GEOMETRICAL

TOLERANCING
DEFINITION

A geometrical tolerance is the maximum permissible

variation of

¾Form
¾Orientation
¾Location of a feature
 POINTS, LINES AND SURFACES

¾Points have position, but no size.

¾Joining of points is a line, it can be a straight line or a curved line.

¾Surfaces are composed of lines.

 FEATURE CONTROL SYMBOLS

LENGTH AS REQUIRED

¾Feature is a specific characteristic portion of a part.

¾Point, line, surface, hole, slot, screw thread or profile.
¾The frame height to be twice the height of the character
used for dimensioning, tolerancing and notes on the drawing.
POSITION OF ARROW HEAD

¾ On the outline of the feature

¾ On an extension of the out line

¾ On an extension (projection) line

from the feature, in line with the
size dimension.
POSITION OF ARROW HEAD

¾ Geometrical tolerance with

reference to center line.

¾ The feature control symbol is

shown in association with the size
dimension.
 APPLICATION TO SURFACES

¾ The leader and arrowhead should be from the feature control symbol.
¾ Usually perpendicular to the line or surface.
¾ Or at an angle.
¾Two or more feature control symbols, which apply to the same feature,
are drawn together with a single leader and arrowhead
 APPLICATION TO CENTER LINES

¾ Used for multiple diameter parts with a common axis.

 APPLICATION TO CENTER LINES

CONTROL OF CENTER LINE OF A PORTION OF A PART

 FORM TOLERANCING

STRAIGHTNESS OF LINES & SURFACES

STRAIGHTNESS SYMBOL
 STRAIGHTNESS

DEFINITION:
Straightness is a condition where an element of a surface or an edge
is in a straight line.

TYPICAL USE:
Typically used to control the form of cylindrical or conical
surfaces. The straightness requirement applies to the entire surface.
 STRAIGHTNESS

¾ Straightness tolerance is specified on a drawing by means of

a feature control symbol, which is directed by a leader to the
line requiring control.
 INTERPRETATION

0.05

¾The lines should be straight within 0.05 mm.

¾This means that the line should be contained within a tolerance zone
consisting of the area between two parallel straight lines in the same plane,
separated by the specified tolerance.
 STRAIGHTNESS

STRAIGHTNESS CHECKING WITH A STRAIGHT EDGE

MEASURING

Straightness can be measured by bringing a straight edge in contact with

the line, and determining the space between the straight edge and the
line.
 MEASURING
Straightness includes all errors of form, such as concavity, convexity,
waviness, tool marks and other such imperfections.

If the feature tends towards convexity the height of the tolerance zone is
measured where the least possible straightness error results.
 STRAIGHTNESS
ON CYLINDRICAL SURFACES

STRAIGHTNES ERRORS IN A CYLINDRICAL SURFACE

 STRAIGHTNESS
ON PROFILED SURFACES
¾ A straight tolerance when applied to the surface, controls surface elements only.

¾ It controls bending or a wavy condition of the surface, or a “barrel” shaped part.

¾ Straightness not necessarily control the straightness of the centerline, nor

conicity of the cylinder.
 STRAIGHTNESS

MEASUREMENT OF STRAIGHTNESS

MEASURING PRINCIPLE
The part is set up by suitable means, such as V-blocks on a surface plate, with
the surface to be evaluated closely parallel to the plate. Readings are then
taken at various points along the surface.
 STRAIGHTNESS

INTERPRETATION

¾ Each line element of the surface shall be contained with in a tolerance zone
consisting of the space between two parallel planes, separated by the width of the
specified tolerance, when the part is rolled along one of the planes.
 STRAIGHTNESS

ON CONICAL SURFACES
 STRAIGHTNESS
ON FLAT SURFACES

¾ A straightness tolerance indicates in one direction only.

 STRAIGHTNESS

FLAT SURFACES
The straightness tolerances may all be shown on a single view by
indicating the direction with short lines terminated by arrow heads.
 STRAIGHTNESS

MEASURING PRINCIPLE
Straightness of a flat surface could be checked by laying a straightedge
along the part, and measuring any resultant space.
 STRAIGHTNESS

ON REGULAR POLYGONS

¾Straightness tolerance applies to all of the longitudinal surfaces.

¾For all other shapes it applies only to those surfaces indicated unless
otherwise specified.
 STRAIGHTNESS

STRAIGHTNESS IN A SPECIFIED LENGTH

¾ The expression 0.2/50 does not mean 0.2mm per 50mm of length.
¾ It means 0.2 mm in any 50mm long portion of the part.
¾ Indicates straightness within 0.2mm for the full length.
¾ Not to exceed 0.05mm in any 25mm length.
 STRAIGHTNESS OF FEATURES OF SIZE

APPLICATION

¾ The same straightness symbol is used in the feature control symbol

as for straightness of surface elements.

¾ However, when not modified by MMC, the feature control symbol may be directed
either to the center line, or to extension lines from the diameter
or thickness as shown.
 APPLICATION

¾ Positioning the feature control symbol between the views should be avoided.
¾ Unless it is perfectly clear as to whether it refers to the lengthwise or widthwise
Straightness.
¾If the cross section is circular the tolerance zone becomes circular and a
diameter symbol then precedes the tolerance
 INTERPRETATION

¾A straightness tolerance applied to a center line means that all centerlines

between opposing line elements of the surface shall lie completely within
tolerance zones having a width equal to the specified tolerance
 MEASURING PRINCIPLE
¾ The part to be measured is mounted using some suitable means of support,
such as between centers or on V blocks.

¾ Two indicators are mounted diametrically opposite one another, preferably

on the same carriage and arranged to move parallel to the centerline being
measured as shown.

¾ Indicators are placed at zero at one end and differences in readings between
the two indicators are noted as the carriage is moved toward the other end.
 STRAIGHTNESS

¾If a centerline is common to two or more diameters of other features,

a straightness tolerance directed to the centerline applies to all
features on the common centerline unless otherwise specified
STRAIGHTNESS OF ONE FEATURE OF MULTIPLE DIAMETER PART

¾If the tolerance is intended to apply to only

one thickness or diameter on the common
center line, a note may be added beneath the
feature control symbol .
¾ Alternatively the symbol may be directed
to extension lines from the surfaces.
DIRECTION OF APPLICATION OF STRAIGHTNESS

¾ Straightness of a center line or median plane

applies only to center lines which run in the
direction of the line or line elements to which the
straightness tolerance is directed.
¾The width or diameter of the tolerance zone
lies in the direction in which the arrowhead
points.
¾In the rectangular part in Fig., the control
applies only to longitudinal centerlines between
corresponding line elements of the top and
bottom surfaces.
¾If the cross section is circular or is a regular
polygon, with no means of determining a
specific orientation for measuring purposes, the
tolerance applies in all applicable directions, as
already explained.
¾If there is a ready means of identifying the orientation, the tolerance applies
only in the direction indicated .
¾If there may be some ambiguity a note should be added, such as THIS
DIRECTION ONLY .
¾ If the part is circular and it is intended that the tolerance apply in all
directions a diameter symbol should precede the tolerance value.
¾If a tolerance is shown in two directions
it is measured in these two directions
and the tolerance zone is then a
parallelopiped
 STRAIGHTNESS – MAXIMUM MATERIAL CONDITION

¾It actually specifies a virtual size, equal to the maximum material limit of
size plus or minus the specified geometrical tolerance

¾To signify that the maximum material principle the symbol (M) is
placed immediately after the tolerance value in the feature control symbol
¾As there must always be a feature size dimension associated with such a
tolerance it is useful and convenient to establish this relationship by directing
the feature control symbol in line with the dimension, or associating it with
the dimension by a common leader
 STRAIGHTNESS – MAXIMUM MATERIAL CONDITION

¾Tolerance of zero MMC, means that the virtual size limit coincides
with the maximum material limit.

¾If a feature is everywhere at its maximum material limit of size, no

errors of straightness are permitted.
 STRAIGHTNESS – MAXIMUM MATERIAL CONDITION

¾A straightness tolerance modified by (M) means that the feature should lie
within a tolerance zone consisting of the line between two parallel lines, in
the same plane as the longitudinal section of the feature being evaluated.
¾These zone lines are separated by the special straightness tolerance, plus the
maximum material size of feature
MEASURING PRINCIPLE

¾Gage consists of two straight and parallel gauging elements between

which the part must pass.

¾ These gauging elements must be at least as along as the length of the

feature being gauged.

¾The gage must be maintained normal to the surface being evaluated.

 STRAIGHTNESS OF INTERNAL FEATURES

¾It is very seldom used for round holes.

¾This is because such features are more readily controlled by other
geometrical tolerances, such as cylindricity, perpendicularity, or position,
all of which control straightness.
¾However straightness is very useful control for some internal features,
such as grooves and slots.
 STRAIGHTNESS WITH A MAXIMUM VALUE

¾If it is desired to ensure that the straightness error does not become too
great when the part approaches the least material size limit, a
maximum value may be added, as shown.
 FORM TOLERANCING - FLATNESS

FLATNESS SYMBOL
 FORM TOLERANCING - FLATNESS

FLATNESS OF A SURFACE
¾ The condition of a surface having all elements in one plane.

INTERPRETATION
¾The flatness tolerance specifies a tolerance zone defined by
two parallel planes within which the surface must lie.
 CONTROLLING FLATNESS ON TWO OR MORE SURFACES

¾If the same control is desired on two or more surfaces a suitable note may
be added instead of repeating the symbol
 FORM TOLERANCING - FLATNESS

MEASURING PRINCIPLE
¾The part of be measured is set up on a surface plate or measuring plane, using one fixed
and two adjustable supports spaced as far apart as possible.
¾ An indicator gage is set to zero on the area above the fixed support.
¾ The other supports are adjusted to give zero readings above each support.
¾ Readings are then taken at a sufficient number of points on the surface to ensure that the
tolerance is not exceeded.
 CONTROL OF DIRECTION OF ERRORS

¾It is sometimes desired to further control the direction of flatness errors,

for which purpose a note may be added beneath the feature control
symbol, such as MUST NOT BE CONCAVE or MUST NOT BE
CONVEX
 FORM TOLERANCING - FLATNESS

SYMBOL & APPLICATION

¾The symbol is the same as for flatness of a surface, except that the modifier
(M) is placed after the tolerance value, and the feature control symbol is
directed to the thickness dimension
 FLATNESS – MMC BASIS

¾A flatness tolerance on an MMC basis means that the feature or part shall
be contained within a tolerance zone consisting of the space between two
parallel planes, which are separated by the specified tolerance plus the
maximum material size

These planes must be large enough to completely encompass the feature

¾ Flatness on an MMC basis is a very useful tool as a control for relatively

thin parts, which may be subjected to bending or dishing
 FORM TOLERANCING - FLATNESS
FLATNESS – MMC BASIS MEASURING PRINCIPLE

¾On an MMC basis, the measurement of flatness requires the use of a

functional GO gage.

¾ The gage consists of two parallel plane surfaces, large enough to

encompass the whole part, and between which the part must pass
 FORM TOLERANCING - FLATNESS

FLATNESS FOR A SPECIFIED LENGTH

¾If flatness within a specified length is given the gage must be made of this length
ROUNDNESS
 Roundness

Roundness refers to a condition of a circular

line or the surface of a circular feature wherein
all points on the line or on the periphery of a
plane cross section of the feature, are
equidistant from a common center point .
Examples :
Disc, Sphere , Cylinder, Cone
Errors of Roundness
 Errors of Roundness

Ovality : Difference appear in major and minor axes.

 Errors of Roundness

Lobing: Small Variation in diameter as shown in figure.

 Errors of Roundness

Irregularity : Random irregularities from a true Circles

 ROUNDNESS SYMBOL

¾The geometrical characteristic symbol for roundness is

simply a circle, having a diameter 75% of the feature control
symbol frame height.

ROUNDNESS SYMBOL
 ROUNDNESS TOLERANCE

¾The variation should lie within the width of the Annular space
between two concentric circles
 ROUNDNESS TOLERANCE

Incorrect Incorrect Correct

¾ Roundness error is min. radial separation between two

concentric circles within which all points on measured
surface to lie.
ROUNDNESS ERROR MAY EXCEEDS SIZE BOUNDARY

¾ Measurements between any two opposing points along the circumference

shall be within the specified diameter tolerance limits.
¾ The outer diameter of the roundness tolerance zone exceeds the actual
measured diameter of the part by the amount of roundness tolerance.
ROUNDNESS OF CYLINDERS AND SPHERES

ROUNDNESS FOR INTERPRETATION OF

A CYLINDRICAL FEATURE ROUNDNESS TOLERANCE

¾ It is preferable to direct a roundness tolerance for a cylindrical

feature to the view in which the feature appears as a circle.

¾ The tolerance applies to all planes perpendicular to the axis.

 ROUNDNESS TOLERANCE APPLIED TO A SPHERE

¾ The tolerance is shown in the same manner and applies to any or all
planes, which pass through a section of maximum diameter.
ROUNDNESS OF NON-CYLINDRICAL PARTS

¾Non-cylindrical parts refer to conical parts and other features which are
circular in cross-section but which have variable diameters.

¾Since many sizes of circles may be involved it is usually best to direct

the roundness tolerance to the longitudinal surface as shown.
ROUNDNESS MEASURING PRINCIPLE

¾The measurement of roundness presents some problems, as it does not lend

itself to direct measurement.

¾Indirect measurement involves establishing the relationship of the periphery of a

feature with the geometry of a perfectly round form, regardless of its size or the
exact position of its center.

¾It is immaterial whether the part is revolved in contact with a fixed indicator or
whether the indicator is revolved around the part.
POLAR CHART & TRANSPARENT OVERLAY CHART

POLAR CHART PROFILE OF PART TRANSPARENT OVERLAY CHART

¾ The indicator readings are entered directly on polar chart

during roundness measurement of cylinder.
¾ The profile is evaluated by means of transparent overlay chart
on which concentric circles are scribed to the same scale as the
polar chart.
Note : There are a number of commercial instruments available, based
on optical, mechanical, or electronic principles, some of which produce
a polar chart automatically as the part is revolved
 ALTERNATIVE MEASURING PROCEDURES

(NOT) RECOMMENDED
¾It is sometimes suggested that parts be checked for roundness by
revolving them in suitable V-block, while measuring the upper
surface with an indicator gage

¾This method does not measure in accordance with the definition of

roundness, and is therefore not recommended for precise results.
 ALTERNATIVE MEASURING PROCEDURES

¾ An estimate of out of roundness errors can

sometimes be obtained by making separate
measurements on a part in V-blocks having different
included angles, for example 180°, 120°, 90° and 60°.

¾ If all measurements show little or no indicator (NOT) RECOMMENDED

movement it might be assumed that the part is
satisfactory.

¾ Full indicator reading is approximately equal to

measurement over a diameter, instead of a radius.
The roundness error will therefore be roughly half the
indicator movement.
 ALTERNATIVE MEASURING PROCEDURES

USE OF TWO – BLOCKS

¾To avoid errors of readings due to bending of the parts it may be

necessary to employ two narrow vee-blocks. In this method one of
the vee-blocks must always be directly under the point of measurement.
 ALTERNATIVE MEASURING PROCEDURES

HOW LOBING CAUSES ERRORS IN MEASURING

V-blocks (not)recommend -Reasons

Five Lobed part in 60° V-block-- indictor reading practically zero
even though the component is out of round
 ALTERNATIVE MEASURING PROCEDURES

V-blocks (not)recommend -Reasons

Three Lobed part in 60° V-block-- indictor reading greatly
exaggerated for small variation of roundness.
 ROUNDNESS OF INTERNAL DIAMETERS

(NOT RECOMMENDED)
ROUNDNESS OF INTERNAL DIAMETERS

Round holes can be toleranced for roundness in the same manner as external
cylindrical features,

¾If the holes are large enough for insertion of a gaging probe, similar methods
used for external measurement can be used.
¾Indicator gauges used for measurement of internal roundness for bigger hole
diameters.
¾Drawback of this method is same as that of V-blocks
¾For small holes, where suitable gaging probes or indicators cannot be used, it is
recommended that roundness tolerances be replaced by cylindricity tolerances of
zero MMC
 ROUNDNESS ON MMC BASIS

¾It is often desirable to ensure that any errors of roundness do not

cause the periphery of the feature to cross the maximum material
boundary.

¾This shall ensure that the part will assemble satisfactorily with its
mating part.

¾This is accomplished by specifying a roundness tolerance on an MMC

basis.

¾A tolerance on this basis is generally directed to the diametric

dimension, such as the zero MMC tolerance.
 ROUNDNESS ON AN MMC BASIS

ROUNDNESS TOLERANCE ON MMC BASIS

Max. Dia. of Tolerance Zone = 50.00mm

Min. Dia. of Part = 49.88mm
Minor Dia. of Tolerance Zone = 49.76mm
Mean Tolerance Zone = 0.12mm

PART MAY CROSS THE LEAST MATERIAL BOUNDARY

CYLINDRICITY
 Cylindricity

Cylindricity refers to a condition of a surface,

which forms a cylinder where the surface
elements in cross sections parallel to the axis are
straight and parallel and in cross sections
perpendicular to the axis are round. Cylindricity
thus combines in one term geometrical form
tolerances for roundness, straightness and
parallelism of the surface elements.
 Cylindricity

¾Cylindricity tolerances can only be applied to cylindrical

surface, such as round holes and shafts.

¾ No specific geometrical tolerances have been devised for other

circular forms, which require the use of several geometrical
tolerances.

¾ A conical surface, for example, must be controlled by a

combination of tolerances for roundness, straightness, and
angularity.
 Cylindricity

¾Errors of Cylindricity may be caused by out of roundness, like ovality or

lobing

¾Errors of straightness caused by bending or by diametral variation

¾Errors of parallelism like conicity or taper

¾Random irregularities from a true cylindrical form.

 CYLINDRICITY SYMBOL

• The geometric characteristic symbol for cylindricity consists

of a circle with two tangent lines at 60°.
• The circle diameter is 62% of the height of the feature
control symbol frame.
 CYLINDRICITY TOLERANCE

CYLINDRICITY TOLERANCE DIRECTED TO EITHER VIEW.

• The Cylindricity tolerance symbol is used in a feature control symbol

• Directed to the cylindrical surface, in either the side view or end view
 CYLINDRICITY TOLERANCE

A Cylindricity tolerance specifies a tolerance zone

consisting of the annular space between two coaxial cylinders,
having a difference in radii equal to the specified tolerance zone
of 0.05 on radial dimension.

PERMISSIBLE FORM ERRORS

 CYLINDRICITY TOLERANCE

DIAMETER OF THE TOLERANCE ZONE MAY BE

LARGER THAN MAXIMUM DIAMETER OF THE PART

When the part is at the maximum diameter limit the major

diameter of the Cylindricity tolerance zone would likely be larger than
the maximum diameter limit.This may be due to lobing, and other
irregularities or bending.
 MEASURING METHODS

PART IN VEE – BLOCKS FOR CYLINDRICITY TESTS

¾ Checked by revolving in vee-blocks while taking indicator readings on the

top surface, in a manner similar to methods described for the measurement of
roundness
¾ The roundness near both ends is first checked by making indicator readings
directly over blocks of varying angles to ensure that lobing will not
significantly affect the results.
¾ The part is then mounted in identical short length vee-blocks, which are
located at each end of the part
 CYLINDRICITY OF HOLES

Cylindricity tolerances are applicable to internal cylindrical

surfaces, such as round holes.

Measurement
• Large holes can be assessed by means of indicator or electronic gauges.

• Best method is to assess the holes with a plane round GO gauge of

length at least equal to the full length or depth of the hole and having the
diameter equal to the max. material size minus the specified tolerance
Coplanarity and Symmetry
 CORRELATIVE TOLERANCING
¾ Correlative geometrical tolerancing refers to tolerancing for the
control of two or more features, intended to be correlated in
position or attitude.
 COPLANARITY
¾ It refers to the relative position of two or more flat surfaces, which are intended
to lie in the same geometrical plane.
¾ No special symbol exists for co planarity.
¾ Either the symbol for position or the symbol for flatness may be used,
depending on the type of control required.
¾ Fig illustrates a suitable method of tolerancing when one or more surfaces are
required to be coplanar with a principal surface, which is then specified as a
datum feature.
¾ The tolerance controls orientation and flatness of the toleranced surfaces within
the same limits.
¾ But does not control flatness of the datum feature surface.
¾ The position of the surfaces in relation to the base or other features of the part
must be separately dimensioned and toleranced, as shown by the 25mm
dimension.
Application: In Fig, Coplanar surfaces are also required to be
accurately located and parallel to another surface of a part, which
is then designated as a datum feature. In this case, the datum and
the controlled surfaces must be associated by a basic dimension.
¾ Although the positional tolerance applies separately to
each surface, the tolerance zones are of equal width, and are
each parallel to and at equal distances from the datum surface.
This condition results essentially in one tolerance zone
within which the surfaces must lie simultaneously.
¾ The positional tolerance controls orientation and form
(parallelism and flatness) of both surfaces within the same
limits.
¾ It is sometimes necessary to reference surfaces to a datum system instead
of to a single datum surface. This occurs when it is necessary to control
coplanar surfaces perpendicular to a datum instead of parallel to it.
¾ Fig shows a case where the coplanar surfaces are required to be
perpendicular to the axis of a hole.

B
 SIMULTANEOUS REQUIREMENTS

¾ If it is necessary to hold co planarity of two or more surfaces

within close limits but permit a greater variation in the position of
the surfaces in relation to other features of the part, two methods
of tolerancing may be used. Both give the same results.
 1 2

¾ The surfaces may be positioned relative to one another, using the symbol for
position, as shown in the Fig 1.
¾ Alternatively they may be treated as one flat surface, using a flatness tolerance and
symbol as shown in the Fig 2. The word SIMULTANEOUS must be added beneath
the feature control symbol.
¾ Otherwise the tolerance would apply separately to each surface, and would control
their flatness but would not ensure that they were in the same plane. A profile symbol
may also be used instead of flatness symbol.
¾ A parallelism tolerance is sometimes used for coplanar surfaces, as shown in
Fig. Such a tolerance only controls parallelism and flatness of the surfaces.
¾ Their positions may vary anywhere within the tolerance zone for position
specified by the toleranced dimension.
 OTHER CORRELATED SURFACES

¾ Many features other than flat surfaces may be correlated if they have line
elements in a single direction in the same straight or circular line.
¾ It is often possible to control such features using controls similar to those
applied to coplanar surfaces. Either a positional tolerance or a simultaneous
form tolerance may be used, depending on the type of control required. Fig
below, gives a few examples.
 SYMMETRY
DEFINITION

¾ Symmetry is a condition in which a feature or features are symmetrically

disposed about a centerline or center plane of another feature. The centerline or
plane of the second feature is usually specified as a datum.

¾ A symmetry tolerance specifies the width of a tolerance zone. This width is the
area between two parallel lines or the space between two parallel planes equally
disposed about the datum axis or median plane.

¾ Symmetry is therefore a special case of position. The advantage of using the

symmetry symbol rather than the position symbol is that it indicates that the true
position is symmetrical and often eliminates the need for basic dimensions to
correlate the position of features.
 SYMMETRY
SYMBOL

The geometric characteristic symbol for symmetry

consists of three horizontal lines, as shown in Fig. The
dimensions refer to percentages of the feature control symbol
frame height.

60 %
SYMMETRY APPLICATIONS – RFS
¾ Fig shows a simple example in which a slot is intended to be symmetrical
with the overall width of the part, which in turn is specified as the datum.
¾ Note that it is not necessary to show a true position dimension for the slot or
equal dimensions from the sides of the slot to the sides of the part, which
might be deemed necessary if a positional tolerance, were used.
¾ The interpretation, shown in Fig below, shows the tolerance zone equally
disposed about the centerline or median plane of the datum feature.
¾ Theoretically this centerline or median plane of the datum feature is perfectly
straight and true, being based only on the high spots of the feature resting on
the datum surfaces.
¾ The centerline of each controlled feature is influenced by any errors of form or
orientation of the surfaces. However, the width of the tolerance zone remains
the same for each part, regardless of the actual size of the feature or of the
datum feature.
 MEASURING PRINCIPLE
Example – 1

¾ One surface of the datum feature is laid directly on a surface plate, as shown
in Fig. Measurements are made from the datum surface to one side of the slot.
The highest and lowest readings are noted.

¾ The part is then revolved 180°, so that the other surface of the datum feature
rests on the surface plate and measurements are made to the other surface of
the slot.

¾ The difference between the highest and lowest of all of the measurements
constitutes the symmetry error, which must not exceed the specified tolerance.
Example - 2

¾ The Fig above shows with two slots, one of which is designated as a
datum feature. For measuring purpose the part is supported on one side
of the datum slot while the measurements are made to the other slot.
 MEASURING PRINCIPLE OF SYMMETRY
Example - 3

Fig.1 shows a part in which a hole is required to be symmetrical with

the sides of the part as well as perpendicular to the face of the part.

2
 MEASURING PRINCIPLE OF SYMMETRY
Example – 3 cont. Measurement can be made, by fitting the hole with a close
fitting mandrel and supporting the part against an angle plate, representing datum
A, as shown in Fig.1. The part must also touch the surface plate along its length.
The height is then measured from the surface plate over the mandrel.
Readings are taken at two points on the mandrel, separated by a distance
W, equal to the width of the part, as shown in Fig.2. Height measurements for the
hole are then calculated from the formulae shown below, paying particular
attention to the mathematical signs in each case.
For example, if E is larger than F, (F-E) becomes a negative quantity, and
the second formula becomes D=C – (E-F). The part is then revolved 180° and
measurements repeated with surface resting on the surface plate. The maximum
difference between any of the four measurements represents the symmetry error.

2
 Example - 4

¾ Symmetry can also be applied to parts with circular datums as shown in the Fig
above.
¾ For measuring purpose the small hole is fitted with a suitable mandrel.
¾ Measurements are then made between the mandrel and the sides of the datum
hole, such as by inserting gage pins as shown in Fig. The difference between the
sizes B&C gives the symmetric error.
¾ This measurement shall be precise only if the datum hole has no roundness
errors, which might increase and decrease the apparent symmetry error
 APPLICATION ON AN MMC BASIS

¾ When ever possible symmetry should be specified on an MMC basis.

Such specification solves most of the measurement problems by
permitting use of suitable functional GO gages. Some examples of parts
toleranced on this basis, with suitable gaging principles, are shown below.

6.0

Example 1
 5.95

6.0 ± 0.05 6.0 ±0.05

Example 2
6.0 ± 0.05
Example 3

Example 4
Example 5

Example 6
Concentricity And Coaxiality
 CONCENTRICITY AND COAXIALITY
¾ Concentricity is a condition in which two or more features, such as
circles, spheres, cylinders, cones, or hexagons, share a common
center or axis.
¾ An example would be a round hole through the center of a cylindrical part.

¾ Coaxiality is a very similar condition in which two or more circular

or similar features are arranged with their axes in the same straight
line.
¾ Examples might be a counter bored hole or a shaft having parts along its
length turned to different diameters.
¾ Both these terms are often used interchangeably. For geometrical
tolerancing the same symbol is used for both conditions.
 SYMBOL

¾ The geometric characteristic symbol for both concentricity and

coaxiality consists of two concentric circles, having diameters equal to
75% and 50% respectively of the feature control symbol frame height

CONCENTRICITY SYMBOL
 CONCENTRICITY TOLERANCING

CONCENTRICITY OF CIRCLES

• Diameter A is the Datum Circle

• Concentricity Tolerance is applied to the outer circle
• The Circle with 0.12 Dia. is the tolerance zone
 ENLARGED PROFILE OF PART

¾The datum center is the center of the largest perfect circle, which
can be inscribed within the datum feature.
¾The tolerance zone is concentric with this datum center.
¾The center points of the controlled circle are established from the
periphery of the feature and their position will be affected by
irregularities or errors of form of the periphery.
Note : This is illustrated by the enlarged profiles. The center point of
diameter A-A is a point a, and the center point of diameter B-B is point
b. These and all other center points must lie within the tolerance
zone.
CYLINDRICAL PART WITH CYLINDRICITY TOLERANCE

¾ A common type of part where the outer diameter is required to

be concentric with the center bore, which is designated as a
datum feature.
 MEASURING PRINCIPLE

• To fit a suitable mandrel in the datum feature

• Set two indicators with Master Gages to Zero reading
• Rotate the mandrel with component in V-block
• The difference of the reading gives the concentricity
EFFECTS OF ERRORS OF CONCENTRICITY

¾ Figure A theoretical Perfect form

¾ Both indicators read Zero-Zero as the part is revolved
¾ Figure B represents eccentric part
¾ The upper indicator read –0.05 and lower indicator read
+0.05 when revolved by 90deg both indicators return to zero
 EFFECTS OF ERRORS OF CONCENTRICITY

¾ Figure C represents a oval part

¾ Both indicators read 0.12
¾ when revolve by 90deg. Both indicators return to zero
¾ Figure D represents a three lobed part
¾ The upper indicator reads zero While the lower reads 0.1
(center is high by 0.05)
¾ when revolve by 60deg. The upper indicator reads –0.1 and lower one reads
zero (center is 0.05 low)
TWO-FEATURE DATUM
MEASURING WITH VEE-BLOCK

MEASURING WITH VEE-BLOCK

CONCENTRICITY REFERENCED TO DATUM SYSTEM

¾ Tolerance zone is perpendicular to datum A and also concentric with

the axis of datum B in the plane of datum A
¾ The part is mounted on datum A and centered on datum B, and the job is
revolved while the controlled feature is contacted by two opposing
indicators.
¾ It should be noted that this tolerance automatically controls the
straightness of the centerline of the 25mm portion and its
perpendicularity with datum A within the same tolerance.
Runout
 Correlative Tolerances – Runout
Runout is the deviation in position of a surface of revolution
as a part is revolved about a datum axis.

¾A run out tolerance represents the maximum permissible

variation of position of a surface, measured at a fixed point,
when the part is revolved without axial movement through 360°
about the datum axis.
¾The tolerance zone is the area or space, of uniform thickness,
between two shapes coaxial with the datum axis and parallel
to the true profile of the controlled surface.
¾The runout variation is measured normal to the surface being
controlled by contacting the surface with an indicator gage
while the part is revolved on it datum axis
¾The runout error is the full movement of the indicator
 Circular Runout and Total Run Out

Circular Runout Total Runout

¾Circular Runout Concerns Runout of each Circular element or Cross Section

¾Total Runout provides composite control of all surface elements

 CIRCULAR RUNOUT OF CYLINDRICAL FEATURES

¾ Circular Runout is measured at Several positions along the surface

¾ At each position the indicator movement during one revolution of
part must not exceed the specified tolerance(0.1mm)
¾ For Cylindrical feature runout error is caused by eccentricity and
errors of roundness
¾ Circular Runout is not affected by a taper(conicity) or errors of
straightness of the straight line elements such as barrel shaping
 ANGULAR RUNOUT AND TOLERANCE ZONE

¾ Circular Runout may be applied to surface of revolution which are

any desired angle in the relation to the datum axis
¾ Measurements are made at each cross-section of the complete
profile.
¾ Indicator to be normal to the surface of measurement
 RUNOUT PERPENDICULAR TO AXIS

¾ Error will be shown if the surface is not flat but not perpendicular
to axis (wobbling)
¾ No Error be indicated if the surface convex or concave but
otherwise perfect
 RUNOUT OF CURVED SURFACE

RUNOUT OF CURVED SURFACE

¾ Measurements are always made normal to the curved surface

 RUNOUT OF CURVED SURFACE

RUNOUT IN SPECIFIED DIRECTION

¾ All measurements are made in the same direction of 45O to the

axis if specified in the drawing
 TOTAL RUNOUT

Total runout TOLERANCE ZONE FOR TOTAL RUNOUT

¾ Total run out concerns the runout of a complete surface, not merely
the runout of each circular element.
¾ For measurement purposes the checking indicator must traverse the
full length or extent of the surface while the part is revolved about
its datum axis
¾ Measurements are made over the whole surface without resetting
the indicator.
¾ Total runout is the difference between the lowest indicator reading
in any position, and the highest reading in that or in any other
position on the same surface.
 TOTAL RUNOUT

MEASURING TOTAL RUNOUT ON CONICAL PART

¾ For conical surfaces the datum axis can be tilted to the taper angle
so that the measured surface becomes parallel to a surface plate