LABORATORY EXERCISE # 2

Debug Facility Part 2

At the end of the exercise, the students must be able to:

1. Be familiar with the different commands used in DOS debug;

2. Describe in detail the nature of assembly programs and write a laboratory report based on findings;
and
3. Store and load assembly programs.

BASIC INFORMATION

STORING AND LOADING PROGRAMS

 It would not seem practical to type an entire program each time it is needed. Thus, to avoid this, it
is possible to store a program on the disk, with the enormous advantage that by being already
assembled it will not be necessary to run Debug again to execute it.

 The steps to save a program that it is already stored on memory are:

0C1B:0100 MOV AX, 0002

0C1B:0103 MOV BX, 0004
0C1B:0106 ADD AX, BX
0C1B:0108 ADD AL, 02
0C1B:010A

To obtain the length of a program the “h” command is used, since it will show us the addition and
subtraction of two numbers in hexadecimal. To obtain the length of ours, we give it as parameters
the value of our program’s final address (010AH), and the program’s initial address (0100H).

The first result the command shows us is the addition of the parameters and the second is the
subtraction.

-h 010A 0100 020A

000A

The “n” command allows us to name the program.

-n A:\test.com

The “rcx” command allows us to change the content of the CX register to the value we obtained
from the size of the file with “h”, in this case 000AH, since the result of the subtraction of the final
address from the initial address.

-r cx
CX 0000
:000A

Lastly, the “w” command writes our program on the disk, indicating how many bytes it wrote.

-w
Writing 000A bytes
  To load a saved file, two steps are necessary:

1. Give the name of the file to be loaded.

2. Load it using the “1” (load) command.

To obtain the correct result of the following steps, it is necessary that the above program be
already created.

Inside Debug we write the following:

-n A:\test.com
-l
-u 0100 0108
0C3D:0100 B80200 MOV AX,0002
0C3D:0103 BB0400 MOV BX,0004
0C3D:0106 01D8 ADD AX,BX
0C3D:0108 0402 ADD AL, 02

The last “u” command is used to verify that the program was loaded on memory. What it does is
that it disassembles the code and shows it disassembled. The parameters indicate to Debug from
where and to where to disassemble.

Debug always loads the programs on memory on the address 0100H, otherwise indicated.

THE W COMMAND

 The W (WRITE) command saves specified data stored in the memory on a diskette.

 Format:

W<starting address> <drive> <starting sector> <number of sectors>

 Before this command is issued, a formatted diskette must be inserted into the appropriate drive.

 This command automatically references the CS register instead of the DS register.

Examples:

1. The command

W CS:200 1 10 ()

saves the machine code of an ADD instruction loaded at address CS:200. This data is
saved on the diskette inserted in disk drive 1 (Drive B), using an arbitrary starting sector
(10) on the diskette, and an arbitrary length of 1 sector.

THE L COMMAND

 The L (LOAD) command reloads the memory with the specified data from a diskette.

 Format:

L <starting address> <drive> <starting sector> <number of sectors>

 Example:

1. The command

L 300 1 10 1 ()

loads the instruction saved on the appropriate locations on the disk onto the memory
location with address CS:300. The reloading of the instruction can be verified using the
UNASSEMBLE command

U CS:300 301 ()

THE M COMMAND

 The M (MOVE) command copies a block of data from one part of the memory to another part.

 Format:

M <starting address> <ending address> <destination address>

Examples:

1. The command to copy a 32-byte block of data from DS:100 through DS:11F is written as

M 100 11F 200 ()

2. Fill each storage location in the block of memory from address DS:100 through DS:11F
with the value 11. Then copy this block of data to a destination block starting at address
DS:160. Verify that the block move was correctly done.

The command

F 100 11F 11 ()

fills the source block with 11.

THE C COMMAND

 The C (COMPARE) command compares the contents of two blocks of data to determine if they
are or are not the same.

 Format:

C <starting address> <ending address> <destination address>

 If both blocks contain the same information, no data are displayed.

 Each time unequal elements are found, the address and the contents of that byte in both blocks are
displayed.

Examples:

1. To compare a block of data located from address DS:100 through DS:10F to an equal
sized block of data starting at address DS:160, issue the command
 C 100 10F 160 ()

THE S COMMAND

 The S (SEARCH) command scans through a block of data in memory to determine

whether or not it contains a certain data

 Format:

S <starting address> <ending address> <list>

 The address is displayed for each memory location where a match is found.

Example:

1. Perform a search of the block of data from address DS:100 through DS:17F to
determine which memory locations contain 33H.

2. The search command that must be issued is

S 100 17F 33 ()

THE U COMMAND

 The U (UNASSEMBLE) command converts machine code instructions to their equivalent

assembly language source statements.

 The execution of this command causes the starting memory location and the source statements (in
both machine code and assembler forms of the instruction) for the memory data to be displayed on
the screen.

 Format:

U <starting address> <ending address>

Example:

1. Use a series of commands to load, verify loading, and unassemble the machine code
0304H (the object code of the ADD AX,[SI] instruction). Load the instruction at address
CS:200.

The command

E CS:200 03 04 ()

loads the machine code into the code segment of the microcomputer’s memory. The
command

D CS:200 201 ()

verifies that it was loaded correctly. Finally, the command U

CS:200 201 ()

unassembles the instruction.

2. Assume that a block move program has been stored at file specification 1 10 1 of a data
diskette. Load this program into the memory starting at address CS:200. Then initialize the
microprocessor by loading the DS register with 1020H. Fill the block of memory from
DS:100 through DS:10F with FFH and the block of memory from DS:120 through DS:12F
with 00. Verify that the blocks of memory were initialized correctly. Load DS with
0CDEH and display the state of the 8086 registers. Display the assembly language version
of the program from CS:200 through CS:217. Use a GO command to execute the program
through address CS:20E. Now execute down through address CS:215. Next execute the
program down to address CS:217.

The command needed to load the program is

L CS:200 1 10 1 ()

The following commands initialize the DS register and the specified locations in the
memory.

R DS ()
DS 0CDE
:1020 ()
F DS:100 10F FF () F
DS:120 12F 00 ()

The blocks of data in memory are displayed by

D DS:100 10F () D

DS:120 12F ()

The data segment (DS) register is loaded with 0CDEH using the command R DS

()
DS 1020
:0CDE ()

and the state of the 8086 registers is displayed with the command R ()

The command

U CS:200 217 ()

displays the source code. The first section of the program is executed with the command

G=CS:200 20E ()

Another GO command is used to execute the program down through address CS:215

G=CS:20E 215 ()

The commands

D DS:100 10F () D

DS:120 12F ()
 check the state of the corresponding blocks of memory. Execute the program through
CS:217 with the command

G=CS:215 217 ()

and examine the block of data with the commands

D DS:100 10F ()

D DS:120 12F ()

LABORATORY WORK

1. Assume that the program listed below is to be stored in the memory starting at address CS:0500. Assemble
the program below.

MOV AX, 0500

MOV DS, AX
MOV SI, 0100
MOV DI, 0120
MOV CX, 0020
MOV AL, [SI]
MOV [DI], AL
INC SI
INC DI
DEC CX
JNZ 050E
NOP

2. Execute the program above.

3. Save the program on the disk.
4. Load and then unassemble the saved file.
5. Show the sequence of keyboard entries needed to enter the following machine code program into the memory
of the PC.

B8 20 10 8E D8 BE 00 01 BF 20 01 B9 10 00 8A 24 88 25
46 47 49 75 F7 90

The program is to be loaded into the memory starting at address CS:100. Verify that the hexadecimal machine
code was entered correctly and then unassemble the machine code to ensure that it represents the following
source program.
 MOV AX, 1020
MOV DS, AX
MOV SI, 100
MOV DI, 120
MOV CS, 10H
MOV AH, [SI]
MOV [DI], AH
INC SI
INC DI
DEC CX
JNZ $-9
NOP

Save the program in sector 100 of a formatted diskette.

6. Load the instruction stored at file specification 0 100 1 at offset 100 of the current code segment.
Unassemble the instruction. Then initialize AX to 1111H, SI to 1234H, and the contents of the memory
address 1234H to 2222H. Next, display the internal state of the 8086 and the contents of address 1234H to verify
their initialization. Finally, execute the instruction with the TRACE command.