PHILOSOPHICAL TOOLS
AND PROCESSES
Philosophy uses reason to arrive at a certain
knowledge or truth.
Greek philosophers gave us how to use our
intellect to understand realities around us The
tools that they frequently utilized are the
following:
1. Philosophical Questions
Philosophy was born because of ignorance. If one is
ignorant, he asks questions and if he keeps on
questioning the more knowledge he acquires.
A philosopher is like a child who has an inquisitive mind
who never stops asking questions and finding answers.
In our daily struggles, one needs to ask questions simple,
serious and deep questions that we have to cope with.
Simple Questions
(influenced by curiosity and sense of wonder)
What is this?
What does this do?
Why are trees are tall?
Why is the sky so far away?
Serious Questions
(influenced by our experiences and circumstances )
Why do I have to study?
What do I need to get better grades?
What should I do to achieve my goals in life?
What can I do to be better?
How do I deal with difficult people?
Deep Questions
(influenced to search for meaning and answers)
What is love?
Is love worth giving up?
Where can one find true happiness?
Why do good people suffer?
Why is there injustice in this world?
What can we do to make the world a better place?
Socrates
"Socrates is considered the foremost
philosopher of ancient times."
He is known for Socratic Method
also known as Socratic Debate, a
form of cooperative argumentative
d
dialogue between individuals, based
on asking and answering questions
to stimulate critical thinking and to
draw out ideas and underlying
assumptions.
Dialectics — term used to describe a
method of philosophical argument that
involves some sort of contradictory
process between opposing sides.
(Example: extension of MECQ or
imposing GCQ, life imprisonment or
death penalty)
As a dialectical method, it is a discourse
between two or more people holding
different points of view about a subject
Karl Marx known for his but wishing to establish the truth through
dialectical method reasoned arguments.
2. Logical Reasoning
In philosophy reasoning is the process of thinking about
something in a logical way in order to form a conclusion
or judgement.
Philosophy is about answering questions. Reasoning is
the method we use in doing philosophy. All branches of
philosophy employ reasoning in explaining their
arguments.
TYPES OF LOGICAL
REASONING
Deductive Reasoning
Deductive reasoning (also called deduction) involves
forming specific conclusions from general premises.
Example:
Premise 1: All human beings are mortal
Premise 2: But the President of the Philippines is a human
being.
Conclusion: Therefore, the President of the Philippines is
mortal.
Inductive Reasoning
Inductive reasoning (also called induction) involves
forming general theories from specific observations.
Example:
Premise: Student A, B, C, D, E, F….. are wearing School ID.
Conclusion: Therefore, All students are wearing ID
QUIZ
Philosophy is about answering questions. Reasoning is
the method we use in doing philosophy. All branches of
philosophy employ reasoning in explaining their
arguments.
Philosophy is about answering questions. Reasoning is
the method we use in doing philosophy. All branches of
philosophy employ reasoning in explaining their
arguments.
Philosophy is about answering questions. Reasoning is
the method we use in doing philosophy. All branches of
philosophy employ reasoning in explaining their
arguments.
Philosophy is about answering questions. Reasoning is
the method we use in doing philosophy. All branches of
philosophy employ reasoning in explaining their
arguments.
Philosophy is about answering questions. Reasoning is
the method we use in doing philosophy. All branches of
philosophy employ reasoning in explaining their
arguments.
