PHILOSOPHICAL TOOLS AND

PROCESSES
 SOCRATES
• Most influencial Philosophers of all time.
• Born in 469 BC in Athens, Greece.
• Died in 399 BC in Classic Athens.
• Founder of Western Philosophy.
• “True Knowledge Exist In Knowing That
You Know Nothing.”
• Socratic Method – The greatest
contribution to the Academic World.
PHILOSOPHICAL QUESTIONS
 “PHILOSOPHY WAS
BORN
BECAUSE OF
IGNORANCE”
Philosophy is all about questions, the more we asks,
the more knowledge we can acquire. The moment
you stop questioning anything, you are no longer a
Philosopher.
 Socratic ignorance refers, paradoxically, to a kind of
knowledge–a person’s frank acknowledgment of what they
don’t know. It is captured by the well-known statement: “I
know only one thing–that I know nothing.” 
 SOCRATIC
METHOD
Is a form of cooperative argumentative dialogue
between individuals.
Neither a Rhetoric nor a Debate.
Maieutic or Intellectual midwifery.
- They do not force-fit their own beliefs
The goal of this method is to make use of critical
thinking, reasoning, and logic.
 ARISTOTLE
• Born around 384 BC in the Ancient Greek
Kingdom of Macedonia
• Died in 323 BC in Chalcis, Greece.
• Contributed to Logic, Criticism, Rhetoric,
Physics, Biology, Psychology, Mathematics,
MetaPhysics, and Ethics.
• Founder of Lyceum
• Father of Western Logic
LOGICAL
REASONING
 REASONING

• Making an argument and learning how reasoning works

will make you a better Philosopher and a Persuasive
person.
• Knowing the different kinds of reasoning can help you
make better Arguments and Counter-Arguments.
 DEDUCTIVE
REASONING
• The premises are facts that justified a conclusion
- Premises is a support or evidence that justify the
conclusion.

Example:

Premise 1:All birds have feathers.

Premise 2: All robins are birds.
Conclusion: Therefore, robins have feathers.
• Deductive Reasoning is the only argument that can
provide Certainty.
• You can have a valid argument, but a false
conclusion, if one of your premises is incorrect.

Example: Invalid Example:

Premise 1: All humans have
tail
Premise 2: Kim is a human
Conclusion: Therefore, Kim
has a tail.
Premise 1: All cats are
mammals
Premise 2: I am a mammal
Conclusion: I am a cat.
 INDUCTIVE
REASONING
• Using past experiences to make future prediction
• Conclusion is ‘likely to be true’
• Inductive Reasoning provides you with probability and can
potentially produce false conclusion.

Example:

Premise 1: My mother is a Filipino

Premise 2: She has black hair
Conclusion: All filipinos have black hair.
 ABDUCTIVE
REASONING
• Drawing a conclusion based on the explanation that best
explains the state of events, eliminating events that are not
likely to happen.

Example:

You and your friends ate pancake last night.

You both woke up with a stomach ache.
You and your friend ate a bad pancake.
 TO ASK QUESTION,

TO REFLECT AND

TO FORMULATE

AND EVALUATE ARGUMENTS

DOING PHILOSOPHY

PHILOSOPHY BEGINS

IN WONDER.
PHILOSOPHICAL
REFLECTION
The act of giving time to think About the meaning And purpose of life

Types:
SECONDARY REFLECTION
PRIMARY REFLECTION

= Fragmented and compartmentalize Thinking

= Integrates The fragmented and
= Instrumental thinking Compartmentalized Experience into A
coherent whole GABRIEL
MARCEL
“Means end” kind of thinking
PHILOSOPHICAL REFLECTION AS A TOOL IN DOING PHILOSOPHY
PRIMARY = Ability to think logically

REFLECTION
= The abilityy of the mind to construct and evaluate arguments
=important tool in doing philosophy

Premise 1: All human beings are mortal

Premise 2: but the president of the
republic of the philippines is a human
being

CONCLUSION: Therefore,The
president of the republic of the philippines
is mortal
 NECESSARY SKILLS NEEDED IN
DOING PHILOSOPHY
CONSTRUCTION AND
PHILOSOPHICAL REFLECTION EVALUATION OF ARGUMENT

Enables us to look deeper into our Allow us to express our ideas in a

experiences and see the bigger picture of systematic and logical way; allow
reality us to examine the idea of other
people