2.3 Static Distance Relays Distance protection is the most widely used Protection for transmussion lines Distance relay have tvo mput quantities proportional to the voltage and current at a parheular point i the power system These relacs are double actuating quantity relays. Un these relays. one cot 8 energized by voltage eotent: The tdeal fons of these relays have chara se ang and the other coil 1s energized by Cleristics dependent on the ratio and © between voltage and current Distance relay operates when lorgue ts produced in the relay Wa set value an the relay ie torque is produced Whenever a fault ocei be When VA reduces impedance ts less than 2 predetermined value, the in the Wansmission line, the fault current N-point reduces Using VT's and PT’s the rano Vil is at VT location depends on the disiance between the VT and fault The measured voltage is lesset, the fault is nearer to the VT and the m Is more if the fault 1s further to the VT Assuming 2 constant fa Ieteases and the voltaye att measured The voltage easured voltage ult resistance. each valueted fiom the relay location correspond pont and the fault along the vansnussin tine Due to the known ag distance protection or impedance protection wel qroten Properties of static distance protection (a) It is a non-unit type protection (b) It is a high speed protection (c) It is simple protection and can be casily applicd for (d) It can be used as both primary and back-up protection. (e) It is used in Casrier Aided distance schemes and in auto reclosing schemes. protection of power system As the impedance of the transmissinn line is proportional to the length of the line. the relay which measures the impedance or its components is called a distance relay. The distance relays includes impedance. reactance and mho relays. In static distance relays. the comparison of voltage and current is done by electronic, comparator circuits I circuit Compare] Ampito Tap -—e circuit, V,—+/Measuring |, —>__curet_ |S. Figure 2.18 Basic static distance relay scheme The basic block diagram of static distanee relay ig shown in figure 2 18 The line voltage pplicd to the inputs of the two measuring circuits Outpu's Vj_and the line current hy, are af ircuits. which arc dependent upon the inputs S) and S> are obtained trom the measur So. 5) =k +Kay S27 1QY + KyT, where. Ky, Ka, Ka, Heys to be selected according to the requirement of the QA) characterises of the relay Now. depending upon the comparator (either amplitude oF phase) and the constants Ky istics of the distance relay can be obtained to Ky muse, different cha aj for the protection of medium and long Static distance relays are popularly u transmission lines. feeders = ii se is sailop = Modem static distance relays provide high speed fault clearance as compared to the ‘i netic distance relays They are used where overcurrent relays operate oe ee nts are in use for the protection of transmission lines at 33 kV, 66 kV. V2 WV, 220 KV. : Types of static distance relay (i) Static impedance relay (i) Static reactance relay (ii) Static MHO relay . An impedance relay measures the imped: of the line. Whenever there is a fault on the protected line section. the measured impedance is the impedance of the line section between the relay location and the point of fault. In distance relaying, the term impedance includes both the resistance as well as the reactance. : Operating ‘Principle of an Inipedance Relay In this relay, the current produces a positive torque known as operating torque and the voltage produces a negative torque known as restraining torque Operating torque equation of an electromagnetic relay is: T =K|P-K,V?-Ky (2.14) where, K;, Ka, K3 are constants ? Neglecting the effect of spring i.e. neglecting K3, which is very small, then equation (2.14) becomes T =K,P?-K,V? (2.13) Condition to be satisfied for the operation of relay is: K|P > KV? v or — KV£21 or or (217) From the equaticn (2.17), we can explam that the 1 Vv operates if the measured impedance 2 as less than the given predefined constant The relay is on the verge of operation when the tah W/L is equal to a given predefined constant 2.4.2 Characteristics of Impedance Relay In case of an electromagnetic relay, the characteristic 15 slightly bent near the origin as shown 19 the figure 218 due to the effect of the control spring In case of static r the charactenstic is 9 straight line +ve Torque region Operating characteristic =ve Torque region v— Figure 2.19 Operating characteristic of an impedance relay 1X Operating zone YY Impedanes we charteteristics Block “ooR Figure 2.20 R-X dingram of impedance relay—, ma ty figure 2.20. the R-X diagram of impedance relay is shown. the circle represents ZK and the arca within the circle mdicates Z K2VI sind Thus, we have Ying KL I Kp or Z sing < K or X[V] (Multiplying both sides by 2X) v 7 or by, ~ > [7] (Dividing both sides by 1) or j2X, -Z)>|2] Where, x- = Reactance of the line to be protected. The above condition 1s essential for realisation of static reactance relay characteristics 25.4 Realisation of Static Reactance Relay using a Phase Comparator Figure 2.27 (a) Phasor diagrams showing V, 1 and voltage drop (b) Phasor diagram for reactance relayee A reactance relay characteristics can be realised using a phase comparator A diagram of reactance relay showing voltage. current and voltage drop 1s shown i figure 2.27 In figure 227 4 perpendicular line MK 1s dravwn from the point MA honzontal tine LN is drawn through the pont M If the point P as below the horizontal hne LN, 0 is less than #90" If P 1s above LN, @ is greater than 400° The reactance relay characteristic can be realised by comparing angle @ between IX, and (I74-V) with £90° (a) (b) Figure 2.28 Realisation of reactance relay by comparing LX, and (IX,-Y) The reactance relay characteristics can also be realised if the phase angle between LX, and (JX,-V) in comparison with 490° as shown in figure 2.28 LON i . ' 7 _