoat not A. Use properly

BETWEEN COATS recommended for use recommended
together. system. (Always
B. Primer surfacer may recommend total
have picked up system.)
contamination. B. Protect from
C. Lack of chemical and/or contami-nants.
mechanical bond. Apply quicker.
C. Use
recommended
sanding procedure
between coats.
See Product Data
Page.

35 LACK OF FLOW A. Insufficient reduction. A. Reduce according

B. Use of solvent with too to instructions.
fast an evaporation rate. Refer to Product
C. Improper atomization of Data Page.
coating. B. If fast evaporation
D. Application of too thin a is due to local

".
 film. weather
E. Roughness of substrate conditions, choose
or underline coat and a slower
variations in porosity. evaporating
F. Draft condition. solvent than
G. Temperature of material. originally
recommended.
C. Adjust spray
equipment.
D. Apply more
material to
surface.
E. May require a
primer surfacer
with filling
properties versus
a sealer.
F. Find reducing
solvent or blend to
provide proper
flow in a draft OR
eliminate the draft.
G. Material should be
applied at
temperature
recommended on
Product Data
Page.

36 LACK OF HIDING A. Over-reduction. A. Add fresh,

B. Application on very hot, unreduced
smooth surface which material to the
tends to cause film to reduced material.
flow off. B. Use a faster
C. Pigment not properly evaporating
stirred into suspension. solvent or cool
D. Too-slow evaporating down part.
solvent, causing too C. Stir thoroughly to
much flow. properly distribute
E. Improper atomization. pigment.
F. Low film thickness. D. Use faster
evaporating
solvent.
E. Adjust spray
equipment.
F. Apply more paint
via more passes
with spray gun,
high solids (less
reduction) faster
reducer.

37 MATERIAL LEAKS A. Loose packing nut. A. Tighten packing

FROM FLUID NEEDLE B. Dry fluid needle packing. nut.
PACKING NUT B. Remove and

",
 soften packing
with a few drops of
light oil.

38 MATERIAL LEAKS A. Fluid needle packing A. Tighten nut;

FROM SPRAY GUN tight. lubricate packing.
B. Fluid needle packing dry. B. Lubricate needle
C. Foreign particle blocking and packing
fluid tip. frequently.
D. Damaged fluid tip or fluid C. Remove tip and
needle. clean.
E. Broken fluid needle D. Replace fluid
spring. needle with correct
size for fluid tip
being used.
E. Remove and
replace.

39 MATERIAL WON’T A. Lack of proper air A. Check for air leaks

COME FROM PRESSURE pressure in pressure
TANK OR POT tank or cup.
B. Air intake opening inside
pressure tank or cup lid
clogged by dried up
paint.
C. Leaking gasket on tank
cover or pressure cup
lid.
D. Leaky connections on
fluid tube, air cap, or
fluid tip.
or lack of air entry;
adjust air pressure
for sufficient flow.
B. Clean opening
periodically.
C. Replace gasket.
D. Check for leaks
under water and
repair.

40 MATERIAL WON’T A. Out of paint. A. Add paint.

COME FROM SPRAY B. Grit, dirt, paint skin, etc., B. Clean spray gun
GUN blocking air cap, fluid tip, thoroughly and
fluid needle, or strainer. strain paint;
always strain paint
before using.

41 METAMERISM A. Light source different A. Use a color

than what color was formula containing
matched under. no more than four
pigments/dyes.

42 MUDCRACKING A. Excessive film thickness. A. Reduce amount of

(Water Reducible) B. Draft. film thickness.
C. Too fast of drying. Refer to Product
D. Cold application (latex). Data Page.
E. Incorrect catalyst or ratio B. Eliminate draft.
used. C. Add additional co-
solvent.
D. Most latex
coatings will not

")
 coalesce below
50º-60ºF. Film that
has not coalesced
properly will be
powdery or exhibit
very poor film
integrity.
E. Refer to Product
Data Page.

A.
43 ODOR (Latex Coatings) Bacteria growth. A. Keep lids tightly
1
B. sealed.
B. Avoid extreme
high temperature
changes.
C. To correct
problem, add
small amounts of
formaldehyde.

44 OIL BLOOM A. Rubbing down with oil A. Allow a longer dry

before lacquer is time. Bloom can
thoroughly dry. sometimes be
Absorbed oil floats to the removed by
surface later. washing with Hi
Flash Naphtha or
spraying thin coat
of clear. Allow to
dry and rub again.

45 ORANGE PEEL A. Material not thinned out A. Add the correct

sufficiently.
B. Not depositing a wet
coat.
C. Gun stroke too rapid.
D. Insufficient air pressure.
E. Using wrong air cap.
F. Gun stroked too far from
surface.
G. Overspray striking a
previously sprayed
surface.
H. Poor thinner.
I. Gun too close to surface.
J. Material not thoroughly
mixed.
K. Drafts (synthetics and
lacquers).
L. Humidity too low.
amount of solvent
by measure.
B. Check solvent;
use correct spread
and overlap of
stroke.
C. Take deliberate,
slow strokes.
D. Increase atomizing
pressure or reduce
fluid pressure.
E. Select correct air
cap for the
material and feed.
F. Stroke the gun 6
to 10 inches from
surface.
G. Spray detail parts
first; end with wet
coat.
H. Use better grade
of thinner for
strength.

"0
 I. Gun should be
worked 6 to 10
inches from
surface.
J. Mix material
thoroughly.
K. Eliminate
excessive drafts.
L. Raise humidity of
room.

46 PEELING/ A. Dull cutting tool or A. Replace cutting

router. tool or coat edge
CRACKING OF with catalyzed
MEDIUM DENSITY clear vinyl sealer
FIBERBOARD EDGES or replace
substrate.

47 PINHOLES OR A. Drafts which cause A. Avoid drafts.

BUBBLING surface drying and force B. Clean spray
the solvent to break equipment.
through that surface film C. Only solution is to
in order to evaporate. cure or dry wood
B. Fine drops of moisture properly.
coming through D. Work gun 6 to 10
separator in spray inches from the
apparatus. surface.
C. Either the solid wood or E. Reduce pressure.
the veneer may be F. Check
improperly kiln dried, or temperature and
may have absorbed viscosity of
excessive moisture. material. Refer to
D. Gun too close to surface. Product Data
E. Fluid pressure too high. Page.
F. Use of too heavy G. Use slow
material. evaporating
G. Thinner evaporates too solvent.
fast. H. Use uniform
H. Porous surfacer or fillers. surfacer or seal it
I. Incomplete drying of before applying
filler. Strong solvent in finish coat.
finishing coat tends to I. Use a faster drying
react with undried filler. filler or allow
J. Spots of grease on greater drying time
surface. or arrange to dry
K. Material applied while at elevated
frothy, following violent temperatures.
agitation. J. Clean surface
L. Lack of wetting of the carefully.
surface by the enamel. K. Allow froth to
M. Too low moisture in subside before
substrate. applying.
L. Wipe surface to be
sprayed with a
solvent-saturated

&2
 cloth before
application of the
next coat.
M. Moisture content
should be 6 to 8%
level.

A.
48 POOR/ INADEQUATE Excessive stain pigment A. A cleaner wipe.
ADHESION OVER DARK not penetrating. B. Multi-step system:
COLOR STAINS B.
1
dye stain, then
wipe stain.

49 PUMP FREEZE-UP A. Heat build-up in pump A. Switch to

(Latex) causes latex to diaphragm pump.
coalesce.

50 ROUGHNESS OF A. Surface not correctly A. Properly sand

FINISH sanded. materials before
B. Flash-off area exposed. applying finish
C. Overspray. coat and remove
sanding dust.
B. Shield off flash-off
area from airborne
contaminants.
C. Change spray
pattern. Use
slower evaporating
solvent blend.

51 SAGGING OF FILM A. Sagging is caused by A. Use the proper

either over-reduction or
by using too slow drying
solvent.
B. Application of too heavy
a coat.
C. Draft condition.
D. Strong sunlight causing
top drying and
consequent later
slippage of film on
vertical surfaces.
E. Jerky operation of
mechanical equipment
for withdrawal from dip
tank.
F. Subjected to unusual
conditions of heat or
cold.
G. Dirty air cap and fluid tip.
H. Gun held too close to
surface.
I. Not releasing trigger at
end of stroke (when
solvent for the
product, consistent
with the general
nature and
temperature of the
surface to be
coated. Refer to
Product Data
Page.
B. Do not apply so
much material to
the surface.
C. Eliminate draft.
D. Avoid application
in strong sunlight.
E. Repair or redesign
equipment.
F. Keep material at a
temperature 70ºF.
If break occurs
because of
extreme heat or
cold, repair or

&
 stroke does not go redesign
beyond object.) equipment.
J. Gun held at wrong angle G. Remove cap and
to surface. fluid tip and clean
K. Fluid pressure too high. or replace, if
L. Operation too slow. necessary.
M. Improper atomization. H. Hold the gun 6 to
N. Reducer added too fast 10 inches from
without sufficient stirring. surface.
O. Natural oxidation of the I. Release trigger
material if allowed to after every stroke.
remain open to the air J. Work gun at right
over a period of time. angles to surface.
K. Reduce fluid
pressure.
L. Speed up
movement of gun
across surface.
M. Use larger air cap
(internal mix);
increase volume of
air through horns
(external mix).
Check line and
tank settings.
N. Add reducer
slowly, stirring
constantly.
O. Addition of proper
amounts of
solvent, plus
infusion of fresh
material will put
batch into con-
dition if oxidation
has not proceeded
too far.

2
52 SKINNING OF LIQUID A. While it is possible to A. Make sure that
minimize skinning, it is containers in
something which will which the material
occur to a varied degree is stored are air
whenever any air-drying tight. Dipping
material is exposed to tanks should
air. preferably have an
oil or water-sealer
NOTE: If the break is too cover, and cover
pronounced, it may not should be in place
be possible to put the whenever tank is
material back into not in use.
condition satisfactorily B. Cover remaining
for use. Prepare new contents of
batch for use. partially filled
container with
B. Oil-type materials. small amount of
appropriate

&"
 C. Synthetic type.
D. Waterborne.
53 SOFTENING OF FILM A. Not properly catalyzed.
B. In contact with vinyl
causing "plasticizer
migration."
C. Incorrect solvent.
54 SPLOTCHY STAIN A. Variation of density of
APPEARANCE wood.
B. Glue residue on surface.
A.
55 SPOTTY DRYING Unclean surface.
1
B.
56 SPRAY PATTERN A. Horn holes partially
BOTTOM HEAVY clogged (external mix).
B. Obstruction on bottom
side of fluid tip.
C. Dirt on air cap seat or
fluid tip seat.
57 SPRAY PATTERN A. Spreader adjustment
&&
solvent before
sealing.
C. Cover remaining
contents of
partially filled
container with
small amount of
synthetic reducer
before sealing.
D. Float water and
appropriate co-
solvent blend.
Cover remaining
before sealing.
A. Refer to Product
Data Page.
B. Utilize catalyzed
material for
maximum
protection. Refer
to Product Data
Page.
C. Some retarders
stay in the film for
long periods of
time causing film
to stay soft. Refer
to Pro-duct Data
Page for sol-vent
recommendations.
A. Check sanding
procedure or
washcoat.
B. Remove glue
residue with
solvent wipe or by
sanding.
A. Clean carefully
with solvent.
B. Check sanding
procedures.
A. Remove air cap
and clean.
B. Remove and clean
tip.
C. Remove and clean
seat.
A. Increase volume
HEAVY AT CENTER valve set too low. of air by opening
B. Atomizing pressure too spreader
low. adjustment valve.
C. Material of too great B. Increase pressure.
viscosity. C. Thin material with
D. Fluid pressure too high suitable thinner.
for air cap’s normal D. Reduce fluid
capacity, pressure feed. pressure.
E. Fluid tip too large for E. Use smaller fluid
material used. tip.

58 SPRAY PATTERN A. Left side of air holes A. Remove air cap

HEAVY TO LEFT partially clogged. and clean air
B. Dirt on left side of fluid holes.
tip. B. Remove fluid tip
and clean.

59 SPRAY PATTERN A. Right side of air holes A. Remove air cap

HEAVY TO RIGHT partially clogged. and clean air
B. Dirt on right side of fluid holes.
tip. B. Remove fluid tip
and clean.

60 SPRAY PATTERN A. Air and fluid not A. Reduce width of

SPLIT balanced. spray pattern.
B. Air cap or fluid tip dirty. B. Remove and
clean.

61 SPRAY PATTERN A. Horn holes partially A. Remove air cap

TOP-HEAVY plugged (external mix). and clean.
B. Obstruction on top side B. Remove and
of fluid tip. clean.
C. Dirt on air cap seat or C. Remove and clean
fluid tip seat. seat.

62 STAIN BLEED OUT A. Excessive use of A. Reduce amount of

OF PORE NORMALLY Gilsonite. Gilsonite and/or
OAK OR ASH B. Excessive stain vehicle. add more stain
vehicle 10-15%.
B. Adjust the stain
formula.

63 STREAKS A. Dirty air cap and fluid tip.
B. Not overlapping strokes
correctly or sufficiently.
C. Gun moved too fast
across surface.
D. Gun held at wrong angle
to surface.
E. Gun held at wrong
distance from surface.
F. Air pressure too high.
A. Remove cap and
fluid tip and clean
or replace, if
necessary.
B. Follow previous
stroke.
C. Take deliberate,
slow strokes.
D. Work gun at right
angles to surface.

&(
 G. Split spray. E. Hold gun 6 to 10
H. Tipping gun. inches from
I. Streaks telegraphing surface.
through from primer coat F. Use least air
or under coat. pressure
J. Variation in porosity of necessary. Refer
substrate such as to Product Data
fiberboard or Page.
particleboard due to G. Reduce air
manufacturing process adjustment or
or uneven belt sanding. change air cap.
H. Spray pattern
should strike
surface at right
angles.
I. Make certain
primer coat or
underline coat is
properly, evenly
applied and
uniformly sanded.
J. May require
double filling of
primer application
to remedy
problem.
Substrate supplier
should be made
aware of the
problem. New
batch of substrate
may be required.

64 VENEER CHECKING A. Veneer quality. A. Select well-cut,

(normally expressed in B. Veneer moisture tight veneers since
longitudinal cracks in the content. excessive knife
veneer) C. Panel components and checks are a
construction. source of trouble.
D. Processing conditions. Use extra care in
E. Gluing procedures. processing oak,
F. Sanding. walnut, and highly
G. Warehouse conditioning. figured veneers.
These are more
sensitive to
checking.
B. Control veneer
moisture content
to below 6%.
C. Control lumber
and plywood core
moisture content
to 5-8% to
minimize warping
and telegraphing.
Control particle
board core

&/
 moisture content
to 4-10% to avoid
telegraphing.
D. Use hot press
operation
wherever possible
but avoid
excessive drying.
Keep closed
assembly time to a
minimum.
E. Apply glues
uniformly and
avoid excess. Use
hot press
operation
whenever possible
but avoid
excessive drying.
F. Adjust depth of
sanding according
to the side of the
face veneer which
is exposed.
G. Condition and
maintain moisture
of the pressed
panel to 5-8%.

65 VENEER GLUE LINES A. Excessive glue used. A. Reduce the

SHOWING B. Excessive pressure. amount of glue
and use colored
glue to match
veneer.
B. Reduce pressure.

66 WASHING OF FILM A. In some dip operations, A. Provide proper

faulty ventilation in the ventilation over dip
hood above the dip tank tank.
allows a concentrated B. Be sure surface is
collection of solvent clean, as well as
vapors. This reduces the all crevices.
film on the object which Change angle of
has just been withdrawn drain.
from the dip tank, C. Clean surface
thereby causing the film carefully with
to wash or flow off the volatile solvents.
finishing surface. D. Stir the material
B. Wash caused by thoroughly so that
cleaning solvents liquids and
remaining in crevices. pigment will be
C. Greasy, waxy, or evenly dispersed.
otherwise unclean paint E. Provide
surface. ventilation.
D. Failure to stir all

&.
 pigmented finishes into
proper suspension
before application.
Failure to stir properly
unbalances formula of
applied material and
often will cause poor
drying.
E. Improper ventilation.

67 WHITE SPOTS A. Water mixing with the A.
lacquer either through
the separator or by not
having the surface dry.
Clean air line and
separator. Be sure
surface to be
finished is dry.
Bleed the line at
least once every
shift, or every
eight hours.

68 WRINKLING OF A A. Too heavy a coat. A. Apply light coat.

SMOOTH ENAMEL B. First coat not completely B. Allow more dry
dry. time.
C. Sand through. C. Allow more dry
time on the sealer.

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wood coating presrvative

Carefully clean the surface of the wood, which is to be well dried (12-14%
humidity) and free from grease, wax or resin traces.
Waterborne products tend to raise the wood fibre and produce rough
surfaces.A thorough sanding is particularly important: 150 grit sanding is
recommended for softwood while 180 grit sanding is recommended for
hardwood.It is not advisable to use steel wool to prepare the bare timber
because this gives rise to the formation of bluish stains.

Preservative stains can be applied by flow-coating, dipping, brushing or spraying.

This last application system is to be adopted only provided that suitable protection
and air suction devices are used.

6 4

Waterborne products must be left drying at temperatures above 15°C and

relative humidity preferably not higher than 85%. Beyond these limits drying
times are longer. Drying should be performed in rooms with forced air
circulation, preferably with dehumidified and slightly warm air (28-30°C).

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.All stains can exhibit some degree of light sedimentation over time, which is usually
easy to re-disperse. During the winter there is a greater risk of sedimentation
because the solubility of pigments in water increases with temperature. The product
should therefore be stored, for the shortest time possible, in a warm place, preferably
at a temperature of no lower than 10°C. Stir well before use.

4 3

Once the can has been left open, the waterborne coating may decay as a result of the
attack by bacteria, moulds and fungi commonly present in the air. This phenomenon
is easily detectable because of bad smells, viscosity increase, moulds in the surface
and change of colour.
Avoid any attempt to recover used old product whose good preservation is not sure
as well as avoid to keep open the cans containing waterborne products during
summertime or in tropical areas.
The addition of "thor acticide hf+hd biocide (0.1-0.3%), increases preservation and
service life of products left in open containers such as dipping tanks

To clean items coated with waterborne products, considering their general poor
chemical resistance (ie. to alcohol, ammonia and abrasives), we suggest the use of
blends of neutral detergents with lukewarm water.

Sanding of the basecoat must be performed by means of 240-320 grit papers, paying
attention - especially when using orbital sander - not to apply too high pressure since
it may cause a significant temperature increase. This heating is detrimental to
waterborne coatings films since, being thermoplastic, they melt for excessive
heating.
The best results are achieved when using stearate sanding papers, which enable the
optimal sanding and provide much higher yields than conventional papers.
Automatic sanding must be performed with the machine perfectly calibrated and
working at low rotation speed of the belt and little pressure on roller/pad. Seek advice
from your abrasives supplier on the specific paper to be used with waterborne
coatings.

(&
 6 4=

Drying of waterborne products must take place at temperatures not below 15°C and
at a relative humidity preferably not exceeding 80%. Out of these limits, there is a
slowing down of the drying and/or formation of a less hard and resistant film. It is
always advisable for drying to be forced, with air previously de-humidified and warm
(25-35°C).Use trolleys with well spaced holders enabling an optimal air circulation
also on panels surface, particularly when panels are of big size such as doors,
cabinet doors and side, etc.In case of drying with automatic equipment such as
simple or multi-stage ovens, provided with heating systems, always let the coated
items cool before stacking to avoid sticking marks.

4 3

Because of the hydrophilic nature of cellulose, waterbased products tend to raise the
wood grain thus resulting into a rough surface.A thorough sanding of the surface is
extremely important: the best results are achievable by sanding the substrate with
progressively finer papers up to 180-220 grit.

4 +

Veneers are to be glued very carefully and with waterproof glues, since waterborne
coatings tend to stress any gluing mistakes with the detachment and/or swelling of
the veneer, particularly in non-contact areas. B3/D3 class glues are suggested,
thanks to their good water resistance.Considering the wide variety of materials
existing on the market, a preliminary test is always recommended.

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G-450 :Is a one-pack clear waterborne self-priming topcoat for use on parquet
flooring, an application that requir es special characteristics of elasticity, hardness,
abrasion resistance, ease of application by roller and brush, and ease of touching-up
and maintenance.

On untreated surfaces fill any cracks using binder :FILLER B with the sawdust
obtained by wood floor smoothing. To this purpose, also FILLER A Tinned at 10%
with water can be used.
When the filler has dried, sand the floor carefully using 80-120 grit sandpaper.
Remove the sanding dust with a vacuum cleaner before applying the coating.
Apply the first coat of G450 thinned 10% with drinking water using a roller or a brush.
Make sure that the product is well spread and there are no areas of build-up.
After 3-4 hours, when drying is complete, the product is ready for sanding. It is
preferable to sand manually using 150-180 grit paper or with mechanical systems
using 220-240 grit paper. Then apply a second coat, followed by a third coat after 1-2
hours without sanding.
Some resinous timbers (such as iroko, merbau, etc.) contain colored substances that
tend to be dissolved by the product during application. To avoid this problem when
coating these timbers, apply the waterborne basecoat W28 as an initial barrier coat.
Do not allow the product to build up in any areas and make sure that it is spread
uniformly and with the recommended application weight of about 70-80 g/m² for each
coat. This can easily be achieved using normal brush application. Higher application
weights require much longer drying times.
For maintenance of parquet floors already coated with G450 or other types of clear
coating (including solvent-based coatings), sand well using 150 grit sandpaper, clean
the substrate, then apply one or two coats of G450 as described above. Make sure
that the surfaces are free of grease and/or synthetic wax.
Spray application of G450is not recommended. Actually, with this application method
it is easy to exceed in quantity with the consequent possibility of several
inconveniences such as detachment of the coating film from the wood substrate.

Accidental application of thick layers of product may cause spots and cissing and
slow down drying to such an extent that the film lifts from the wood.
Keep from freezing: store in areas where temperatures do not fall below 5°C.
During application and drying, the ambient temperature and the temperature of the
coating must be no lower than 10°C.
Use only drinking water for thinning.
Mix the product using a stick or a spatula. Avoid stirring too vigorously not to
incorporate air in the product which may lead to the formation of bubbles during
application.
Ventilate the room during and after application to improve drying.
The coated floor is ready for foot traffic the next day.
After application wait 48-72 hours before placing furniture or carpets on the floor.
For the first 2-3 weeks the coating is not perfectly dry and remains slightly sensitive
to water. If the floor is washed and/or water deposits in some areas after treatment,
this may give rise to reversible blooming on the film of coating.
Wash working tools immediately with water. Dried coating can be removed by
washing with acetone.
Coating residues must be disposed of in accordance with current legislation. Do not
pour residues down drains.
Due to the great number of exotic timbers available on the market, it is advisable to
perform a preliminary test to verify that the product does not undergo cissing,
blushing or lifting caused by substances contained in the wood.

(/
 5 - ' # >

CW3 is a one-pack waterborne basecoat suitable for interior applications, ensuring

excellent sandability and build. Its good thixotropy makes it suitable for coating
objects of complex shape, such as turned parts, fitted furniture, etc. Its acrylic based
formulation ensures long lasting non-yellowing properties which do not alter wood
colour. However, since it does not contain UV absorbers, it gives no protection either
to the stain or to the natural wood colour. Thanks to its good general characteristics,
the clear version of CW3 may be used for open pore systems. Anyway, it is in the
closed or semi-closed pore systems, which can be obtained by applying two 80-140
g/m² coats 2 hours apart, that its transparency and build can be best appreciated.
In normal drying conditions (20°C and relative humidity 65%), the basecoat can be
sanded after just 3-4 hours. With lower temperatures and higher relative humidity,
drying will take longer.
If greater build or hiding power is required, wait at least 4 hours before applying the
third coat. In this case wait 6-8 hours before sanding.

When drying of CW3 complete, all normal sanding systems, both manual and
automatic, can be used, paying attention not to exert excessive pressure as this
could lead to a considerable increase in temperature. This temperature increase,
which is particularly evident in case of use of scotch brite or belt sanders would be
detrimental to the film of waterborne coating as it is thermoplastic and liable to melt
on heating.
For best results, use stearate sandpaper, which provide excellent dedusting with
much higher efficiency than conventional sandpaper.
Consult your abrasives supplier for information on specific papers for waterborne
products.

Store the product in rooms where the temperature does not fall below 5°C.
During application, keep the product, the substrate and the room at a temperature of
at least 15°C.
Coating residues (washing water, booth water, used coating) must be disposed of in
accordance with current legislation. Do not pour residues down drains.
In view of the wide variety of materials used for manufacturing wooden products,
when switching from a solvent-based to a waterborne coating system it is always
advisable to contact your suppliers’ technical departments to check whether your
equipment and components are appropriate or whether more suitable types exist. In
particular, check: electrostatic guns, pumps, seals, silicones, glues, booth treatment
water products, packaging materials, fillers, sandpaper, etc.

(.
10 Basic Finishing Rules for Avoiding Common Wood Finishing Problems

1. Make sure all finishing personnel are familiar with application of the products.
Refer to Product Data Pages as well as consult with Sherwin-Williams
Sales/Service Representative for proper handling.
2. Have complete system pre-tested and documented detailing each
operation from white wood sanding to final inspection. Follow written
procedures daily.
3. Inspect all application equipment on a daily basis – ensure it is clean and
in working order.
4. The curing schedule should be routinely monitored. Oven temperatures
as well as plant environmental conditions should be noted. Variations
may require solvent additions. Refer to Product Data Pages.
5. Always thoroughly mix materials before application.
6. Reduce finishing materials in accordance with Sherwin-Williams Product
Data Page.
7. Use good housekeeping measures – a clean finishing area produces
clean work, reduces loss time caused by rejects, accidents, fire, etc.
8. Check stock rotation. Note batch date (Julian calendar) and rex number
when material is received. Use oldest date first.
9. Finish standards should be utilized at each finishing operation to ensure
consistent quality and color.
10. In refilling leftover material, strain into clean containers, fill containers to
the top, and close tightly so that there will be no air leakage into the
package. Label and date. Refer to Product Data Page for proper handling
of catalyzed materials.

(,
Facts in Formulating Water Based Industrial Wood Coatings
The practice of formulating water based industrial wood coatings is different
to that of
formulating industrial wood coatings using solvents as the thinner.
Different,but not difficult.
As with many changes in technology,a certain period of time is needed to
obtain the
necessary experience to properly formulate and apply high quality coatings
based on water.
When using solvent based systems the solvents are used to dissolve
binders and to adjust the
final application viscosity of the paint.With water borne technology,in
general acrylic emulsion
and/or polyurethane dispersions,we prefer to consider water as the carrier of
the binder since
it is not used to dissolve the polymer particles.Water is furthermore used to
adjust the final
viscosity.
A wide variety of other polymer types may be used in industrial wood
coatings.They can range
from the extremes of water insoluble polymers to the highly soluble together
as well as the
many types of intermediate developments such as alkali soluble
emulsions,micro gels,water
reducible polymers,etc.
Commonly used water based technology can be listed as follows:
-Acrylic (co)-polymer emulsions
-Polyurethane dispersions
-Urethane-acrylic hybrids (blends)
-Urethane-acrylic co-polymer dispersions
-Alkali soluble acrylic emulsions
-Modified urethane dispersions
-Modified urethane-acrylic co-polymer dispersions
To enable the coating formulator to make the right choice out of the
impressive range of water
based binders available,he/she needs to know some details of polymer
technology.
Emulsion Polymerisation.
Of the range of procedures available for the production of polymers in the
presence of water:-
-Emulsion polymerisation
-Aqueous solution polymerisation
-Dispersion polymerisation
-Polymerisation in mini-emulsions
-Mi-cellar polymerisation
emulsion polymerisation is the most commonly used technique.

()
Emulsion polymerisation is characterized by the fact that a water-soluble
free radical initiator is
used to polymerise the radically polymerisable monomers to produce a
water insoluble
polymer.It is common practice to also incorporate some water-soluble acid
co-monomers.
This method of polymerisation offers the advantage of high polymerisation
rate and high
molecular weight.The viscosity of the emulsion is however not molecular
weight dependent.
The particle size of these emulsions can range from 50-500 nm,the stability
of the emulsion is
obtained through the use of surfactants in conjunction with the effect of
charged polymer end-groups:
sulphate groups from per-sulphate initiators and ionic groups from the use
of ionic co-monomer,
e.g.carboxylate groups from acrylic acid.

EMULSION POLYMERISATION
Reaction system
•water
•monomers
•emulsifiers
•initiator
•(modifier)
•(salts)

Aqueous Polyurethane Dispersions

Well-known processes to produce polyurethane dispersions are:the acetone
process,melt
dispersion process,ketimine process and the pre polymer mixing process.
The first step in these processes is the reaction of diols or polyols with a
stoichiometric excess
of isocyanate.
The chemistry can be divided in 4 steps:
A.Pre-polymer
preparation
B.Neutralization
C.Dispersion
D.Extension
A Pre-polymer preparation
A diol or polyol is reacted with a stoichiometric excess of isocyanate to produce
a pre-polymer
that must have sufficient hydrophilicity.Dimethylolpropionic acid (DMPA),an
anionic stabilizing
agent,is used to build functionality into the polymer chain.DMPA is easy to build
in,does not
show side reactions during the process and will not influence the final
application properties.
N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP)is present to support the build in of DMPA.
B Neutralization

(0
Triethanolamine (TEA)is the ideal amine for neutralisation since it will not
react with
isocyanate.A disadvantage of TEA is its high evaporation rate and toxicity at
low
concentration.N,N-dimethylethanolamine (DMEA)is an alternative
neutralising agent but is,
however,reactive with isocyanate.
C Dispersion
The dispersion process depends on the pre-polymer viscosity and the
presence of acid.
Sometimes small quantities of an emulsifying agent or a temperature
increase of the water are
used to improve the dispersion process.
D Extension
During the extension step,for which hydrazine or ethylenediamine (EDA)are
well known
agents,the molecular weight increases from 1,000-10,000 to over 100,000.In
comparison to
solvent-based urethanes the higher molecular weight of polyurethane
dispersions is an
advantage towards solvent resistance.
Of importance for the physical behaviour of a polyurethane dispersion is the:
-Type of isocyanate
-Type of diol or polyol
-Presence of co-solvents as NMP
-Hardness and flexibility
-Presence of cross-linking
A comparison of the advantages of the use of acrylic emulsions and
polyurethane dispersions
is summarised in the table below:

Acrylic Emulsion Polyurethane Dispersion

Medium-High solids Low –Medium solids
Medium-High particle size Small particle size
UV resistant Abrasion resistant
Economical Less economical
Thermoplastic Not thermoplastic

Formulating
Formulating in the right way depends on a range of important matters:
Which type of wood has to be coated,what is the final use of the coated
wood,is the shape
flat or 3-dimensional,what is the method of application,what is the allowed
total film weight,
what are the curing conditions,is cross linking allowed,is the material
stacked after cure,etc?
What is the coating type?
-Stain
-Sealer
-Sand able primer
-Top coat
-One-coat system

/2
What is the application method?
-Conventional air spray
-Airless spray
-Air mix spray
-Electrostatic spray
-Roller coating application
-Curtain coating application
-Vacuum application
-Dipping
Application lines often differ from factory to factory.Line dimensions
and speeds are different and the same is noticed for drying
conditions.
When exporting formulations,the formulator must have an eye for the
specific safety and environmental rules in the country where the
coating is finally applied.Regulations can differ from country to
country or even within a country.This will restrict the formulator in the
choice : of e.g.film forming agents or cross linkers.
Last but not least there is the consideration towards the coating
quality:
Coating quality demands can differ per:
-Style of finishing (open/closed pore)
-Circumstances of final use
-Specific film quality demands:DIN 68 861/Moebelfakta/Fira,etc
-Economics
All in all:many questions arise when the coating chemist is asked to
present the right formulation.It is of vital importance to supply the
paint chemist with all the necessary information on
substrate,application method,quality demands and on maximum
allowed price.
Good communications between sales staff,client and coating chemist
is important.

TYPICAL WB FURNITURE COATING

1.Emulsion (45%)75,0
2.Water,demineralised 8,0
3.Coalescent premix,pH 8 6,0
4.Surface wetting agent 0,3
5.Anti foam agent 0,7
6.Flatting agent 2,0
7.Wax emulsion 6,0
8.Thickening agent 2,0

TOTAL: 100,0

/
In this clear coating formulation example,the binder content is 75 %of the
total weight by volume.The binder plays an utmost important role in the
performance of the film during and after application.
Film quality and price are dominated by the choice of binder.
With respect to the other ingredients of this,and other,coating formulations
many are added to either compensate for a weakness in the quality of the
binder or they are added to obtain a certain performance change,such as
viscosity or gloss level.
Water is not renowned for having the best wetting properties on many
substrates.Its surface tension,of approximately 72 mN/m,needs to be
reduced to obtain good surface wetting and even flowing films on the
substrate.
The surface tension of acrylic emulsions,supplied in water,is lower because
the surface tension of the water present is reduced through the use of
emulsifier.
The use of wetting and anti-foam agents,which all influence surface tension
and can affect foam stabilization and film defects,such as cratering,should
preferably be kept to a minimum.
wide choice of additives such as:anti-foam agents,wetting agents,film
forming agents, thickeners,waxes and matting agents.

Typical examples of these studies in ( NeoCryl XK-15

,glascol c 47,jonson scx 8320)

1:Gloss reduction
The selection of the right matting agent normally means the formulator
having to choose from
what the coating factory stocks.
Often one has to make a selection out of the available raw material or
additive list.
In many cases this results in making compromises.Many matting
agents,offered by various
suppliers in Europe,are available but only a few are normally in stock.For our
comparison
tests we have chosen from standard universally used types.Yet differences
can still be found
with respect to:
-The matting effect
-Alcohol resistance
-Water resistance
-Compatibility with the binder system
-Film appearance
-Detergent resistance
-Touch
-Glossing-up at scratching the surface

Sometimes combinations of silica or urea formaldehyde based flatting

agents are added with matting waxes to increase scratch resistance and to
improve the glossing-up effect.This can be determined by scratching the
surface of the coating with a hard object or simply with the fingernail.
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1.Gloss reducing Polyurethane dispersions:

Recent developments in polyurethane dispersion technology make it

possible to reduce gloss by adding a matting polyurethane to industrial
wood coatings based on acrylic emulsion technology.This new method of
reducing gloss has a high impact on the ease of formulation.
Adding a liquid matting agent reduces the production time,is much easier to
handle than a silica based matting agent and virtually eliminates air
incorporation.Further advantages to using this new matting technology
are:no settling in low viscous paints,no dust pollution,less
storage room needed.

2.Scratch resistance
Again a selection has been made out of a range of well-known and
commonly used wax dispersions and water dispersible powder waxes.
In general water dispersible powder waxes have more influence on the final
gloss level of the applied coating.
The particle size and the form of the wax particles floating to the top of the
liquid coating surface causes light scattering,which reduces gloss.In this
case the quantity of matting agent has to be adjusted to the correct level.
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3:Wetting
Van der Waals forces and high polarity,as described by many of my
colleagues serving the additive industry,force water to form a droplet.Strong
polar liquids have a high surface tension,non-polar liquids do not have the
desire to form a droplet.Water,as an important component of emulsions and
dispersions,therefore has an influence on the performance of the liquid
coating and can be the cause of serious headaches to the

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Hydrophilic groups Hydrophobic groups

Sulfonate Natural Fatty Acid
Sulfonate Olefins
Carboxylate Alkyl benzenes
Phosphate Alkyl phenols
Ammonium Fluor carbon
Polyols Silicones

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A selection of wetting agents added to a standard test
formulation based on binder(above)gave the following results:

Test result 2 :
Wetting agents
A B C D E F G
Binder 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Demi water 11 11 11 11 11 11 11
Wetting agent 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45
DPM 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7
DPnB 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7
NMP 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3
Demi water 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
Byk 024 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
PH 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8
Gloss (20°/60° ) 64/87 64/87 64/87 65/86 76/89 65/86 65/86
König hardness (sec.)147 164 188 168 130 148 174
viscosity Din#4 (sec.) 15 14 16 14 15 15 15
Film appearance ok ok ok ok ok ok not ok
Stain resistance Leneta 2C
Demi water 16 h 5 4-5 4-5 5 4-5 5 4-5
Ethanol (48%)16 h 3 3 3 3 3-4 3 3-4
Detergent 16 h 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4 4 4
Coffee 16 h 5 5 5 5 5 5 4-5
Hot pan 1 h 4-5 5 4-5 5 4 5 4-5
Ethanol (48%)1 h 3-4 3-4 3-4 3-4 4 3-4 4
Remarks: not
compatible
_____________________________________________________________________

When wetting agents are added to surfactant free,self cross-linking acrylic

emulsion technology we notice that they not only influence the behaviour of
the wet coating,but also that they can influence the hardness of the final
coating and its resistance to alcohol and water.
Careful selection of the wetting agent is needed,not only with respect to its
influence on the wet or dry coating,but also on the production
process.Additions should be kept to a minimum
since some types of wetting agent can also stabilize foam.

//
4:Anti Foam Agents
A wide variety of anti-foam agents are now available for water borne systems
from many ,sources.This is a far cry from the early days of the introduction
period of water borne systems ,when binder suppliers often had to develop
their own range of anti-foam agents.
tego family
byk family
The presence of foam in the coating can be caused by different ways:
-Air entrapment during the production process.
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5:Viscosity Adjustment:
In general,water based industrial wood coatings need a viscosity adjustment
when finalizing,the paint formulation.The final viscosity adjustment of the
lacquer takes place after a certain ,period of aging,preferably at least 15
hours.This is necessary due to the influence of the film-forming
agent on the swelling of the polymer particle.
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6:Film forming
Good film formation is an absolute requirement when we expect the final
dried paint film to ,have the required resistance properties.Proper film
formation will give the right performance .towards solvent,chemical and
water resistance.Although not directly detectable by the human
eye,or even by using a microscope,the poorly coalesced coating may have
voids or micro,pores that will enable fluids to attack the substrate or to
weaken the coating film.Spot tests on the cured film,preferably applied on an
absorbing substrate,will indicate the ,optimum level of solvent addition to
obtain maximum film build.Selection of the film-forming agent will depend
upon the allowed solvent technology (regulation depending)and the required
speed of drying.Normally a range of several glycol ethers are used or,when
allowed,a combination of fast and slower evaporating glycols.
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7:The Binder
Careful choice of the right water borne binder system is of high importance
to the paint,formulator.During the last 10 years they have seen many water
based technologies added to the list of water borne binders to choose
from.All binder types have their own specific advantages.
We can now choose a product that will fit into the range of demands set by
the final ,application.
-Self cross-linking acrylic emulsions will stepwise improve the resistance to
water,chemicals and solvents.
-The use of Surfactant free self cross-linking emulsion chemistry will
decrease,foaming during production and will increase wood
wetting,transparency and flow.
-Urethane-Acrylic co-polymers will offer increased resistance to chemicals
and solvents,hand cream resistance and abrasion resistance.UA copolymers
are often used to formulate one component coatings used for tabletops or
office furniture,where resistance demands are very high.
-Hydroxyl acrylic emulsions are used to formulate coatings that cure with
melamine or urea formaldehyde and some acid,or by means of isocyanate
addition.They provide highly resistant coatings used for wood imitation
paper and for kitchen and office furniture.
-Fatty acid modified polyurethane dispersions and Fatty acid modified
Urethane-Acrylic dispersions are needed when demands with respect to
wood wetting,filling and transparency are strong.Fatty acid modification
furthermore features high resistance to solvents and chemicals.
-Water based UV curing dispersion chemistry will provide a high resistance
level and immediate block resistance after cure.
-Alkali soluble acrylic emulsions containing sufficient carboxylic acid are
soluble in amine or ammonia and provide solutions with high pigment
wetting power and,due to the rheology,the required coating transfer
properties.Colloidal acrylic emulsions are used for highly filled primers
and,because of their small particle size,for impregnating
agents and stains.

/,
Wood &Grain Raising:

Grain raising caused by water contact is a well-known,but not much

desired,effect by the wood processing industry.The swelling of the wood
fibre results in a rough surface that requires extra sanding,otherwise it will
lead to visible defects in the topcoat.
Grain raising is not a very well described nor understood phenomenon and
detailed information is difficult to find in the available documentation on
wood processing.From a subjective assessment of the factors affecting
grain raising and a literature study we have been able to list the following
table of the most common influencing factors:

Grain Raising Influence

-Wood Type
-Co solvent use,type and quantity
-pH level
-Solids content
-Coating thickness
-Surface tension
-Solubility of the polymer
-Emulsifier type used for polymerisation (cationic/anionic)
-Tg,MFT
-Drying speed and method
-Surface preparation
-Particle size
-Viscosity
-Application method

On study on grain raising clearly showed that the choice of wood type had a
major effect on the grain raising seen.The grain raising of oak pine, beech
etc,are not equal.There are no known standard test surfaces nor special
laboratory equipment that can be used to quantify grain raising.The wood
quality and type of grain raising differs too much in wood panels to make
use of equipment which measures the roughness of the coated wood by
means of,for example,a laser technique/digital surf,interferometry or
con-vocal microscopy.The composition of wood is simply not consistent
enough and can differ across the surface of the sample.
Therefore a subjective method,based upon the views of a panel of 5
technicians,was used to judge the roughness of the tested wood types.
The following table indicates our conclusions:

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 Classification of the different factors
influencing the Grain Raising

Significant Best Influence Not very Best Influence No

Factors Level 1 to 5 Significant Level 1 to 5 Significant
Factors Factors

solid content high 5 viscosity high 2 co-solvent

Tg high 4/5 acid value high 1 surface

tension

Nature of
polymer/pH* Latex 3 Application Spray 1
method gun

Particle size low 3 Drying Room 1

temp temp.
(22-
24°C)

Hydrophobicity high 3

Thickness (wet Not in 2/3

weight of the excess
stain (40-
50g/m²)

Sanding 220-280 2/3

grit

pH Low 4
/high

Low 3
Cationic/anionic /high

Wood depends -

*The pH influences the shape of the polymer,latex or soluble

Scale: 1 for a low grain raising 5 for a high grain raising

Conclusion:

-Recent developments in water based Acrylic and Polyurethane Dispersion

chemistry ,offer new possibilities in the constant process of replacing
solvent based technology.
-Water based chemistry is different but not difficult if formulation rules
towards the selection of the binder and the additive are followed
-;

/0
 WOOD COATING
DEFINITION OF COATING TYPES

CLEAR TOPCOAT: A final coating which contains binders, but not opaque
pigments, and is specifically formulated to form a transparent or translucent
solid protective film.

CONVERSION VARNISH: A coating comprised of a homogeneous,

transparent or translucent (alkyd-amino resin) liquid which, when acid
catalyzed and applied, hardens upon exposure to air or heat, by evaporation
and polymerization to form a continuous film that imparts protective or
decorative properties to wood surfaces.

FILLER: A preparation used to fill in cracks, grains, etc., of wood before

applying a coating.

HIGH-SOLIDS STAIN: Stains containing more than 454 grams (1 pound) of

solids per 3.785 liters (1 gallon), by weight, including wiping stains, glazes,
and opaque stains.

INK: A fluid that contains dyes and/or colorants and is used to make
markings, but not to protect surfaces.

LOW-SOLIDS STAIN: Stains containing 454 grams (1 pound) of solids per

3.785 liters (1 gallon) or less, by weight.

MOLD-SEAL COATING: The initial coating applied to a new mold or repaired

mold to provide a smooth surface which, when coated with a mold released
coating, prevents products from sticking to the mold.

MULTI-COLORED COATING: A coating which exhibits more than one color

when applied, and which is packaged in a single container and applied in a
single coat.

PIGMENTED COATINGS: Opaque coatings which contain binders and

colored pigments which are formulated to hide the wood surface, either as
an undercoat or a topcoat.

SEALER: A coating, containing binders, which seals the wood prior to the
application of subsequent coatings.

STRIPPER: A liquid used to remove cured coatings, cured inks, and/or cured
adhesives.

TONER: A wash coat which contains binders and dyes or pigments to add
tint to a coated surface.

WASH COAT: A coating that is used to seal wood surfaces, preventing

undesired staining and control penetration

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