SCOR week 7: 11 April 2023 – 14 April 2023 – Cohesion and Coherence Exercises

Outcomes

Students should be able to:

- idenCfy cohesive devices like pointers and transiCons.

- write a cohesive and coherent paragraph.

Exercise 1

Part 1: Introduc5on
There are two groups of words and phrases that create cohesion: pointers and transiCons.
Part 2: Pointers
POINTERS are words and ideas that are repeated in a paragraph. The words and phrases
have similar meanings. It would be boring to read the exact same word in a paragraph, so we
use:
1. Synonyms (e.g. big and large)
2. Pronouns (e.g. it)
3. VariaCons (e.g. baseball game, ball game)
4. RepeCCon of phrases or grammaCcal structures (e.g. “You can fool all the people
some of the Cme, and some of the people all the Cme, but you cannot fool all the
people all the Cme.”)
Part 3: Transi5ons
TRANSITION words indicate changes and links. They can show:
1. Sequence (e.g. first, second, third)
2. Place (e.g. beside, next, to the right)
3. Differences (e.g. in contrast, on the other hand)
4. SimilariCes (e.g. like, in the same way)
5. More informaCon (e.g. in addiCon, also, moreover)
6. Examples (e.g. for example, such as)
7. Summary (e.g. a\er all, in conclusion)
8. Results (e.g. because, therefore, so that)

Text Example
Read the text below. Find examples of pointers and transiCon words and write them in the
boxes.
THE GLOBAL VIDEO GAME INDUSTRY
Video games are serious business. In 2015, people around the world spent $111 billion on
home electronic fun, such as so\ware, game consoles and accessories as well as mobile and
on-line opCons like apps, subscripCons, and digital content. It’s a large, important,
worldwide industry that has been around for just about 25 years. The gaming sector, o\en
called the interacCve entertainment industry, may be young but it’s financially
more successful than the world’s most famous entertainment technology, movies, which had
revenues of $39 billion last year. In addiCon, games are also bigger than older global
industries like wine producCon ($60 billion) and music ($15 billion). In conclusion, the video
game entertainment industry is big business and looks to become even bigger as experts say
it could grow to $150 billion by 2020 because of developments in reality and virtual markets.

Pointers
Synonyms Pronouns VariaCons

Transition Words and Phrases

Similarities Examples Summary Results
Exercise 2

Use the words below to try to work out which word goes into which gap.

it - them - nothing - firstly - before - it - some – it

it - things - it - next - finally - in - case

Preparing for a holiday

There are many things we can do to get ready for a holiday. Here are 1_____________ of
the most important.
2__________________, nothing ruins pre-holiday excitement like realising you can’t find
your passport or that 3________________ is out of date. Check 4_________________
months before you go, or your holiday could be over before 5___________________ starts.

You should check you have the essential documents for your trip. Whether this is entry visas
or your driving license, your boarding pass or hotel confirmation, get organised and put
6_________________ all together in a plastic folder.

7_________________ is also very helpful to take a list of useful umbers, for example
emergency contact details if your mobile phone or debit or credit card is lost or stolen.
Making a note of your passport number is also important 8________________ you were
suddenly to find yourself without it.

Don’t forget to find out your luggage allowance as over-packing and being stuck at the
check-in desk with bags that are too heavy can really start your holiday off badly.
In this situation you’ll either have to try and disperse some of the weight by putting
9__________________ into your hand luggage (if you have room) or pay extra. So before
you go, make sure you weigh your case. 10__________________, you should consider home
security as 11________________ will end a post-holiday high like coming home to discover
you’ve been broken into. Double check doors and windows are locked. Ask a trusted
neighbour to regularly check on the house and remove any mail from behind your front
door.

It is also sensible to check your route to the airport and pre-book a parking space. Both
12__________________ you set off and while you are driving, listen to the radio for traffic
alerts. Make sure you have planned your route and allow extra time in case of disruption.
13_________________, get travel insurance cover to protect you against a variety of
potential 14_________________ that could go wrong and ruin your holiday such as lost or
stolen baggage, delayed flights and medical charges.
Exercise 3

Read the following paragraphs taken from the arCcle, Renewable Energy SoluCon for
Electricity Access in Rural South Africa, and give fi\een (15) examples of the pointers and
transiCons found in the piece.

Electricity access in South Africa has grown from 34% in 1991 to 76.7% in 2002 and now 84.7%
as at 2018, with more urban households having access to electricity than rural households [1].
The higher electrificaCon rate in urban areas than rural areas is due to many factors such as
distance from substaCons, spaCal heterogeneity of rural areas, low return-on- investment
(RoI) for prospecCve investors, rough geographical terrains, high cost of electricity producCon
as compared to the significantly low demand for energy in rural areas, low level of affordability
electricity bills, etc. [2].
The tradiConal grid conCnues to face challenges of aging infrastructure, depleCng coal
reserves and constrained generaCon that has led to more occurrences of load shedding in
recent years [3], [4]. As an emerging economy, there is conCnuous increase in demand of
electricity from residenCal, industrial and commercial customers. Load shedding was
introduced in order for the power uClity provider, Eskom to stabilise the grid power, while
alempCng to sCll keep the lights on for consumers. Eskom load shedding is in four stages
depending on the shormall in supply with respect to demand. Stages 1, 2, 3 and 4 shed 1000
MW, 2000 MW, 3000 MW and 4000 MW from the naConal grid respecCvely across the naCon
[5]. These experiences have necessitated the power sector to rethink ways to address the
issue of load shedding in the country for beler customer saCsfacCon [6].
Universal electricity access for rural areas has been proposed to be achieved through
distributed energy generaCon (DEG), which may be a renewable or non-renewable source [7],
[8]. However, renewable source – powered distributed generaCon is preferred due to its
environmental friendliness and ease of deployment and sustainability of energy generaCon,
among other factors. The RES available in South Africa for microgrid implementaCon include
solar energy resources, wind energy resources, biomass energy resources, and hydropower
resources. The use of coal as primary energy source for South African power plants has
negaCvely affected man, plant and animal lives and the environment in South Africa.
Therefore, there is need to explore clean, sustainable and affordable ways of energy
generaCon, transmission and distribuCon in order to meet the electricity demand of unserved
rural communiCes, which are mostly located far from the tradiConal grid. AlternaCve sources
of energy have been proposed to solve the backlog of electricity access in South Africa [9],
[10]. However, it is faced with challenges such as high capital investment, pressurized
biodiversity, integraCon into new life, introducCon of electricity bills (which the rural dwellers
were not used to), etc.
Hence, one way to solve the present energy crisis in the country is to consider
alternaCve, sustainable and affordable energy sources, of which renewable energy sources
(RES) are promising soluCons. In a goal to achieve smart ciCes in the country, universal
electricity access is a non-negoCable driver for the implementaCon of smart ciCes technology.
Hence, there is need to consider ways to achieve sustainable, clean and affordable electricity
supply to urban and rural communiCes.
Jozini local municipality was chosen to be invesCgated because it is the one of the least
electrified municipaliCes in the country despite its nearness to some substaCons located at
nearby ciCes or urban sellements.
 The rest of the paper is organized thus: an introductory note on Jozini local
municipality is presented in SecCon II, and descripCon of the simulaCon carried out for the
proposed RES- based microgrid is presented in SecCon III. Furthermore, results and conclusion
of the work are presented in SecCons IV and V respecCvely.