INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 8, ISSUE 12, DECEMBER 2019 ISSN 2277-8616

Optimizing Energy Efficiency In Wireless Sensor

Networks On Various Qos Parameters Using
Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm
Amrinder Singh, Dr. Anand Sharma

Abstract: Wireless Sensors play an active role in today's research domain. The sensing devices connected in a wireless sensor network are higher in
number and the amount of data being handled or transmitted is also high, which results in large amount of energy being consumed. In addition to this,
the quality of service support required for effective functioning of the sensor network also gets affected. The energy and QoS issues become more
drastic when the nodes are of heterogeneous nature. In this paper, we propose a new optimizati on routing scheme based on nature inspired
Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm which optimizes the energy consumption of the sensor network in addition to providing bett er quality of service
support. The performance of the proposed routing scheme is evaluated on the basis of residual energy as well as few QoS parameters such as Packet
loss, Delay Time and, Throughput. The results show that our technique has performed better by providing an energy-efficient network along with
reduced time delay, reduced packet loss and increased throughput.

Keywords: wireless, sensor, grasshopper optimization, energy, efficiency, packet loss, network
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1. INTRODUCTION: The architectural model of OSI is followed by the WSNs for

Wireless sensor network consists of an enormous number
of sensing elements capable to identify, recognize process
and physical marvels and communicate them through the
sink to a base station. WSNs in present scenario are
regarded as revolutionary information gathering tools as
they feature easier deployment and better flexibility of
devices in comparison to the wired solutions [1]. The
exploration in WSNs began during 1980s, when the United
States Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
carried out the distributed sensor networks program for U.S
military and it is only since 2001 that WSNs generated an
increased interest from industrial and research perspectives
[2]. The WSN consists of nodes that are capable of
detecting a change and all the nodes inter-connected and
collectively transmit data to the sink. A transformation
representing the operation of sensor networks is:
Sensing+ Central Processing+ Radio
=Large no. of applications
These applications including building of a smart road
network infrastructure, monitoring of sewage for reducing
the blockage, helping the individuals to discover nearest
parking spot in a new city etc.
The productivity of such organizations is estimated by:
 The lifetime of the WSN usually calculated as the
difference between time spanning from the outset of the
WSN and when the battery of the first sensor is
exhausted,
 The throughput calculated by the extent of the data
detected in nature which has effectively achieved the
destination, and
 The delay and time were taken by the data gathered by
the WSN to go from the detecting zone to the passage
where the data is to be processed.
————————————————
 Amrinder Singh, is currently pursuing Ph.D degree in Computer
Science and Engineering at Guru Kashi University,Talwandi Sabo,
Bathinda (Punjab) India,
PH-09915010868. E-mail: amrinder.bhutal@yahoo.com
 Dr. Anand Sharma is currently working as an Assistant Professor in
UCCA, Guru Kashi University,Talwandi Sabo, Bathinda (Punjab)
India
PH-08930177290. E-mail: andz24@gmail.com
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communication but the topology of the networks changes
frequently because the many nodes enter into and leave
the network at a time. This increase and fall in the number
of nodes communicating in the networks directly impacts
the energy efficiency as well as the quality of service of the
sensor network. Energy or Power is an essential
requirement for sensors to perform various operations. And
the energy is devoted to the node components in the idle
state also [3] therefore, the sources of energy have to be
recharged or changed after particular intervals of time, but
at times it becomes hard to recharge the batteries or to
change them due to demographic conditions then there
should be reliable alternatives to overcome such
problems[4]. In addition to this, as the size of a sensor node
is really small due to which it results in other corresponding
constraints on resources such as energy, memory,
computational speed, and communications bandwidth
effecting the quality of service of the network. QoS [5] is the
intensity of service provided to the users. In WSNs, the
effectiveness of an application depends not only on the
broadcast capability but also the tracking & monitoring
capability. So, the QoS of a WSN is application-specific,
such as the monitor ability of events, the covered area of
the network, time delay in transmitting the data, the power
consumption of network, etc [6]. Following parameters are
used to evaluate the QoS of the sensor network [5], [7]:
 Time Delay: It is the time elapsed from the departure of a
data packet from the source node to the arrival at the
destination node, including queuing delay, switching
delay, propagation delay, etc.
 Packet Loss: It is the number of packets that were sent by
the sender node but failed to reach the destination node.
Lesser number of dropped packets specifies the higher
QoS of the network
 Throughput: It is effective number of data flow transported
within a certain period of time, also specified as
bandwidth in some situations. In general, the bigger the
throughput of the network, the better is the QoS [8].
WSNs are mostly used in various real-time and critical
applications, so it is mandatory for the network to provide
good QoS. This paper proposes a new Grasshopper
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optimization algorithm based energy efficiency routing
scheme for wireless sensor networks which in addition to
optimize the energy of the network also provides better
quality of service. A new optimization approach called
Grasshopper optimization algorithm [9] is used in our work
to optimize the energy efficiency of the sensor network.
This approach is mathematical modelling of the behaviour
of swarming of grasshoppers for cracking the optimization
issues. A set of anonymous solutions is created by GOA in
its initial step & normalizing the positions of the
grasshoppers in the next step. The position of the search
agents is updated on the basis of certain criteria. The
position of the best target obtained so far is updated after
each iteration. Further, the fitness function is calculated and
the distances between grasshoppers are normalized in
each iteration. Positions are updated iteratively until the
fulfillment of an end criterion. The position & fitness of the
best target is returned as the best solution for the global
optimum.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW:
Mostafaei (2019) in [10] presented a scheme which focused
on the quality of distributed learning automaton to select the
smallest number of nodes to preserve the desired QoS
requirements. The simulation outcomes revealed that this
algorithm outperformed other traditional algorithms on
various QoS parameters The algorithm tried to select best
possible nodes to save other nodes’ residual energies. It
utilized less number of sensor nodes having more reliable
links for data transmission about any specific event in a
network. Bahbahani and Alsusa (2018) in [11] proposed
cooperative clustering protocol to improve the lifetime of
WSNs using LEACH. It worked by maintaining energy
consumption between cluster nodes and cluster head
according to the duty cycle. In order to maintain an
unbiased operation in terms of energy, a transmission duty
cycle is adopted by Non-CH nodes so that the excess
energy can be utilized to transmit the data packets of other
relaying nodes. In this TDMA approach is used with the
cross-layer to optimize relaying process. Chincoli and Liotta
(2018) in [12] worked on controlling the transmission power
in WSNs by using cognitive methods. Cognitive protocols
that are used this work are fuzzy logic, swarm intelligence
and reinforcement learning. These protocols helped in
conserving the energy and providing quality of service
management. The study also gives information related to
benefits of these protocols. Hong et al. (2018) in [13]
introduced a Forwarding Area Division and Selection
routing protocol for WSNs to classify the collisions in two
forms that are same slot collision and distinct slot collision.
It reduces the probability of same slot collision and it
balances the load by using dynamic load balancing
approach. Forwarding area division method is applicable on
nodes within the same area and selecting sub area by
reducing the number of candidates. This process reduced
the same slot collision. Adaptive forwarding area selection
is used to channelize the subarea dynamically. The
simulation result of the proposed method reduced the
packet delay, energy consumption. Shehadeh et al. (2018)
in [14] proposed a noble meta-heuristic optimization
approach, known as ―Sperm Swarm Optimization (SSO)‖.
The fertilization of egg via sperm motility was the major
cause of inspiration which led to the development of
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proposed method. In the particular method, the sperm
swarm started from an area of low temperature known as
Cervix. While the movement, the sperm reached in a zone
known as Fallopian Tubes which was the destination for the
egg, to wait for the swarm for fertilization because that high
temperature zone was considered as the optimal solution.
The testing of proposed method was performed by taking
into account various objectives such as delay reduction,
minimization of latency, optimal packet throughput and
better energy efficient as well. Mann and Singh (2017) in
[15] presented Bee-Swarm, a swarm intelligence based
energy-efficient hierarchical routing scheme for WSNs. The
protocol consisted of three phases i.e., setting up Bee
Cluster, discovering the Route using Bee-Search and Data
transmission via Bee-Carrier. The presented protocol
conserved more energy than other SI based routing
protocols. The primary reason behind improvement in the
performance was the use of SI based hierarchical
approach. Huang et al. (2017) in [16] presented an energy-
efficient multicast geographic routing (EMGR) protocol to
form a scalable as well as energy-efficient WSN supporting
multicast communications. Proposed protocol utilizes an
energy-efficient multicast tree which formed by the set of
destination and the source node based on the energy. It
works by aiming to form a multicast-tree and ensuring data
& bypass delivery. The multicast-tree is used by EMGR for
multicast delivery of the transmitted message by selecting
the neighbouring nodes on the basis of energy optimal relay
position in order to appoint the select node as next data
forwarder to save energy consumption. The simulations
results show that it provided low energy consumption, low
computational overhead and high packet delivery ratio in
comparison to GMREE and LEMA. Siavoshi et al. (2016) in
[17] introduced a clustering protocol for load balancing in
WSNs. The proposed protocol formed virtual circles having
varied radii and consisted of various clusters. The cluster
size & the circle size increase are directly in proportion with
the distance for sink. The network model considered is
homogenous in nature with sink at centre. The performance
of the proposed approach is measured in comparison to
LEACH, TCAC and DSBCA protocols in terms of network
lifetime.
3. PROBLEM STATEMENT
Due their easy installation, the WSNs are are being used at
a large scale. Sensors nodes being the tiny devices have a
limited amount of battery life, therefore the routing
mechanisms should be designed in order to provide data
transmission in an energy efficient way. Further one
important concern here is that the technique should be such
that it should also assure required quality of service in
addition to optimizing the energy efficiency of the network.
4. PROPOSED TECHNIQUE
The proposed technique is based on Grasshopper
Optimization algorithm which works in the following steps:
I. The initial step is to deploy the WSN network where
initial parameters which in our case are the number of
nodes, the network area.
II. Selection of Cluster Head is made using
randomization.
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III. The sink is initialized randomly i.e., initial position of

the sink is selected at random. Table 1: Simulation Environment
IV. Initialization of grass hopper optimization (GOA) is Parameters Value
done. The unique aspect of the grasshopper swarm is Network Size 500 x 500 sq. mtr.
that the swarming behaviour is found in both nymph Nodes 100
Capacity of Queue 50 Packets
and adulthood and the size of the swarm varies from a
Number of Maximum
single grasshopper to a continental scale. retransmissions allowed
03
V. Define the target population in GOA and initialize the Node's initial energy 100 Joules
randomly distributed population in order to start the Packets Size 128 bytes
swarming process. Initial Rate of Data 300 kb/s
VI. Then the optimization process is started and the Node's Sensing range 35 m
fitness function defining social forces on the basis of
distance between the grasshoppers, energy and social The Proposed routing techniques is examined in the
interaction is calculated and updated after each simulation environment stated in Table 5.2 on the basis of
iteration. delay, throughput, packet loss, and residual energy in
VII. If the cluster size according to the sink is optimized comparison to Directed Diffusion, LEACH, GEAR, and Grey
then next steps are started otherwise the control is wolf Optimization algorithm.
returned to the Step III. GoSink is the term used to represent proposed technique
VIII. After optimization of the sink and cluster size two and HybridGWO represents the Grey wolf optimization
steps are taken. algorithm
IX. The outputs are collected in terms of various QoS
parameters i.e., Time Delay, Packet Loss, and, Time Delay: Table 2 and Fig 2 represent the delay time
Throughput. In addition to this the residual energy of occurred during data transmission using Proposed Routing
the nodes in the network is also calculated for Approach in comparison to Hybrid GWO, Directed
checking the efficiency of the proposed scheme. Diffusion, LEACH & GEAR schemes.
The steps described above are represented in form of a
flowchart in fig.1. Table 2: Comparison of Proposed Energy-efficient routing
technique with DD, LEACH, GEAR & HybridGWO in terms
of Time Delay.
Rounds Time Delay (in Milliseconds)
DD LEACH GEAR Hybrid GWO GoSink
500 3335 5021 2061 1363 1630
1000 6670 9892 4009 2684 2115
1500 10117 12028 4721 3724 2175
2000 13190 12253 4871 4258 2218
2500 14576 12365 4909 4693 2237
3000 14838 12403 4909 4960 2255
3500 14876 12463 4909 5115 2267
4000 15026 12515 4909 5241 2281
4500 15026 12553 4909 5258 2291
5000 15026 12553 4909 5258 2299

Fig.1: Representing the working of Grasshopper

Optimization Algorithm

Fig. 2: Comparison of Proposed Energy-efficient routing

5. SIMULATION RESULTS AND ANALYSIS technique with DD, LEACH & GEAR in terms of Time Delay
The Simulations are performed in MATLAB and the Figure 2 and table 2 represent the time delay in the WSN
environment stating the network scenario taken into stated in table 1 using proposed GoSink and HybridGWO in
consideration for performing simulations is as shown in the comparison to LEACH, DD, and, GEAR for varied number
table 1 below:
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of rounds. It is noticed that DD represents highest time

delay i.e., 15026ms, in comparison to all others whereas Table 4: Comparison of Proposed Energy-efficient routing
the time delay is minimum for the proposed approach i.e., technique with DD, LEACH, GEAR & HybridGWO in terms
GoSink which shows 2299ms which is followed by of Throughput.
4
HybridGWO that shows approx. 4900ms time delay in 5000 Rounds Throughput (in packets per second) X 10
rounds. Hybrid
DD LEACH GEAR GoSink
GWO
500 0.5995 0.2435 0.2435 0.6132 0.9716
Packet Loss: Table 3 and Fig. 3 represent the quantity of
1000 1.1765 0.4833 0.3559 1.2169 1.8679
packets lost during data transmission using Proposed 1500 1.4426 0.5658 0.3859 1.8207 2.5849
Routing Approach in comparison to Hybrid GWO, Directed 2000 1.4688 0.5807 0.3934 2.3867 2.9622
Diffusion, LEACH & GEAR schemes. 2500 1.4800 0.5920 0.4009 2.6415 3.2641
3000 1.4875 0.5920 0.4084 2.6886 3.4528
Table 3: Comparison of Proposed Energy-efficient routing 3500 1.4950 0.5920 0.4159 2.6981 3.5943
technique with DD, LEACH, GEAR & HybridGWO in terms 4000 1.5025 0.5920 0.4196 2.7075 3.6320
of Packet Loss. 4500 1.5025 0.5920 0.4234 2.7264 3.6320
5000 1.5025 0.5920 0.4271 2.7264 3.6320
Rounds Packet Loss (in Numbers)
Hybrid
DD LEACH GEAR GoSink
GWO
500 17 0 0 0 0
1000 82 29 17 0 0
1500 91 90 90 0 40
2000 97 98 98 21 50
2500 97 98 99 90 56
3000 97 100 99 96 64
3500 98 100 99 97 71
4000 98 100 99 97 84
4500 100 100 99 98 97
5000 100 100 100 100 100

Fig. 4: Comparison of Proposed Energy-efficient routing

technique with DD, LEACH, GEAR & HybridGWO in terms
of Throughput.

Figure 4 and table 4 represent the level of throughput

Fig. 3: Comparison of Proposed Energy-efficient routing
technique with DD, LEACH, GEAR & HybridGWO in terms
of Packet Loss.
Figure 3 and table 3 represent the number of data packets
lost during the transmission in WSN scenario given in table
1 using proposed GoSink and HybridGWO in comparison to
LEACH, DD, and, GEAR for varied number of rounds. As
seen in table 3 and fig. 3, the first packet loss was found in
DD at the initial stage but one thing that is common for all
excluding the the proposed GoSink is that the time elapsed
between the first packet lost and the last packet lost is very
less where in our approach the packet loss is slow and the
last packet is also dropped at the end of 5000 rounds.
Throughput: Table 4 and Fig. 4 represent the throughput
achieved during data transmission using Proposed Routing
Approach in comparison to Hybrid GWO, Directed
Diffusion, LEACH & GEAR schemes.
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achieved during the transmission of data in the sensor
network using proposed GoSink and HybridGWO in
comparison to LEACH, DD, and, GEAR for varied number
of rounds. The throughput achieved using proposed GoSink
routing scheme is maximum from the start itself and it
keeps on increasing till the 5000 rounds. As seen in table 3
and fig. 3, the throughput for all other techniques
experienced an increase during the initial phase but it
becomes stable and constant by 1200 rounds only whereas
the same increased for the HybridGWO till 2500 rounds
before coming to a constant phase. Therefore, it can be
stated that the proposed technique outperforms all other
techniques in terms of all the QoS parameters considered.
Residual Energy: Table 5 and Fig. 5 represent the residual
energy of sensor nodes during data transmission using
Proposed Routing Approach in comparison to Hybrid GWO,
Directed Diffusion, LEACH & GEAR schemes.
Table 5: Comparison of Proposed Energy-efficient routing
technique with DD, LEACH, GEAR & HybridGWO in terms
of Residual Energy.
Rounds Residual Energy (in Joules)
Hybrid
DD LEACH GEAR GoSink
GWO
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500 87.35 100.00 85.25 100.00 100.00 routing techniques namely; Directed diffusion, LEACH and
1000 18.97 73.77 9.37 100.00 100.00 GEAR.
1500 8.67 10.07 1.87 100.00 59.719
2000 2.81 2.34 0.94 69.3208 50.1171
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