. What is the functions of optic fiber cable? * ~—Ans.The pecem of the optical cable may be summarized into four ‘These are as follows: 3 - i i ical cable is to mn. The major function of the opti ; 4 er damaege Bitrate both during installation and throughout the life of the gp 2. Stability of the fiber transmission characteristics. The cabled fiber my have good stable transmission characteristics which are comparable with the fiber. Increases in optical attenuation due to cabling are quite usual and minimized within the cable design. E 4 8. Cable strength. Optical cables must have similar mechanical properties electrical transmission cables in order that they may be handled in the same mann These mechanical properties include tension, torsion, compression, bending, squeegin and vibration. Hence the cable strength may be improved by incorporating a suit strength member and by giving the cable a properly designed thick outer sheath, 4. Identification and jointing of the fibers within the cable. This is especially important for cables including a large number of optical fibers. If the fibers are a ina suitable geometry it may be possible to use multiple jointing techniques rather than jointing each fiber individually. Q.2, What are the factors to limit the speed of response of a photodiode? Ans.Three main factors to limit the speed of response of a photodiode are as follows: 1. Drift time of carriers through the depletion region. The speed of response of aphotodiode is fundamentally limited by the time it takes photogenerated carriers to Fig drift across the depletion region. When the field in the depletion region exceeds — asaturation value, the carriers may be assumed to travel at a constant (maximum) GciR velocity u,. The longest transit time, tp is for carriers which must traveree the — Be full depletion layer width w and is given by: Ans coupled We brightne fam = Vy respecti 2. Diffusion time of carriers generated outsi i ‘ =r diffusion is a comparatively slow re re the Une taba Seglon. Carrier xe Process where the time taken, tim for carriers te diffuse a distance d may be written as: sh @ fun = 2D. whereD, is the minority carrier diffusion coefficient, 3, Time constant incurred load. A reverse biased photodiode the variation in the stored charge by: by the capacitance of the Photodiode with its exhibits a voltage-dependent capacitance caused by At the junction, ‘The junction capacitance C, is given SA where € 8 is the Permittivity of the semiconductor material and A is the diode junction area,3 e, LP. University-(B.Tech)-Akash Books Q.3. Explain output patterns of source to fiber power launching. ‘Ans, Source Output Patterns: To determine the optical power ‘accepting capability ofa fiber the spatial radiation pattern of the source must first be known. ‘This pattern which shows a spherical coordinate system can be fairly complex. Consider Fig. Characterized by R, 0 and with the normal to the emitting surface being the polar axis. The radiance may be a function of both 0 and ¢ and can also vary from point to point on tre acting surface, A reasonable assumption for simplicity of analysis is to fake the emission to be uniform across the source area. Surface-emitting LEDs are characterized by their lambertian output pattern, which moana the souree is equally bright when viewed from any direction. The power delivered nt an angle 6 measured to a normal to the emitting surface varies as cos 0 because the projected area of the emitting surface varies as cos 0 with viewing direction. ‘The emisssion patter for a lambertian source thus follows the relationship BO,§) = B,cos0 where B, is the radiance along the normal to the radiating surface. Emitting area a SNR” LAVNS Emiting area of Fig. Spherical coordinate system for characterizing the emission pattern from an optical source. Q.4. Calculate the optical coupled power of an optical source. ‘Ans. Power-Coupling Calculation: To calculate the maximum optical power coupled into a fiber, consider first the case shown in Fig. for a symmertric source of rightness B(A, ®) where A, and Q, are the area and solid emission angle of the souree, respectively: Here the fiber end face is centered over the emitting surface of the source veal is positioned as close to it_as possible. The coupled power can be found using the relationship. P= fa/dA, fad .BA, er f(s (°° B00H sinooas |a0 rr A where the are A,and solid acceptance angle 2, of the fiber define the limits of the integrals. In this exprossion, First the radiance (0,6) from an individual radiating point source on the emitting nurfaco is integrated over the solid accoptancy angle of the fiber. This is shows by the expression in square brackets where Op, yay i8 the maximum acceptance angle of the fiber, which is related to the numerical aparvure NA, The total coupled power is then determined by suroming up the contributions from each individual tmitting-point source of incremental aren dd, dr, that iv, in integrating over the simitting area, For simplicity, hore the emitting surfaco is taken as boing circular 1ethe source radius r, is ess than the fiber-core radius a, thon the uppor intogration limit =7,;for source areas larger than the fiber-core area, Py = 8 .OK Gali Ni N Delh 23,99" iy Seventh Semester, Optical Communication Source radiation Optical pattern ES source = i chip Fiber Core acceptance Active angle area a S Lost power Fig. Schematic diagram of a ligist source coupled to an optical fiber. Light outside of the acceptance angle is lost Q.5. Define equilibrium numerical aperture (NA). Ans, When the optical power is measured in long multimode fibers after the launched ‘modes have come to equilibrium (which is often taken to occur at 50m). The effect of the equilibrium numerical aperture NA, becomes apparent. At this point the optical power NAY inthe ber seales.asP.,=P,,| yA - Q.6. Laser diode to optical fiber coupling. Ans. Laser Diode-to-Fiber Coupling: Edge-emitting laser diodes have an emission Pattern that norminally has a full width at half-maximum (FWHM) of 30-50° in the plane perpendicular to the active-area junction and an FWHM of 5-10” in the plane parallel to the junction. Since the angular outpur distribution and an greater than the fiber acceptance angle and since the laser emitting area is much smaller than the fiber core, spherical or cylindrical lenses or optical fiber tapers can also be used to improve the coupling efficiency between edge-emitting laser diodes and optical fibers. This also works well for vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSELS). Here. coupling efficiencies to multimode fibers of 35 percent result for mass-produced connections of laser arrays to parallel optical fibers and efficiencies of up to 90 percent are possible by direct (lensless) coupling from a single VCSEL source to a multimode fiber, so ab ory wa api LE ind em ele theSEVENTH SEMESTER [B.TECH.]_ FIRST TERM EXAMINATION [SEPT. 201 ~ OPTOELECTRONICS AND OPTICAL COMMUNICATION (ETEC-403) : Time: 1.5hrs. ~ MLM. :30 Note: - Q. no. 1 is compulsory. Attempt any two more questions from the rest. Q.1. (a) Draw and explain the optical communication system. @ ‘Ans. The information source provides an electrical signal to a transmitter comprising an electrical stage which drives an optical source to give modulation of the light wave carrier. The optical source Which provides the electrical - optical conversion may be either aseiniconductor later or light emitting diode (LE D) .The transmission medium consists of an optical fiber cable and the receiver consists of an optical detector which drives a farther electrical stage and hence provides demodulation of the optical carrier. Photodiodes (p-n.p--n or avalanche) and, in some instances, photo transistors and photo conductors are utilized for the detection of the optical signal and the optical- electrical conversion. 1 1 i 1 1 1 ‘ t 1 t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 I 1 1 ' t | [ alee Blecial Optical Optica runsmt Source [—>—| fer cable [——] detecce ‘ocoive i ' i ' ' i i ' ' 1 ones |_, [ewe | rena res eet I pti ber communication System Description of each component is given below: (i) Information Source: An information source is a source of information for somebody, ie. anything that might inform a person about something or provid knowledge about it. Information sources may be observations, people, speeches, documents, pictures, organizations, websites, etc. (di) Electrical transmit: In electronics & telecommunications a transmitter or radio transmitter is an electronic device which, with the aid of an antenna produces radio waves, The transmitter itself generates a radio frequency altering current, which is applied to the antenna (iii) Optical Source: The optical source in a fiber optic transmitter is usually an LED or laser diode, (iv) Optical fiber cable: Optical fibbr consists ofa cove and a cladding layer, itis a cable containing one or more optical fibers, ‘Iho optical fibor elements ave typically individually coated with plastic layord and contained in a protective tube suitable for the environment where the cable will be deployed, (v) Optical detector: 119 function is to convert the received 0 i Y y vonvert tho ro ptical signal into an lectrical signal, which is then amplified bofore further processing, thorefore when dering signal attenuation along the link, the system os is determined at2-2016 Seventh Semester, Optoelectronics and Optical Communication (vi) Blectrical Receiyes tis the part in a complete circuit that receives the electrigg) ‘energy. } QL, (b) Classily fibers on basis of -1) Mode 2) Bending of light 3) Waveguides, @ Fi 1 Ans. 1, Mode: A mode is essentially a path that light can follow down the fiber. In | or optical fiber communication, a single mode optical fiber, designed to carry light only ay dawn the fete rannvere mode, Modes are the possible ston ath | ECH Helimholtz equation for waves, which s obtained by combining maxwell's equations and | e the boundary conditions. These modes define the way the wave travels through space, ie, | A how the wave is distributed in space ifs Opti fibers ue radiation lass ot beri or curves paths icalled bending of light. This due tothe energy inthe evanescent Feld atthe Bend exceeding the velit oflightin the cladding and henes the guance nechanisnie inhibited, whieh causes ight energy tobe radiated fromthe fiber For G 3. Waveguides: An optical waveguide is a physical structure that guides | electromagnetic waves in the optical spectrum. Common types of optical waveguides | jon medium in local and long hau! epicl exmmunication sotemn, Optica aode structure (Single mode, multimode), refractive inex dktributon loner encay sdtinterial (glass, polymer semtenelanen Q.2(@) Explain the structure of optical fiber cable, 6 Theos re aa flows mmarized into four main areas 1, Fiber protection, The major function of the optical cable is fiber damage and breakage both during installation and through 2. Stability of the fiber transmission have good stable transmission characterist to protect against ut the life ofthe fiber, characteristics. The cabled fiber must hich are comparable with the uncabled fiber. Increases in optical attenuation due to cabling are quite usual and must be ‘minimized within the cable design. 8. Cable strength. Optical cables must have simil: electrical transmission cables in order that These mechanical properties include tension and vibration, Hence the eable strength may be improved by incorporativn « vertabie strength member and by giving the cable a properly designed thick outer ercath 4, Identification and jointing of the fibe1 important for cables including a larg jna suitable geometry it may be possible to use multiple than jointing each fiber individually, 2. (b) Aglass clad fiber is made with core glass of Ok peraeaiss Bo ae a Scag, iffmail F lar mechanical properties to they may be handled in the same manner. n, torsion, compression, bending, squeezing within the ¢ sable. This is especially fe number of optical fibers Ifthe fibers are arranged ing techniques rather LP. Ur 1, Cladding index n, 2 3. 4 Q.8.(a) Explain vapor ‘Ans. The Vapour phase a a rotating fused silica target, Porouselectrical veguides, ma € fiber, 1, nS of the tions and Space, i, °s on their eld at the hanism is at guides aveguides sor as the 1. Optical veguides), r graded) 6) t against the fiber. ber must uncabled must be erties to queezing suitable ith. cially speci arranged LP. University-(B.Tech)-Akash Books 2016-3 nia ny ‘We know that, a= oF yang A= 1-0.0005 19995 x n, = 1.49925 5) = 88.18" Q. 3. (a) Explain vapor phase axial deposition fabrication method for fiber. 6) ‘Ans. The Vapour phase axial deposition techniques uses an end-on deposition on to a rotating fused silica target, as illustrated in figure below i FE rransparent preform Fila pteceses Porous preform mf 5 sOch Ont the VAD process01 Seventh Semester, Optoelectronics and Optical Commu a : a - : vapor tuents are injected from burners and react to form, peice deposited on the end of the Jeti targetin the forming a solid porous glass perform in the shape ofa boule, The pero growing in the axial direction is pulled upwards at a rate wl ie corresponds rate. Itis initially dehydrated by heating with SOCI, using the reaction, mat H,0 + SOCI, “> 2HCI + SO, ae and is then sintered into a solid preform in a graphite resistance fj ‘two elevated temperature of around 1500°C. Therefore, in principle this fs rem: adapted to draw fiber continuously, although at present it tends to be operated as, Process partly because the resultant performs can yield more than 100 km of ike’ wav Q.3. (6) Explain various types of fiber losses. on Ans. Material absorption is a loss mechanism related to the material com ; G C and the fabrication process for the fiber, which results in the dissipation of some of, pola . transmitted optical power as heat in the waveguide. Fest There are basic three types of losses in fibers. andt I Linear Scattering Losses: This mechanisms cause the transfer ofsome oral ¢ eptical power contained within one propagating mode to be transferred linearly i byac a different mode. There are two types of linear scattering loss: ‘profil (@) Rayleigh scattering : The Rayleigh scattering loss is given by Bry; Ye = get PRAT, 7 (8) Mie Scattering : It causes significant losses. G 1 Nonlinear Scattering Losses: It causes the opti modal cues 7 »ptical power from one pea Beitr the forward or backward direction to the same, or other modes, = (2) Stimulated Brillouin Scattering 4 Py =44x10%¢9272q 2 x (©) Stimulated Raman Seattering ey MLL Fiber bend Loss: Opti i their paths, This nance OPtCAl bers suffers radiation losses at bends or lue to the energy in th locity of light in the cladding nay the guide Held at the bend ex ® causes light le guidance m is inhibit The as tte tobe radiated from tho fiber, mechanism is inl type pat 85 can gener fa toray Bnerallybe represented a radiation attenuation coefficient , = ¢) exp (co, @ 4 Write a 5 1€XP (~6, R) n Baste optical ayy MY ® )8tep Indox Sno j tion, ON the detinition ofthe retractivei (on and polarizati he in-car Polarization, © intorf; 5 ‘ 18in0, erface using Snell latSee. by LP, University-(B:Tech)-Akash Books 2016-5 tion * Refractive Index: In free space a light wave travels at speed of C = 3 x 108 m/s, h is ‘The ratio of speed of lightin a vacuum to that in matter is the index of refraction n ofthe Wth ¢ material andiis given by n = « Reflection and Refraction: When a light ray encounters a boundary separating two different media, part of the ray is reflected back into the first medium and the i remainder is bent (or refracted) as it enters the second material. toh, * Polarization: An ordinary lightwave consists of many transverse electromagnetic Waves that vibrate in a variety of direction and is called unpolarized light. However, one can represent any arbitrary direction of vibration as a combination of a parallel and 5) perpendicular vibration. ion Therefore, one can consider unpolarized light as consisting of two orthogonal plane the polarization components, one that lies in the plane of incidence and the other of “hich ties ina plane perpendicular to the plane of incidence, ‘These are the parallel polarization and the perpendicular polarization respectively. ae ©) Step Index fiber: A cylindrical core ofradius, ‘a’ and refractive index n, surrounded = by acladding of slightly lower refractive index gives a step-index fiber the reflactive index profile is defined as ay fr r-U wo once fper communi Q3a = guantages orotic oa ragannges ofan fer guterenc fo a Es het ig ions 1 dong distance rene core ind ‘Also find the eritic at tical angle lf] Equation (6). relating to the & uate parameter Hume Using trigonometrical relationsh se inthe part in acomplete circuit tha ree When the limiting case for TIR Ttisthep ccsiveatigg the core-cladding interface: Als ne the fiber 0, Combing © sense wh aif et ace optical ber 2 es We knoe hat Na = nya ‘a 2 001 NA = 1.50(0.02)"" | [x Bey. Q3. (0) Explain Vapour-phs gjreaby * "ne The Vapour pase Solid acceptance angle in air is @ = r0f=xsin?0 0.141 rad, INA) = x2 rotating used esa ee Weknow ‘The critical angle at the core cladding interface 4, = six! % = sin 10.99 4. (a)Derive thee n Q23.(a) Derive the expression of Numerical aperture for Meridiooall ne | sein) aaa 2 | PS c fiber from n han th 3 A medium he noun neldent on the fiber core aan 8 Bi lt Michi ality gone gene nd gle for the fiber 0,. The tw dering tho nee than tho elaine fibor core has Sig A tha ning etiaetive index he & sino oro interfaco ant using Snell AO the hth yn cl using Saal ard eg ) {2010 a thy i AV angle at ¢h a ho conv-cladling neeation ng layer, it are typical suitable tg ignal into a erefore whet letermined a the electricg nd Term 2017 designed fo, ance angle ir leat the con, 6 0.212)" lional ray. (8) enters the Jaw we bave a) @ rface. Hen LP. University-{B.Tech. }-Akash Books 2017-5 nosin®, = n,cosd 8) Using trigonometrical relationship sin%) + cos% = 1, equation (3) can be written as, = nosing, =n (t-sin?a)® ) ‘When th limiting case for TR is onddered, § becomes equal to the cial angle of the core-ladding interface, Also in the liifing case 9, becomes the acceptance ee anaes ees mstng coe eels Ch see ngsin®, = (n3—ni)"? |sing, © ‘Equation (5), relating to the acceptance angle with refractive indices, serves as the basis for the parameter numerical aperture. Hence the NA is defined as: Ni 19sin8, = (nf —n3) Q3. (6) Explain Vapour-phase deposition technique for fabrication of optical fiber. ©) ‘Ans.The Vapour phase axial deposition techniques uses an end-on deposition on to a rotating fused silica target, as illustrated in figure Transparent preform Carton furnace Exhaust Porous preform Sick Ber, Gecl, 0, +H, Posi 0, +My ‘The VAD processSeventh Semester, Optoelectronics and Optical Communegy 6-2017 ~~ i d react tof it its are injected from burners anc re Pee aij: Tui iy daposited on the cid of tho starting ty Bee eiricibormaa glaze performs intho shape ofa baile Psa eaters ic pled perards atc rate which corresponds to the, ey by heating with SOCI, using the reaction, H,0+SOCI,_t_, 2HC1+SO, sintered i reform aphite resistance furn: pertre snd 150°C Therefore, princpl is prose napa Bee fier auisvoisl, although at present it tends to be operated as a bateh Partly because the resultant performs can yield more than 100 km of fiber, 4. (a) Explain attenuation in optical fiber. Ans. Signal attenuation within an optical fiber is defined as : lace at an Number of decibels (dB) B 10 logy where P, % ; = Input optical power in the fiber, Fy = Output optical power from the fiber’ We have used logarithmic units. These have the advantage where multiplicatig and division can be represented by a process of addition and subtraction. Like Powers and roots can be. represented by multiplication and division. We however, req ‘conversion to the numerical values fo ition and subtraction, ‘These are given by: for addi = 19120) The optical “a5 = L0llogP, level % pee: /P eV in dBm sted alte be expressed in absolute v2 ‘210 denoted by dim, Therefore i sbaclue value * Power level will be defined by; Powerlevel = 19 lo8i9 2 mw PydBm) = tobee( 7) imw B (2) + 1Olog(1o-«u20) (Since Py =P, 10-10 wing = ation in dB fem The blgnal attenuation w, thin an optic al fiber de (a) Pend on number of factors and 1. Material co 2, Purification 3, Waveguide ‘These have! 1. Material al 2. Material s« 8. Curve and 4. Mode coup! 5, Losses du Q.4.(6) Expl ‘Ans Refer Q-d) r fiber! tiplication Likewise er, require iven by : 2) n decibels atio of the stained at 8) bel power LP. University-[B.Tech.]-Akash Books 2017-7 1. Material composition 2. Purification technique 3, Waveguide structure. ‘These have been grouped into several major areas such as: 1, Material absorption. 2, Material scattering 3. Curve and microbending losses 4, Mode coupling radiation losses 5. Losses due tb leaky modes. Q.4.(6) Explain scattering loss. ‘Ans Refer Q. No. 4(a), End term examination 2016 Page 12-2016. (5)Sano ee —— SEVENTH SEMESTER [B- TE OPTOELECTRONICS AND OPTICAL“ ‘COMMUNICATION [ETEC-403] ype hrs. : MLM. :30 ni ct Note:Q.No. Lis compulsory. Attempt any two more Questions from the rest. oe © QJ. (a) Explain one fabrication process. ) ‘Ans, The Vapour phase axial deposition’ techniques uses an end-on deposition on to net; W¢ , rotating fused silica target, as illustrated in figure. DW wh I zh he eparg h mo Transparent preform 1 gro Carbon furnace device: yall an work ork, tt - smal eral p <>) 0, quitit le. Porous preform Sich, “BBr, 0, +H. POC!, \ 0, +H, | Fig. The VAD process by qihe vaporized constituents are injecte y flame hydrolysis. This is deposited on .d from burners and react to form silica soot the end of the starting target in the axialOptoelectronics and Optical Comm, ith Semesters Seven! f a boule. y in the shape o id porous Bae er ich corresponds to the apa fe S0CI, using the reaction, 2-018 i forming 4, 8° ‘led upwa! aan iat direction is pullod UP er rl sual dehydrated a ate oct, tet» 2HC1 + 80, Itis HO« lb : A sind ite resi furnace at { hite resistance form in a graphite oma aaeresiad MEAG Tooratre, in Peep mae mye ni temperature of alts although at ec Se ae ously, ; redy Docuee the resultant performs ca J a - Bibi +ht traveling through an opti ). 1, (b) Lig! : _ — tent end of the fiber is 30°, what is the. (i) Ifthe angle of incidence on the refraction outside the fiber? = Ree ciac from the fiber into air we will ea Ans. (i) Since the light is now traveling = 30°. Snell's material and air material 2, Thus, n, = 1.44, n, = 1.00, and 0, = 30°. becomes (2.44) sin 30°= 1.00 sin 0, = (1.44/1.00) sin 30° = 1.44 (0.500) % = sin (0.720) = 46° 2 = (1.44/1.00) sin 50° = 1.44 (0.768) = 1.103 . This equality cannot he met, 80 light cannot exit the fiber under these Mul situation in part (ii) is an “xample of total internal reflection @ @-2.Classity ontical tite, cable in detail, Ans. An optical ber cay tone eesti fer Bs oy 88. fiber optic cable, ep alae tic 9° optical fibers Bere ina UP lcally individwanty ted with plastic Bui le fox : nian sa *n€ applications, for ex Petts a OT Providing 4 NiBh-speod date connection between Mie Here 408 four inain {Pe oF Optica . Multin # cat fiber iy ty 5 Mu Pea doy yi, PPM indo . cred oy i " Wradog, indox ts Peal fib . Mt third tn w pyar bow typo op, a 0 difforn Pica fibers that are S ing SiMforence ig ho way in whieh Tellectio Struct, red Ptical fibers, 456) condition ai shy silt d to cat tic lave mple itt Singlemode Fiber + As the name suggests, this type of optical fiber transmits only one mode of light. To put it another way, it can carry only one wavelength of light across its length. + This wavelength is usually 1310nm or 1550nm. + You would think that this limits its capabilities of transferring more data, But single mode type of optical fibers is much better than multimode optical fibers as they have more bandwidth and experience fewer losses. So the speed is unmatched. + Interestingly, single mode fibers came into existence after multimode fibers. ‘They are more recent than the multimode cables. + ‘These cables can carry only one mode, physically, by having a tiny core, Thatis to say that the diameter of the core is essentially of the same order as the wavelength of the light passing through it 5; © Only lasers are used as a light source. To point out, the light used in single mode fibers are not in the visible spectrum * Since the light travels ina straight direction, there are fewer losses, and it can be used in applications requiring longer distance connections, © Anobvious disadvantage of single mode fiber is that they are hard to couple. Multimode optical fiber Multimode Fiber * As the name implies, these types of optical fibers allow multiple modes of light to travel along their axis. : + ‘Toexplain physically, they can do this by having ® thicker core diameter. ® ‘The wavelengths of light waves in multimode fibers aro1n the visible spectrum Tanging from 850 to 1300 nm. . thu reflection of the waves inside the multimode filter Oons8 different angles for every raéde. Consequently, based on these angles the nut er of reflections can vary * Wecan have a mode where the light passes without striking the core at all, © Wecan have a slightly higher mode which will travel with appropriate internal Teflections.ics and Optical Commy, jr, Optoelectron nica Seventh Semester, | 4-2018 tion nication is a total internal sis ofoptical fiber communica ral eo + Stanton sat modes with incident angles oan al er cladding. As a result, losses are ¢ ae the a a can have higher onder modes, waves that ar highly transverse tothggg further a ‘ sot fact, due to increased reflecti mnotodiodes (D-", the wavoguide can refeet many times-In fact, due increas fletions at TE recoil tangles, higher order modes can get completely lost inside the cable, he + Lower order modes are moderately transverse or even completely stra hence fare better comparatively bs + There are two types of multimode optical bers: stepped index and gay index conversion. High-order mode Dispersion Stepindr i a Multmade iption of ea (@ Information somebody, ie. anythiz about it. Information: organizations, websit (ii) Electrical t eeted i Git) Optical So sound index multimode fiber. The refactiy ME LED orientate — throughout the cable, index of the core of the mull li? Optical fide raded-index multimode fib ble containing ene from the cent ber: The refractive} i ally coated wi ed Mer ofthe core tots suringe, T**ti¥e index of the core changes adil coated icrostructured op ment where They have anentint yee eal fibers: These ar h __{©) Optical dete Spal er sl erent concept an ree re 8% types oF optical bere “es al. whl ines tected ehh tee ¥ ght for communication, Inthe OP al ate nd adding. In mjersce tal internal refection and vel bers, the physical suv (i) Ble e light, Diffarent yet Sry Qs blo clad fibers * ical fibers are ia Photnie Cran al Re Airclad oy doub (©) Liat aay ects chomatio tor oo, or Ans, Phe inf Mow don it We Kk? Explain tunately ae 80 ctrl gaye nt” Neo p one” 8 Arrigo MAD driveg ann 84H olocty 8.0 gy he Tha ooical sour at A A Optical pone eM MBAL Lo a transtuittr cot ms ED PPOVidonthoglocegt2 #® Modulation of dhe Yn 40 Boot “*etreal -sptical conversion maye mulatLP. University-{B.Tech]-Akash Books 2018-5 miconductor later or light emitting diode (LE D) The transmission medium consists _ anopteal fiber cable and the receiver consists of an optical detector which drives a further electrical stage and hence provides demodulation of the optical carrier, photodiodes (p-n,p-i-n or avalanche) and, in some instances, photo transistors and photo conductors are utilized for the detection of the optical signal and the optical- electrical conversion, information| |_| Electrical Optical Optical i Source T [transmit [—*—] source [>] ner cable] 4 Optical Electrical] detector receive ||” [Destinati Optical fiber communication System “Description of each component is given below. (© Information Source: An information source is a source of information for fomebody, ie, anything that might inform a person about something or provid knowledge about it. Information sources may be observations, people, speeches, documents, pictures, organizations, websites, ete. (ti) Electrical transmit: In electronics & telecommunications a transmitter or Graded.index | ‘#diotransmitter is an eleétronic device which, with the aid of an antenna produces radio bs ‘waves. The transmitter itself generates a radio frequency altering current, which is applied to the antenna. Gi) Optical Source: The optical source in a fiber optic transmitter is usually an LBD or laser diode. » of the multimode (io) Optical fiber cable: Optical fiber consists ofa core and a cladding layer, itis a sable containing one or more optical fibers. The optical fiber eloments are typically adially | 'tdividually coated with plastic layers and contained in a protective tube suitable for the yehanged savironment where the cable will be deployed. é (0) Optical detector: Its function is to convert the received optical signal into an tical fiber cables lectrical signal, which is then amplified before further processing, therefore when yn. In the types | Stsidering signal attenuation along the link, the system performance is determined at ion and refractiv | thedetector. jhysical struct (i) Electrical Receive: Itis the part in a complete circuit that receives the electrical Different tyPe> 3 & 3.(b) List advantage of OCS over wireless. +: Advantages of optical fiber communication are: Rie {@) Eno, i: idth: The optical carrier frequency in the re 192, mous potential Bandwidth: The optic % of ro 30! He yield afar greater potential transmission bandwidth than metalliceabe tio? Upto around 500 MHz. Ene 6) n¢ hich are ¢ Smal size and weight: Optical fibers have very small diameters w . than the diameter ofa human hair, ‘ : ‘cat astipolymers, wing al isolation: Optical fiber's arefabricatéd from ks bonis” © © 0rs they do not exhibit earth loop & interface problem i nitter cOmPY ye tw of the Tight Cnet |semoster, Optoelectronics and Optical Cop, rT a stalk: ag 2018 interference and erosstall: Optical fg, tml (ay momlty 16 Mo free from EMI, RFT or EMP Fi ofore fre eave & are ee ste light from optical fibers does not radiyy socurlt securl oof signal securit Eee ‘dou high degree of signal y. ehoraor he BB eel shove way oy 10 tra arison with copper cables, ve aan comarsn si + Inthis w 5 and redirects th ation gy Ptical fe, ion, hang u dis superior t installation (jo System reliability and ease of maintenance: fibercables reduce tho requirements of intermediate ro conventional electrical eontiuctor systems LOW los propa eaters in, compan a hd) (i) Potential low cost: The glass which generally transmission medium is made from sand-not ‘capper eoiductors, optical fibers offer the 4 E=plain any 2 of the following losses of fibe: (a) Scattering losses ae Provides ¢ @ scarce resource, So Potential for low cost line, he opti in comer communica in detail, Ps ie variations in the mag ural inhomogeneties ris ae be transfered ting, 1 °f the optical power contained wie on Berbeton 0a regu een a differen ee Sealed Mig rebut nition oda wien st” Of the transmitted ighteae nee i tees Moscattering, © 81M the Fbeg, yr does not contin o within s Line sate TOeess there is no changed ae ? Rayleigh gn MAY be s Scatterin leigh seat *ateBOri 264 levels Mie sean a : x ot in egy THiS non linea MYCE seat B sither he nes gas ye toring, Ite the era Proceny, omen er th fore an Mae igh 1, A Dart "type of ae on Linear se anothenn thin storing is Rayloigh gcattorinds Wh Sti [ Mbor abword the nan eat mulated Bi ©) StimutatedLP. University-(B.Tech]-Akash Books 2018-7 + Inthis way Rayleigh scattering appears very much like absorption butit absorbs ipirediects the light so quickly that is considered scattering. Cladding, ( Light Rays es ee eee —— Ce —— the optical fiber comparison with AmUnication Grodsing, | Rayleigh 0} scattering \ Micro-centre ‘Scattering of Light in the material Figure neties or defects * The Rayleigh scattering formula is given by: 8x? BAT, Where 1 is Rayleigh scattering coefficient. 2isoptical wavelength and nis the refractive index ofthe medium pis average photoelastic coefficient Bie isothermal compressibility ata fctive temperature Ty His Boltzmann's constant | ®Miescattering: re. | anuss MPeFections caused due to inhomogenities at the coro- cladding interface which ‘ities scattering of light a 4 The scattering created by such inhomogenities is mainly in the forward direction ned within 0D ) teis called Mie scattering, 2 Iteanbe c erfections of glass at the time of manufacture, fer fan be reduced by removing imperfections of g as the Gb MEE AM Bharslativerofactvonncc tie een the cladding. within the 1 ge of frequen? Non Linear Seattering Losses: Bot, T*¥attering cause disproportionate attanuaton, usualy at high optical power sig e ad to be transforred either tne 9 linear scattering causes the optical power from one mex scry ™ T¥2rd or backard direction to the same, or other modee, atv diffrent oN Dent eattoring may be catoy gorized os im spe Bigg 8 Brouin scattering (SBS) im mated Raman scattering (SRS)oeleetronics and Optical Communicatg, = s-2018 tering (SBS): (a) Stimulated Brillouin scattering ( a In SBS strong optical signal generates acous ma variations in refractive index. ‘Seventh Semester, OF enD 7 oO! Jeward direction towards transmitter, ne foard signal leading to depletion ing + Tecauseslightwaves to scatter as backward scatter wave which affects Power (©) Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS): * SRS is transferring of energy from short wavelengths to neighbouring hi wavelength channels, ig hrs- ime: SO rote: Attem?! Mason fro™ 8 * Iftwo input signal with equal power are transmitted than the former will ose, a. (a) D own energy and the latter will gain this energy, this limits the performance ofthe rea) es ‘Comm Q.4. (b) Absorption losses ‘Ans. The ‘Ans. Absorption loss in optical fiber in related to material absorption. ‘Materia ‘unicatio! absorptions loss mechanism related to mater ial composition and the fabrication proces) ee Fates fiber which results in the dissipation ofsome ofthe transmitted optiea? oweras heatin the waveguide. aa ae Absorption: This absorption caused by the interaction with one or mom ite passer Somponent of glass A pure silicate glass has litte ntsinere absorption duet octane doe ean Sructane inthe nest infrared region, The stenngs absorption bands cecurs due to oscillation of structural units euch ary i on won of structural units auch a8 5:0, P.O, B-0 and Ge. witiiaill from tra a casera anne a ‘Another major extrinsic loss mechanism is ean pee ion) dissolved in the glass ty absorption due to water (Ol 4 (c) Attenuation ow a Ans. Refer Q. 4 (a) of First Term 2017, ‘The elect Qt simple diode